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1991 | Book

Preface and Course Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides in Industrial Waste Gases: Emission, Legislation and Abatement

Editor: Daniel van Velzen

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Book Series : EUROCOURSES

Included in: Professional Book Archive

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About this book

D. VAN VELZEN Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre Ispra, Environment Institute, 1-21020 Ispra (Varese) ITAL Y 1. Introduction Worldwide, there is an ever increasing interest and concern about the destructive effects of air pollution on man's ecosystem. The growing awareness of these effects has revealed the need to take adequate measures to minimize the emission of air polluting products. The two most important contaminants, occurring in the largest concentrations and quantities, are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Both pollutants are formed mainly during the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly by power stations and traffic. The effects of air pollution caused by these two contaminants have already been studied for several decades and measures to protect the environment against their adverse effects are now operative in many countries. The present volume contains the proceedings of a Eurocourse held in Ispra in September 1990. The course was meant to give an overview of present knowledge concerning the emission sources and quantities, to cover features of present legislation and to give a survey of the most important modern abatement techniques for S02 and NOx. It was mainly addressed to higher and medium management in the power, chemical and similar industries, particularly from those countries where the fight against air pollution is still in its infancy. Obviously, it was not possible to cover completely the whole range of subjects during the limited duration of a Eurocourse.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
1. Preface and Course Introduction
Abstract
Worldwide, there is an ever increasing interest and concern about the destructive effects of air pollution on man’s ecosystem. The growing awareness of these effects has revealed the need to take adequate measures to minimize the emission of air polluting products. The two most important contaminants, occurring in the largest concentrations and quantities, are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Both pollutants are formed mainly during the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly by power stations and traffic. The effects of air pollution caused by these two contaminants have already been studied for several decades and measures to protect the environment against their adverse effects are now operative in many countries.
D. Van Velzen
2. Emission Sources and Quantities
Abstract
The growing industries of the last two centuries have effected an increase of pollutant emissions like SO2 and NOx. Today, these manmade emissions make worldwide up for about 50% of the total of natural and anthropogenic sulphur and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere [1].
Bernd Heinen
3. Atmospheric Chemistry of Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides
Abstract
Burning fossil fuels is responsible for injecting in the atmosphere, in addition to water and carbon dioxide, gases in variety and amount dependent upon the caracteristics of the fuel and of the combustion process.
G. Restelli, H. Stangl
4. Dispersion and Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants
Abstract
Air pollution is often viewed as a recent problem associated with the 20th century. However, smokey chimneys, smoke and toxic vapours have in fact been subject of complaints since the Roman times. Early documents from the first and second century in ancient Palestine show clearly that people reacted strongly against sources of air pollution; the Mishnah laws called for a minimal distance from a pollution source to residential areas.
S. Cieslik
5. Control of Air Pollution
The European Community Approach
Abstract
Community Environment Policy was instituted by the Heads of States and Governments at their Summit meeting in October 1972 in Paris.
H. P. Stief-Tauch
6. Desulfurization of Flue Gases on the Basis of Lime or Limestone Scrubbing
Abstract
The most widely applied technique for the desulphurization of flue gases is wet scrubbing where a slurry of water-gypsum-limestone or water-gypsum-lime is used as the scrubbing liquid.
G. Mittelbach
7. The Wellman Lord Process
Abstract
The Wellman Lord process is a regenerative process. The basic principles of the process consist of removing highly diluted SO2 from the flue gas in the absorption section and then turning it into rich SO2 gas in the regeneration section. The recovered gas is directly processed into the end products which are alternatively elemental sulphur produced by the Claus process, or concentrated sulphuric acid, or liquid SO2. These end products meet the highest quality standards.
