Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Biomass Categories Read chapter Read first chapter

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

11. Syngas

Authors : Augustina Ephraim, Rajesh Munirathinam, Ange Nzihou, Doan Pham Minh, Yohan Richardson

Published in: Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Syngas produced from biomass and biowaste gasification is a versatile renewable fuel and feedstock for chemical synthesis or heat and power production. Bio-syngas can be produced from different biomass feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic biomass, pyrolysis oil, bioethanol, biogas) through thermal and/or catalytic reforming and gasification processes. The typical components of raw syngas can be classified into three groups: non-condensable gases (e.g. H2, CO, CH4 and CO2), condensable gases (e.g. H2O and tars) and impurities (e.g. HCl, NH3, H2S and particulates). Depending on the application, raw syngas may need to be cleaned of impurities and conditioned to adjust the H2/CO ratio in order to meet the requirements of environmental regulations and downstream processes respectively. Hence, an accurate characterization of the syngas chemical composition, at the different processing stages, is important to control and optimize the process efficiency. In this chapter, various methods and equipment for sampling, preconditioning and analyzing the three groups of syngas components will be discussed. Analyses of the equipment detection limits, gas matrix sensitivity, and overall accuracy will also be made.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Biogas
next chapter Condensable and Liquid Compounds from Biomass and Waste Thermal Degradation
Literature
1.
Richardson, Y., Blin, J., Julbe, A.: A short overview on purification and conditioning of syngas produced by biomass gasification: catalytic strategies, process intensification and new concepts. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 38(6), 765–781 (2012)CrossRef
2.
Sikarwar, V.S., Zhao, M., Fennell, P.S., Shah, N., Anthony, E.J.: Progress in bio-fuel production from gasification. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 61, 189–248 (2017)CrossRef
3.
Watson, J., Zhang, Y., Si, B., Chen, W.-T., de Souza, R.: Gasification of biowaste: a critical review and outlooks. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 83, 1–17 (2018)CrossRef
4.
Huber, G.W., Iborra, S., Corma, A.: Synthesis of transportation fuels from bio-mass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev. 106(9), 4044–4098 (2006)CrossRef
5.
Mota, N., Alvarez-Galvan, C., Navarro, R.M., Fierro, J.L.: Biogas as a source of renewable syngas production: advances and challenges. Biofuels 2(3), 325–343 (2011)CrossRef
6.
Rossetti, I., Compagnoni, M., Finocchio, E., Ramis, G., Di Michele, A., Zucchini, A., Dzwigaj, S.: Syngas production via steam reforming of bioethanol over Ni–BEA catalysts: a BTL strategy. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 41(38), 16878–16889 (2016)CrossRef
7.
Zhang, Y., Brown, T.R., Hu, G., Brown, R.C.: Comparative techno-economic analysis of biohydrogen production via bio-oil gasification and bio-oil reforming. Biomass Bioenergy 51, 99–108 (2013)CrossRef
8.
Chew, J.J., Doshi, V.: Recent advances in biomass pretreatment-Torrefaction fundamentals and technology. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15(8), 4212–4222 (2011)CrossRef
9.
Zhang, W.: Automotive fuels from biomass via gasification. Fuel Process. Technol. 91(8), 866–876 (2010)CrossRef
10.
Richardson, Y., Drobek, M., Julbe, A., Blin, J., Pinta, F.: Chapter 8—Biomass Gasification to Produce Syngas. In: Pandey, A., Bhaskar, T., Stöcker, M., Sukumaran, R.K. (eds.) Recent Advances in Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass, pp. 213–250. Elsevier, Boston (2015)CrossRef
11.
Rios, M.L.V., González, A.M., Lora, E.E.S., del Olmo, O.A.A.: Reduction of tar generated during biomass gasification: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 108, 345–370 (2018)CrossRef
12.
Woolcock, P.J., Brown, R.C.: A review of cleaning technologies for biomass-derived syngas. Biomass Bioenergy 52, 54–84 (2013)CrossRef
13.
Bartels, M., Lin, W., Nijenhuis, J., Kapteijn, F., van Ommen, J.R.: Agglomeration in fluidized beds at high temperatures: mechanisms, detection and prevention. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 34(5), 633–666 (2008)CrossRef
