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1976 | Book

Perspective on Development Strategy Read chapter Read first chapter

Strategy for Development

Editors: John Barratt, David S. Collier, Kurt Glaser, Herman Mönnig

Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan UK

Included in: Professional Book Archive

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Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Introduction

Frontmatter
Perspective on Development Strategy
Abstract
The first international Development Conference, held in Johannesburg in March 1972, and the book Accelerated Development in Southern Africa that emanated from it, explored the needs for economic, political and social development in various parts of Southern Africa. A number of the contributors presented case studies from other parts of the world, analyses of development planning problems and methods, as well as overviews of related fields such as international trade and investment and the contributions to development made by international organisations. One of the main accomplishments of the 1972 Conference was to create awareness that all nationalities and ethnic groups who live in Southern Africa have a common interest in the development of less developed communities and territories within the region. This interest overrides whatever divergencies may distinguish or separate the population groups concerned. It was further brought out that the essential tasks of development demand an intensification of inter-ethnic co-operation: because the industrial and the farming-handicraft economies in Southern Africa are interlocking and interdependent, the development needed to assure the material, social and cultural future of all peoples in the region demands common efforts, to which the Conference inspired a high sense of dedication.
Kurt Glaser

Involvement and Motivation

Frontmatter
1. Motivation and Incentive Structure for Planned Rural Development
Abstract
Development — particularly economic development — has become an explicit goal of governments virtually everywhere in Africa. In the last two decades economic development has also become a new religion in the ‘new states’ of the Third World. This religion has attracted a number of high priests with a range of distinguished institutional and professional associations: international experts, institutional and commercial consultants, development economists, and a variety of social scientists, including applied anthropologists.
Victor C. Uchendu
2. The Framework for Involvement in the Formulation of Development Projects in the South African Homelands
Abstract
The emphasis in this volume is on motivation and involvement in the formulation of development projects. The conjunction of these two concepts supposedly implies that, if the people affected by development projects are not sufficiently involved in the formulation of such projects, they will not be adequately motivated to give their support to the implementation of the projects.1 It is assumed that other authors will deal in some detail with ways in which the levels of motivation of people to support development projects affecting them, can be raised at the individual project level. This chapter will therefore deal in broad outline with the overall political and economic framework within which the degree of involvement of people in the formulation of economic development projects in South Africa is at present determined, and it will attempt to indicate the directions in which this framework has been evolving with regard to the Black Homelands in particular. Before this can be done, some concepts to be used in this chapter will first have to be clarified.
Simon S. Brand
3. Human Development: A Crucial Factor for Community Development
Abstract
The concept of community development is new, born only twenty years ago. The adoption of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights led to the beginnings of the United Nations Development Programme, which is committed to promoting better standards of life for all men. By 1956 field experience had been accumulated and the concept of community development had been broadened to mean a process by which efforts of the people themselves are united with authorities sponsoring development, ‘to improve economic, social and cultural conditions of the communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the nations and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress’.2
Constance Koza

Agriculture

Frontmatter
4. Agriculture as a Base for Socio-economic Development in Taiwan
Abstract
The strategies for agricultural and industrial development in the immediate post-war period in Taiwan were closely linked to facilitate the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial-based economy. Policy sequence and proper timing were crucial. In this period the policies that guided agricultural development resulted in a rapid growth in agricultural production and enhanced the contribution of agriculture to industrial growth in the initial stages. An analysis indicates that the contribution of the agricultural sector to industrial development has been substantial.
T. H. Lee
5. Agriculture in Bophuthatswana
Abstract
In Bophuthatswana, as is the case in most of the developing areas of the world, the people are faced with the problem of a population growth increasing with the speed of a modern express train, whilst increases in food production are more related to the pace of the proverbial ox. In this situation, which has been called ‘the final battle of mankind’, a properly formulated strategy at the right time could make the difference, on the one hand, between general welfare and even prosperity or, on the other hand, poverty and famine.
T. M. Molatlhwa
6. A Reconsideration of the Problem of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Areas: A Case Study of an Indigenous Economy (the Transkei)
Abstract
In the indigenous economies of Southern Africa, economic activity is oriented mainly towards production for subsistence. Wage opportunities, available outside the traditional economy, are normally engaged in by the residents of these areas on a regular basis, although exploitation of those opportunities has little effect on production activities within the indigenous economy. The problem is that while these areas of subsistence activities are the major depositories of the African’s income-earning assets, the growth potential of such economies is poor. Colin Clark and Margaret Haswell note in this respect that ‘in a real subsistence economy, it can almost be taken as a law of nature that agricultural production will increase at about the same rate as population. Any slower — or faster — growth would cause unbearable social strains.’1 Because of their relative importance, any strategy aimed at stimulating the development of the Homelands must be concerned with the size of the investment fund, as well as the number of profitable investment opportunities available for exploitation within these traditional agricultural areas. In these agricultural economies, the size of the market (as indicated by the level of economic activity) necessarily limits both.
Gilbert Rutman
7. The Role of the Commonwealth Development Corporation in Project Formulation and Implemetation with Particular Reference to Agriculture in Swaziland
Abstract
The mode of operation of the Commonwealth Development Corporation (C.D.C.) was described by Mr F. R. Wilson at the Conference entitled ‘Accelerated Development in Southern Africa’ held at Jan Smuts House, Johannesburg, in 1972, and is therefore available in the proceedings of that Conference published by Macmillan in May 1974 under the same title. However, as this article is a case study of the C.D.C.’s agricultural activities in Swaziland, it is felt that a further brief description here covering the C.D.C.’s methods and interests would provide a desirable background to the reader and assist in a better understanding of the worldwide activities of the C.D.C. in its development roles.
A. R. Kendrick

