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2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

6. The Implementation of UWM in São Paulo

Author : Francine van den Brandeler

Published in: Scalar Mismatches in Metropolitan Water Governance

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter examines how different drivers and institutions at multiple levels of the urban water governance regime shape water-related challenges in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). It uncovers the causal links behind these water challenges and the effectiveness of existing policy instruments. It reviews the relevant context of Brazilian urban water governance and its main drivers (see Sect. 6.2); analyses the driving forces according to their scalar level; explores which formal actors and institutions shape Urban Water Management (UWM) (see Sect. 6.3); analyses the instruments of UWM according to their stated mandates, their effect on actors’ behaviour and their impacts on inclusive and sustainable water governance (see Sect. 6.4). Finally, the chapter summarizes the main empirical findings and considers how more appropriate instruments could be (re)designed for São Paulo in relation to UWM (see Sect. 6.5).

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previous chapter The Implementation of IWRM/IRBM in São Paulo
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Footnotes
1
São Paulo’s population was 30,000 in 1872 when the first census was conducted (São Paulo, no date).
 
2
It is estimated that 37% of the land within the ATB is impermeable (Jacobi et al. 2015).
 
3
The State is responsible for the housing needs of those that cannot access the formal housing market (Denizo 2007). It operates through the State Housing Department and the Housing and Urban Development Company of São Paulo State (CDHU). The CDHU attends families that earn from one to 10 minimum wages (CDHU, no date).
 
4
The Law defines national parameters such as minimum standards for drinking water and the promotion of incentives for conscientious water consumption (Paganine 2015).
 
5
Initiatives such as the ‘Legal Water’ programme, initiated in 2016, aim to bring drinking water services to informal settlements (SABESP 2018). This contributes to universalizing water supply services and reduces water losses from irregular connections. It represents a shift in urban policy towards proactively addressing the challenges of informal urbanization by coordinating utilities and local governments (Pasternark and D’Ottaviano 2018). However, without land tenure, these interventions remain in a legal grey zone. Moreover, the physical layout can make the installation of sanitation infrastructure practically impossible.
 
6
The EMAE and DAEE can use the Pinheiros River as a reservoir when too much water accumulates in the Tietê River. A movable dam was built in the 1990s between the two rivers for this purpose (Interview-B19).
 
7
Only five municipalities of the MRSP are not part of the basin.
 
8
In 2010, the São Paulo macro-metropolis had over 30 million inhabitants (EMPLASA, no date).
 
9
Solid waste management is typically partially or entirely outsourced, whereas drainage services are mostly carried out by municipal authorities as these have not found a way to monetize these services (Tucci 2009).
 
10
An official from a municipality of the MRSP (Interview-B21) was unable to find the municipality’s plan after significant searching during an interview. An ARSESP respondent claimed that mayors are sometimes convinced that their municipality does not have a Wat&San plan (Interview-B11).
 
11
Even the municipality of São Paulo has not renewed its plan since 2009 (Interview-B12).
 
12
Between 500 and 1000 m3, large consumers pay USD 3.8 per cubic metre. Above 40,000 m3 they pay USD 2.5 (IDS and Aliança pela Água 2017).
 
13
In Guarulhos, a municipality of approximately 1.3 million inhabitants neighbouring São Paulo, many residents have access to water every other day or less frequently (van den Brandeler 2013) (Interview-B23).
 
14
Through its Legal Water Programme, SABESP aimed to install official water connections in 160,000 buildings, for 600,000 residents, in 2018. This corresponds to around 2.7% of the MRSP’s population (SABESP 2017).
 
15
Aquapolo, a large industrial wastewater reuse plant near the MRSP, produces up to 1000 L/s of reusable water for a petrochemical complex, a volume equivalent to the water supply of a city of 500,000 inhabitants (Aquapolo, no date). Despite significant potential demand for greywater, laws and norms have not been adjusted, and these practices needed to gain public acceptance (Interviews-B4/B34).
 
16
The municipality of São Paulo developed dykes, drainage systems and green areas in an area along the Tietê River. The municipality of Guarulhos, on the other side of the riverbank, was not informed or involved in these works, leaving it more vulnerable as river flows could only spill to one side (Interview-B24).
 
17
As erosion and siltation are cumulative problems that are not immediately apparent, they do not receive adequate attention (Interview-B17).
 
18
A former SABESP employee estimated that around 2.3 million people in the ATB live in areas of springs. He calculated their need for housing at 50,000 housing units, for some 200,000 people: “That is for those who would need to be removed, and the housing of another 300,000 or 400,000 would need to be upgraded, which would require land use regularization” (Interview-B6).
 
19
As was included in the original NWL.
 
Literature
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Metadata
Title
The Implementation of UWM in São Paulo
Author
Francine van den Brandeler
Copyright Year
2022
Book
Scalar Mismatches in Metropolitan Water Governance

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-08060-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-08061-6

Copyright Year: 2022

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08061-6_6