8. Synthesis and Transitions in Energy Systems and Policy

Energy is a key variable in today’s world, and it is important for any society’s socioeconomic well-being and stability. Concerns about the insecurity and fragility of fossil fuel supply, as well as the numerous and varied ways in which they harm our environment, have prompted a gradual but steady shift in the existing energy balance. Increased reliance on renewable energy sources is required for long-term growth. Solar energy, which has been used since the dawn of time, is now gaining traction as the “future” fuel, with enormous potential to supply the world's energy demands at any given time. Understanding the sun's energy pattern on Earth is needed to utilize it. Solar resources change geographically and temporally across Earth's surface. Solar applications start with a resource evaluation. Designing and modelling solar projects need solar data. Solar radiation measurement is expensive. Due to a dearth of ready-to-use solar radiation data, radiation must be estimated. Solar applications need diffuse and direct components to calculate radiation received by sloped surfaces. This emphasizes the need of calculating any of them from globally measured radiation to get the third component as the difference. These gadgets come in many forms. This work aimed to create realistic, basic diffuse radiation models. Adding meteorological elements to clearness index-diffuse ratio models improved the estimate. Renewable energy sources create power with a low input of carbon dioxide (CO₂) or other greenhouse gases (GHG) to the environment, as well as no damaging discharge on water or land. Solar, wind, hydro, and biomass are renewable energy sources with huge potential.