Industrialisation

Frontmatter
8. The Industrialisation Programme of the Philippines
Abstract
This chapter describes and evaluates the general programme for industrialisation followed by the Philippines. Although this particular country is not a major political or trading power, its approach to industrialisation as well as its experiences with the programme have been typical of a large group of developing nations. Consequently, any lessons that can be gleaned from the efforts of the Philippines to industrialise have much wider applicability than the significance of the country as a world power might indicate.
Robert E. Baldwin
9. Job Satisfaction: A Major Requirement for Higher Productivity
Abstract
Peaceful coexistence in South Africa between the various nations within its borders involves among other things peaceful economic coexistence. This will not be possible unless there is peaceful sharing in the work and peaceful sharing in the rewards.
W. Backer
10. Industrialisation in a Small Country: The Experience of Swaziland
Abstract
Manufacturing industry in Swaziland consists of two distinct sectors, viz. a modern sector with foreign capital, enterprise and management, and a small-scale sector comprising Swazi entrepreneurs. The aim of this paper is to analyse these two sectors, but, before doing so, we shall look briefly at the present role of manufacturing in the economy of the country.
Gavin Maasdorp

Development Administration

Frontmatter
11. Creation of Administrative Capability: The Missing Ingredient in Development Strategy
Abstract
This chapter describes the crucial importance of increasing the administrative capability (operational effectiveness) of national, regional and local governments if development is to be accelerated in Africa. Not many strategies or plans for economic and social development feature this essential requisite. They fail to recognise and respond realistically to the cultural obstacles and difficult managerial tasks entailed in moving from a collection of static, subsistence-oriented societies to a national state committed to economic growth and ‘modernisation’ — in both rural and rapidly urbanising areas.
Donald C. Stone, Alice B. Stone
12. Strategy for Development Administration
Abstract
Neither development nor administration is static. In the past twenty years there have been major changes in both development and administration — changes in theory and in practice. Therefore, a consideration of strategy for development administration must begin with an examination of the evolution and prospects of the theory and practice of both development and administration. In fact, strategy for development administration will be both a determinant and a consequence of the changing theory and practice of adminis­tration and development. This chapter, then, begins with a brief review of changing theory and practice in administration, moves on to a similar review of development, and concludes with an assess­ment of strategies based on an example for the development adminis­tration of tomorrow.
H. George Frederickson
13. Strategy for a Development-Oriented University
Abstract
The thought of including a chapter on developing a university in the United States of America in a book devoted to strengthening development in Southern Africa may seem strange to some; it may, even seem a bit out of place.
Edward W. Weidner
14. Development Politics and Administration: Some Considerations on Planning for Development at the Centre and the Periphery in Malawi
Abstract
The key issue which pervades the Malawi countryside is rural development. Yet the development environment inherited at independence has been characterised by scarce financial and skilled manpower resources for deployment to the rural periphery by the central government. During the decade since independence in 1964 great strides have indeed been made in manpower and other resource development. But the mainstay of the economy continues to be agriculture. The only major resource is land, comprising some 94,396 square km, on which more than 90 per cent of the population of about 5 million subsist as self-employed farmers. Within these constraints, the developmental effort — that is, the generation of the very resources that are required to promote and sustain development — is more heavily dependent on the productivity of the rural farmer than on any other group or sector of the economy, in the attempt to raise the living standards of the bulk of the population.
Zimani D. Kadzamira
15. The Development Planning Process in Lesotho: Organigrams and the Organism
Abstract
Although discussion in this chapter is based on observation of the working of the planning machinery in Lesotho, a very small country and one of the least developed of the developing countries (L.D.D.C.s), it is considered that the experiences of that country are not of a totally unique nature.
David Hirschmann
16. An Approach to Development Management
Abstract
Before discussing the activities of, and plans for, the new Institute of Development Management (I.D.M.) of the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland, brief mention should be made of a few background factors. Firstly, it is important to remember that ‘development’ is a subject in which worldwide interest and concern has emerged only during recent years.
George V. Haythorne
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Strategy for Development
Editors
John Barratt
David S. Collier
Kurt Glaser
Herman Mönnig
Copyright Year
1976
Publisher
Palgrave Macmillan UK
Electronic ISBN
978-1-349-02896-2
Print ISBN
978-1-349-02898-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02896-2