U. Neumann
8. ISPRA MARK 13A Desulphurization Process
Abstract
The most common method actually used for flue gas desulphurization is the wet method, consisting of lime or limestone scrubbing. This method, although almost universally applied, has some intrinsic drawbacks: costs are incurred in handling the lime and limestone and the resulting large quantities of wet slurries, considerable amounts of waste water are produced and the disposal of large quantities of gypsum will cause problems.
H. Langenkamp
9. BF/UHDE/MITSUI-Active Coke Process for Simultaneous SO2- and NOx-Removal
Abstract
The processes Bergbau-Forschung GmbH, now DMT-Gesellschaft für Forschung and Prüfung mbH, Essen (D) developed and, together with its Iicencees, Uhde GmbH, Dortmund (D), Mitsui Mining Company, Tokyo (J), Kinetics Technology International B.V., Zoetermeer (NL), and Steag AG, Essen (D) improved are suitable for SO2-, SO2/NOx and NOx removal. In every case, active coke is used as adsorbent and catalyst at temperatures between 100 and 170 °C.
E. Richter
10. Walther Process
Abstract
The Walther process for the desulphurization of flue gases was developed with the aim of establishing a desulphurization method with the following features:
This chapter briefly describes:
  • avoidance of waste water and other waste products
  • production of the marketable nitrogen fertilizer ammonium sulphate from the sulphur dioxide contained in the flue gases
  • reheating the clean gases without external heating energy
These important characteristics of the Walther process were fist demon-strated in 1978 in a pilot plant for a throughput of 20,000 Nm3 /h.
W. Schulte
11. EBDS-Process
Abstract
SO2 and NOx emissions from power plants are partly responsible for acidic precipitations, which lead to forest decay, crop damage and building corrosion. The amounts of these emissions for industrialized countries are in the order of 3 Mio tons/year for West-Germany and 23 Mio. tons/year for the U.S.A. In order to decrease the substantial damages from acidic precipitation, many countries are presently imposing stringent emission standards for fossile fuelled power plants. Conventional technologies which are capable of meeting these standards such as wet scrubbers for SO2 absorption and SCR for NOx reduction are meanwhile available. Whereas being quite suitable for large power plants, these technologies become less cost effective when scaled down to smaller units. This is especially the case for wet scrubbing systems, which are highly complex and require sophisticated waste water and product treatment.
H.-R. Paur
12. Primary Measures for NOx Reduction
Abstract
There are numerous ways to reduce the NOx emission of industrial and utility boilers. We can distinguish between so-called primary and secondary methods.
H. G. Bos
13. High and Low Dust SCR Processes
Abstract
In all countries where secondary methods (applied after the formation of pollutants, i.e. post combustion control in the case of NOx) are used for the control of NOx emissions from stationary sources, processes of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) play a significant role. Depending on the state of the gas to be treated by SCR, the NOx reduction is classified as a high or a low dust process. The NOx removal is called selective because the reduction chemicals should react exclusively with the pollutant. Ammonia is applied as a suitable reduction medium on a technical scale.
E. Weber, D. Schmidt
14. Costs of Desulphurisation and Denoxing
Abstract
Measures for the abatement of environmental pollutants are now generally accepted as being necessary. They are applied on a very large scale, resulting in a considerable expenditure. In fact, it is an unprecedented phenomenon in the story of industrial development that investments of this magnitude have been carried out by industry for purposes not directly aiming at profit.
D. Van Velzen
15. Situation in the United States and Japan
Abstract
More than half of the Flue Gas Desulfurization capacity in operation around the world is installed in the United States. The present market for Flue Gas Desulfurization plants in the United States is less than 10% of the worldwide market. The market for Flue Gas Desulfurization plants in the United States in 1996 will be at least 50% of the worldwide market. This is, in a nutshell, the status of the FGD industry in the United States: very active during the 70’s, slow in the 80’s and preparing for a boom in the 90’s.
G. Caprioglio
Metadata
Title
Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides in Industrial Waste Gases: Emission, Legislation and Abatement
Editor
Daniel van Velzen
Copyright Year
1991
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-011-3624-2
Print ISBN
978-94-010-5608-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3624-2