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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

8. The Crisis of Nationalism, Political Opposition and the Consolidation of the Nationalist Right

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Abstract

This chapter examines the way in which the nationalist Right took shape in the 1940s successfully rallying a full array of organised schemes and ancillary agencies. I do so by considering the various levels of party, trade union, agrarian, local, etc. In particular, I focus on the first ever island-wide party of the nationalist right in Cyprus, the Cypriot Nationalist Party (KEK), and the different organisations associated with the Right: the trade union SEK, the agrarian union PEK, the extreme Right paramilitary group ‘X’, and the many youth associations. Nationalism in this period had an organisational and an extra-parliamentary dimension which marked an important difference with the past. The chapter emphasises the unifying influence of anti-communism, which seems to verify Duverger’s (1954) argument that the Right followed the Left in terms of organisational development.

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Footnotes
1
TNA, CO 67/251/3, ‘Political situation’, 1933 Oct.–Dec., Classified, Sir Edward Stubbs, Governor of Cyprus, to Sir Philip Cuncliffe-Lister, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 24 June 1933.
 
2
TNA, CO 67/256/7, ‘Municipal Corporations (Amendment) Law, 1934’, 1934 Feb.–1935 Jan., Palmer to Parkinson, 2 January 1934.
 
3
Historical Archive of the Greek Foreign Ministry 1947, Folder 33/3, Subfolder 1, Andreas Kountouriotis to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 7 August 1947. Kountouriotis was the then Greek consul in Cyprus.
 
4
TNA, CO 67/254/4, ‘Political situation’, 1934 Jan.-June, Classified, Palmer to Parkinson, 10 January 1934.
 
5
Chronos (Time), 6 September 1933, cited in Katsiaounis (2004, 31).
 
6
‘The Cyprus Question’, Neos Anthropos, 15 June, 4 and 1 July 1925, 4; Neos Ergatis, 9 September 1929, 2.
 
7
ASKI, F-20/21/14, op. cit., p. 11; ASKI, F-20/21/46, op. cit. p. 7, 18 October 1951.
 
8
TNA CO 67/314/12, ‘Political situation: monthly reports from the Governor’, 1942 Feb.–1943 Dec., Top Secret, Political Situation in Cyprus in August 1943.
 
9
Aneksartitos, 29 August 1944.
 
10
TNA CO 67/323/6, ‘Discussions between the Governor and the Colonial Office on Emergency powers’, 1944 Aug.–1945 Nov., Urgent and Tope Secret, Woolley to Hall, 27 August 1944.
 
11
Pyrsos, Annex, ‘H Kommouna torpillizi’ [The Commune Scuppers], 25 August 1944.
 
12
Eleftheria, 28 November 1942.
 
13
TNA, CO 926/209, ‘Political Situation Reports, Cyprus 1954–1956’, Report on the political situation in Cyprus for the month of February 1955.
 
14
TNA, CO 926/171, ‘Cyprus internal political situation’, 1954–1956, ‘The Monopoly of Enosis’, 8 October 1954, 3.
 
15
‘Proclamation’, Eleftheria, 9 May 1943.
 
16
Eleftheria, 9 May 1945.
 
17
Neos Kypriakos Fylax, 11 May 1943.
 
18
Neos Kypriakos Fylax, 5 June 1943; Eleftheria, 5 June 1943.
 
19
Eleftheria, 17 January 1944, 2.
 
20
TNA, CO 67/327/16, Future status of Cyprus, 1945 Jan.–1946 Jan., Top Secret, Deputy Governor of Cyprus to the Minister of Colonies’, 9 January 1945.
 
21
‘The statute of KEK’, Neos Kypriakos Fylax, 7 June 1943; ‘The programmatic positions of KEK’, Eleftheria, 10 August 1943.
 
