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2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. The Implementation of IWRM/IRBM in São Paulo

Author : Francine van den Brandeler

Published in: Scalar Mismatches in Metropolitan Water Governance

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter examines how different drivers and institutions at multiple levels of the river basin governance regime shape water-related challenges experienced in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). It uncovers the causal links behind water challenges and the effectiveness of existing policy instruments.

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Footnotes
1
Per capita water availability reaches 40,000 m3/inhab./year.
 
2
Alto-Tietê means Upper-Tietê.
 
3
The waters of the Tietê River discharge into the Atlantic Ocean in the Paraná Delta north of Buenos Aires.
 
4
Regions face absolute water scarcity if renewable water resources are below 500 m3/inhab./year (FAO 2012).
 
5
São Paulo’s first master plan dates from 1972, when the MRSP had over 8 million inhabitants (São Paulo City, no date; Saconi and Entini 2013).
 
6
Erosion can be caused by large volumes of effluents that are concentrated and discharged in one location, in a stream that is not channelled (Interview-B17).
 
7
Although this programme was on hold for lack of funding, it received USD $10 million in 2016 and 5 million in 2017 (SABESP 2016, 2017).
 
8
Committees are created for both river basins of federal and state basin domain.
 
9
The EMAE originated in 1899 in the creation of the São Paulo Railway, Light and Power Company, a Canadian company that provided public transportation services and lighting São Paulo City (Custódio 2012).
 
10
The first was the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí committee, a region with a history of strong WRM participation.
 
11
The Paraíba do Sul basin spreads across the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.
 
12
Sustainable abstraction depends on the effect on the water stock or flow.
 
13
However, the issuing of new permits was temporarily suspended during the 2013–2015 water crisis.
 
14
A SABESP official specified that users will not receive permits for water of low quality, but criteria around this are not formally defined (Interview-B5). Further, there were no criteria that restrict groundwater use near potential pollutant sources such as gas stations.
 
15
The Guaraní Aquifer is too far from the MRSP to be used (with current infrastructure and technologies), while the aquifer below the MRSP had limited capacity and is susceptible to contamination.
 
16
A SABESP official claimed there were around 5000 registered groundwater use permits for an estimated 12,000 wells (Interview-B5). Unregulated wells could be at risk of contamination (e.g. by gas stations) (Interview-B10).
 
17
The energy sector pays a “financial compensation for water use for electricity generation”, which aims to indemnify states, the Federal District and municipalities for liabilities caused by this activity.
 
18
The PCJ basin was the first to implement it, and many basins are yet to follow suit (Interviews-B5/B29).
 
19
The abstraction fee is 0.01 Real/m3, the consumption fee is 0.02 Real/m3 and the discharge fee is 0.10 Real/kg of Organic Water Pollutant (Interview-B20).
 
20
A member of the committee and civil society representative estimated that SABESP and large industrial users contributed approximately 60% to the budget (Interview-B35).
 
21
A large proportion of funds went to small, scattered environmental education projects or other local projects, with insufficient transparency on project selection, spending and impact assessment (Interviews-B5/B17/B29).
 
22
This concerns water treatment, stormwater drainage, flood control, solid waste management, sewage management and the transmission and distribution of electric energy.
 
23
17 municipalities of the MRSP have at least 50% of their territory inserted in an APRM, and 6 are entirely contained within one (FIA, no date).
 
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Metadata
Title
The Implementation of IWRM/IRBM in São Paulo
Author
Francine van den Brandeler
Copyright Year
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08061-6_5