14.
15.
16.
17.
Poole, C.F.: Gas Chromatography. 1st edn. Elsevier (2012)
18.
Ephraim, A.: Valorization of wood and plastic waste by pyro-gasification and syn-gas cleaning. Ph.D. Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d’Albi-Carmaux, France (2016)
19.
Andersson, R., Boutonnet, M., Järås, S.: On-line gas chromatographic analysis of higher alcohol synthesis products from syngas. J. Chromatogr. A 1247, 134–145 (2012)CrossRef
20.
Rauch, R., Bosch, K., Hofbauer, H., Świerczyński, D., Courson, C., Kiennemann, A.: Comparison of different olivines for biomass steam gasification, pp. 799–809. CPL Press (2004)
21.
Kübel, M.: Teerbildung und Teerkonversion bei der Biomassevergasung—Anwen-dung der nasschemischen Teerbestimmung nach CEN-Standard. Cuvillier Verlag (2007)
22.
Neubert, M., Reil, S., Wolff, M., Pöcher, D., Stork, H., Ultsch, C., Meiler, M., Mes-ser, J., Kinzler, L., Dillig, M., Beer, S., Karl, J.: Experimental comparison of solid phase adsorption (SPA), activated carbon test tubes and tar protocol (DIN CEN/TS 15439) for tar analysis of biomass derived syngas. Biomass Bioenergy 105, 443–452 (2017)CrossRef
23.
Brage, C., Sjöström, K.: An outline of R&D work supporting the tar guideline. Royal Institute of Technology (KTH). Technical report (2002)
24.
Prando, D., Shivananda Ail, S., Chiaramonti, D., Baratieri, M., Dasappa, S.: Characterisation of the producer gas from an open top gasifier: assessment of different tar analysis approaches. Fuel 181, 566–572 (2016)CrossRef
25.
van de Kamp, W., de Wild, P., Zielke, U., Suomalainen, M., Knoef, H., Good, J., Liliedahl, T., Unger, C., Whitehouse, M., Neeft, J., van de Hoek, H., Kiel, J.: Tar measurement standard for sampling and analysis of tars and particles in biomass gasification product gas. In: 4th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Paris, France (2015)
26.
Grootjes, A. J.: Tar measurement by the Solid Phase Adsorption (SPA) method. In: 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition (2011)
27.
Israelsson, M., Seemann, M., Thunman, H.: Assessment of the solid-phase adsorption method for sampling biomass-derived tar in industrial environments. Energy Fuels 27(12), 7569–7578 (2013)CrossRef
28.
Osipovs, S.: Comparison of efficiency of two methods for tar sampling in the syn-gas. Fuel 103, 387–392 (2013)CrossRef
29.
Engvall, K., Whitty, K.: Measurement and characterization of tars using the spa method: on-going developments on tar analysis. In: Workshop IEA Bioenergy Task 33, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences (2016)
30.
Hasler, P., Nussbaumer, T.: Sampling and analysis of particles and tars from bio-mass gasifiers. Biomass Bioenergy 18(1), 61–66 (2000)CrossRef
31.
Brage, C., Yu, Q.C., Chen, G., Sjöström, K.: Tar evolution profiles obtained from gasification of biomass and coal. Biomass Bioenergy 18(1), 87–91 (2000)CrossRef
32.
Brage, C., Yu, Q.C., Chen, G., Sjöström, K.: Use of amino phase adsorbent for biomass tar sampling and separation. Fuel 76(2), 137–142 (1997)CrossRef
33.
Dufour, A., Girods, P., Masson, E., Normand, S., Rogaume, Y., Zoulalian, A.: Comparison of two methods of measuring wood pyrolysis tar. J. Chromatogr. A 1164(1), 240–247 (2007)CrossRef
34.
Reil, S., Karl, J., Beer, S.: Impact of gasification conditions on the tar yield of stratified downdraft gasifiers. In: Papers of the 22nd European Biomass Conference, 585–590 (2014)
35.
Osipovs, S.: Sampling of benzene in tar matrices from biomass gasification using two different solid-phase sorbents. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 391(4), 1409–1417 (2008)CrossRef
36.
González, I.O., Pastor, R.M.P., Hervás, J.M.S.: Sampling of tar from sewage sludge gasification using solid phase adsorption. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 403(7), 2039–2046 (2012)CrossRef
37.
Sun, R., Zobel, N., Neubauer, Y., Cardenas Chavez, C., Behrendt, F.: Analysis of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures by laser-induced fluorescence. Opt. Lasers Eng. 48(12), 1231–1237 (2010)CrossRef
38.
Carpenter, D.L., Deutch, S.P., French, R.J.: Quantitative measurement of biomass gasifier tars using a molecular-beam mass spectrometer: comparison with traditional impinger sampling. Energy Fuels 21(5), 3036–3043 (2007)CrossRef