22
Eleftheria, 3 February 1944, 4.
 
23
See for example, the proclamation of KEK in Eleftheria, 29 December 1944. In this, the party accuses AKEL of links with the KKE and closes with the phrase: ‘down with the Bolshevik dictatorship, terrorism and fascism’.
 
24
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 3, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, 1. This was a lengthy report (62 pages long) which provides much of the information cited in this chapter about KEK and other affiliated organisations.
 
25
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, 4.
 
26
TNA, CO 67/368/6, K.E.K. The Cyprus National Party: correspondence; memoranda and newspaper clippings, 1950, ‘Political Situation: KEK, The Cypriot National Party, Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation’, 3 March 1950.
 
27
TNA, CO 926/209, ‘Political Situation Reports, Cyprus 1954–1956, Report on the political situation in Cyprus for the month of July 1954’, 6.
 
28
‘The programmatic positions of KEK’, Eleftheria, 10 August 1943
 
29
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, Appendix J.
 
30
Kypriakos Fylax, 24 February 1949, 1.
 
31
TNA, FCO 141/2819, ‘Th. Dervis to the Governor’, Nicosia, 21 January 1944. According to Dervis, the communists offended and attacked employees who chose to align with the right-wing employers who were threatened by PEO-organised strikes.
 
32
Eleftheria, 10 August 1943, 1.
 
33
TNA, CO 926/174, Serious Enquiries and Representations regarding political situation, Cyprus 1954–1956 (Cyprus and NATO), Confidential, H. Sepef to Henry Hopkinson’, 23 November 1954
 
34
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, 8.
 
35
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, 8.
 
36
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, 3.
 
37
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, part II, 9.
 
38
Phoni tis Kyprou, 8 November 1930.
 
39
Nea Politiki Epitheorisis, 8 January 1944, 1.
 
40
Nea Politiki Epitheorisis, 2 January 1944, 2.
 
41
Nea Politiki Epitheorisis 29 January 1944.
 
42
Nea Politiki Epitheorisis, 29 January 1944, 1.
 
43
Nea Politiki Epitheorisis, 26 February 1944, 1.
 
44
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949′, Top Secret, part II, 7.
 
45
TNA, CO 926/171, Cyprus internal political situation, 1954–1956, ‘The Monopoly of Enosis’, 8 October 1954, 9.
 
46
TNA, CO 926/580, Cyprus trades union; TNA, CO 620/1/01, ‘Trade Unions in Cyprus’, Brief for the Secretary of State’, 29 October 1956.
 
47
‘Resolution of SEK’s 5th congress’, Ergatiki Foni (Workers Voice), 26 June 1949. Ergatiki Foni was the official press of SEK.
 
48
See for example, Ergatiki Foni (Workers Voice), 9 June 1952.
 
49
TNA, FCO 141/2957, ‘Cyprus: new trade unions; Cyprus Workers’ Confederation (SEK)’, 1945 Jan 01–1952 Dec 31, No. 535/172, ‘Chief Inspector of Police to the Commissioner of Larnaca’, 27 May 1952.
 
50
See for example, TNA, FCO 141/2957, ‘Cyprus: new trade unions; Cyprus Workers’ Confederation (SEK)’, 1945 Jan 01–1952 Dec 31, ‘The Seventh New Trade Union Conference’, 27 May 1952.
 
51
TNA, FCO 141/2958, ‘Cyprus: new trade unions; Cyprus Workers’ Confederation (SEK)’, 1952 Jan 01–1953 Dec 31, Secret, ‘Commissioner of Police to the Colonial Secretary’, 31 October 1953.
 
52
TNA, FCO 141/2957, ‘Cyprus: new trade unions; Cyprus Workers’ Confederation (SEK)’, 1945 Jan 01–1952 Dec 31, ITU 25, 21,816/9/52, ‘British embassy in Brussels, Summary of Kupers report to Emergency Committee on his visit to Greece and Cyprus in November 1951′, 26 February 1952.
 
53
TNA, CO 926/556, Governor’s Appreciation of the Situation in Cyprus, Cyprus Intelligence Committee Report, No. 32, A Survey of Communism in Cyprus since August 1955, 21 December 1956, 6.
 
54
TNA, CO 926/580, 620/1/01, 1954–1956, Trade Unions in Cyprus, O. H. Morris 13 April 1956.
 
55
TNA, CO 926/580, 620/1/01, Trade Unions in Cyprus, 1954–1956, Brief for the Secretary of State, 29 October 1956.
 
56
TNA, CO 926/580, 620/1/01, Trade Unions in Cyprus, 1954–1956, Governor of Cyprus to the Secretary of State, No. 1789, 16 October 1956.
 
57
TNA, CO 926/874, 131/67/04, Detention of Trade Unionists in Cyprus, 1957–1958, ICFTU mission to Cyprus October 1957.
 
58
TNA, CO 926/874, 131/67/04, Detention of Trade Unionists in Cyprus, 1957–1958, Secret Telegram, No. 1664, Governor Sir J. Harding to the Secretary of State for the Colonies.
 
59
TNA, FCO 141/2958, Cyprus: new trade unions; Cyprus Workers’ Confederation (SEK), 1952 Jan 01–1953 Dec 31, No. 0765, Trade unionism/counter intelligence, financial aid to the New Trade Unions, Top Secret, 10 June 1952.
 
60
TNA, FCO 141/2958, Cyprus: new trade unions; Cyprus Workers’ Confederation (SEK), 1952 Jan 01–1953 Dec 31, ‘Extract from COP’s weekly intelligence report’, No. 24 (original in S 1/52), Right-wing trade unions (SEK).
 
61
TNA, CO 926/580, 620/1/01, Trade Unions in Cyprus, 1954–1956, ‘Labour Conditions in 1954’, 3 October 1955.
 
62
Eleftheria, 1 June 1942.
 
63
Letter from L. Paschalides in Eleftheria, 1 April 1942. Paschalides presided a first meeting with the aim of founding an agrarian organisation.
 
64
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, part II, 2.
 
65
Eleftheria, 3 May 1943.
 
66
Eleftheria, 10 August 1942.
 
67
Eleftheria, 3 May 1943.
 
68
TNA, CO 926/20, Political situation reports: Cyprus 1953, Political Situation Report during the month September 1953, 5.
 
69
TNA, FCO 141/4281, ‘Cyprus: memorandum on the origin and activities of KEK (Cypriot National Party)’, 1949 Jan 01–1949 Dec 31, 22 June 1949, Top Secret, 7.
 
70
Diplomatic and Historic Archive of the Greek Foreign Ministry (DIAYE), Folder 88/1 (1948), 5th sub-file, Ministry of Foreign Affairs A. Kountouriotis, 19 October 1948. Cited in Protopapas (2002, 105).
 
71
Diplomatic and Historic Archive of the Greek Foreign Ministry (DIAYE), Folder 88/1 (1948), 5th sub-file, Ministry of Foreign Affairs A. Kountouriotis, 22 November 1948. Cited in Protopapas (2002, 105).
 
72
See for example, Democratis, 1 September 1948; Eleftheria, 2 September 1948; Eleftheria, 4 September 1948; Democratis, 10 September 1948; Eleftheria 14 September 1948; Eleftheria, 18 September 1948; Democratis, 20 September 1948; Democratis, 7 October 1948.
 
73
‘Joint declaration of KEK, PEK and SESP’, in Eleftheria, 9 July 1945.
 
74
Themistocles Dervis, cited in Neos Kypriakos Fylax, 14 March 1942.
 
75
Aneksartitos (Independent), 19 March 1943.
 
76
Dervis letter to AKEL, in Eleftheria, 20 March 1945.
 
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Metadata
Title
The Crisis of Nationalism, Political Opposition and the Consolidation of the Nationalist Right
Author
Yiannos Katsourides
Copyright Year
2017
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55536-2_8