39.
Fendt, A., Streibel, T., Sklorz, M., Richter, D., Dahmen, N., Zimmermann, R.: On-line process analysis of biomass flash pyrolysis gases enabled by soft photoionization mass spectrometry. Energy Fuels 26(1), 701–711 (2012)CrossRef
40.
Neubauer, Y.: Online-analyse von teer aus der biomassevergasung mit lasermassen-spektrometrie. Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin (2008)
41.
Defoort, F., Thiery, S., Ravel, S.: A promising new on-line method of tar quantification by mass spectrometry during steam gasification of biomass. Biomass Bioenergy 65, 64–71 (2014)CrossRef
42.
Ahmadi, M., Knoef, H., Van de Beld, B., Liliedahl, T., Engvall, K.: Development of a PID based on-line tar measurement method—Proof of concept. Fuel 113, 113–121 (2013)CrossRef
43.
Gredinger, A., Spörl, R., Scheffknecht, G.: Comparison measurements of tar content in gasification systems between an online method and the tar protocol. Biomass Bioenergy 111 (2017)CrossRef
44.
Abdoulmoumine, N., Adhikari, S., Kulkarni, A., Chattanathan, S.: A review on biomass gasification syngas cleanup. Appl. Energy 155, 294–307 (2015)CrossRef
45.
Chiche, D., Diverchy, C., Lucquin, A.-C., Porcheron, F., Defoort, F.: Synthesis Gas Purification. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. Rev. D’IFP Energ. Nouv 8(4), 707–723 (2013)CrossRef
46.
Hoekman, S.K., Robbins, C., Wang, X., Zielinska, B., Schuetzle, D., Schuetzle, R.: Characterization of trace contaminants in syngas from the thermochemical conversion of biomass. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 3(4), 271–282 (2013)CrossRef
47.
Norton, G.A., Brown, R.C.: Wet chemical method for determining levels of ammonia in syngas from a biomass gasifier. Energy Fuels 19(2), 618–624 (2005)CrossRef
48.
Stahlberg, P., Lappi, M., Kurkela, E., Simell, P., Oesch, P.: Sampling of Contaminants from Biomass Gasifiers. IEA Thermal Gasification of Biomass Task. Brussels, Belgium (1998)
49.
Zhou, J., Masutani, S.M., Ishimura, D.M., Turn, S.Q., Kinoshita, C.M.: Release of fuel-bound nitrogen during biomass gasification. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39(3), 626–634 (2000)CrossRef
50.
De Jong, W., Ünal, Ö., Andries, J., Hein, K.R.G., Spliethoff, H.: Biomass and fossil fuel conversion by pressurised fluidised bed gasification using hot gas ceramic filters as gas cleaning. Biomass Bioenergy 25(1), 59–83 (2003)CrossRef
51.
52.
Broer, K.M., Johnston, P.A., Haag, A., Brown, R.C.: Resolving inconsistencies in measurements of hydrogen cyanide in syngas. Fuel 140, 97–101 (2015)CrossRef
53.
Vriesman, P., Heginuz, E., Sjöström, K.: Biomass gasification in a laboratory-scale AFBG: influence of the location of the feeding point on the fuel-N conversion. Fuel 79(11), 1371–1378 (2000)CrossRef
54.
Cui, H., Turn, S.Q., Keffer, V., Evans, D., Tran, T., Foley, M.: Contaminant estimates and removal in product gas from biomass steam gasification. Energy Fuels 24(2), 1222–1233 (2010)CrossRef
55.
Meng, X.: Biomass gasification: The understanding of sulfur, tar, and char reaction in fluidized bed gasifiers. In: TU Delft Repositories, Delft University of Technology (2012)
56.
Balas, M., Lisy, M., Skala, Z., Jiri, P.: Wet scrubber for cleaning of syngas from bi-omass gasification. Adv. Environ. Sci. Dev. Chem. 195–201 (2014)
57.
58.
Gustafsson, E.: Characterization of particulate matter from atmospheric fluidized bed biomass gasifiers. Doctoral Dissertation, Linnaeus University (2011)
59.
Akudo, C.O., Theegala, C.S.: Quantification of tars, particulates, and higher heating values in gases produced from a biomass gasifier. BioResources 9(3), 5627–5635 (2014)CrossRef
60.
Wang, Robbins, C., Hoekman, S.K., Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Schuetzle, D.: Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. China 5(3), 320–330 (2011)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Syngas
Authors
Augustina Ephraim
Rajesh Munirathinam
Ange Nzihou
Doan Pham Minh
Yohan Richardson
Copyright Year
2020
Book
Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35019-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-35020-8

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35020-8_11

Premium Partners

    Image Credits