1 Introduction
Autonomous systems | Elevator | Vehicles (w/ADAS or fully autonomous) | Planes (w/autopilot functions) |
---|---|---|---|
Human operator/driver | A reasonable person | A reasonable person | Professional |
Operational environment | A confined/static environment | A highly dynamic environment | A highly dynamic environment |
Training requirements | No training required | Basic training required | Extensive training and assessments required |
Brand | Parent Organisation (Bartlett 2021) | Origin Country (Dean 2020) |
---|---|---|
BMW | BMW Group | Germany |
Audi | Volkswagen AG | Germany |
Tesla | Tesla Inc | America |
Infiniti | Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance | Japan |
Lexus | Toyota Motor Corp | Japan |
Mercedes Benz | Daimler AG | Germany |
Maserati | Stellantis | Italy |
Volvo | Zhejiang Geely Holding Group | Sweden |
Genesis | Hyundai Motor Group | South Korea |
Jaguar | Tata Motors | England |
2 The development of ADAS and autonomous functions in the automotive industry
3 Results and analysis
BMW 7 Series (BMW 2019) | Mercedes S Class (Mercedes Benz 2021) | Audi A8 (Audi 2020) | Tesla Model S (TESLA 2021) | Infinity Q50 (Nissan Motor Co. 2020) | Lexus Ls500 (Lexus 2020) | Genesis G70 (Genesis 2021) | Volvo S60 (Volvo 2021) | Maserati Quattroporte (Maserati 2021) | Jaguar XF (Jaguar Land Rover 2021) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collision Avoidance | Front Collison Mitigation [Above 5 km/h] | Active Brake Assist [Above 7 km/h] | Audi Pre-Sense [Above 30 km/h] | Collision Avoidance Assist [10–150 km/h] | Predictive Forward Collision Warning [Above 5 km/h] | Pre-Collision System [5-180 km/h] | Forward Collision Avoidance Assist [Above 10 km/h] | Collision Avoidance [60-140 km/h] | Forward Collision Warning [2-250 km/h] | Collision Avoidance [5-180 km/h] |
Adaptive Cruise Control | Active Cruise Control with Stop and Go Function [30–180 km/h] | Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC [20–210 km/h] | Adaptive Cruise Assist [above 30 km/h] | Traffic Aware Cruise Control [0*–150 km/h] *when behind another vehicle | Intelligent Cruise Control [32-144 km/h] | Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (vehicle to vehicle distance control) [Above 30 km/h] | Smart Cruise Control with Stop and Go Function [30–200 km/h] | Adaptive Cruise Control [30–140 km/h] | Adaptive Cruise Control [30–210 km/h] | Adaptive Cruise Control [0–200 km/h] |
Cruise Control | Cruise Control [30–180 km/h] | Cruise Control [20-250 km/h] | Cruise Control [Above 20 km/h] | Traffic Aware Cruise Control [30–150 km/h] | Cruise Control [40–144 km/h] | Dynamic Radar Cruise Control (constant speed control) [Above 30 km/h] | Cruise Control [Above 30 km/h] | Cruise Control [0-200 km/h] | Cruise Control [30-210 km/h] | Cruise Control [Above 16 km/h] |
Blind Spot Assist | Side Collision Mitigation [5–210 km/h] | Active blind Spot Assist [30–200 km/h] | Side Assist [Above 10 km/h] | Blind Spot Collision Warning Chime [12–140 km/h] | Blind Spot Intervention Above 60 km/h] | Blind Spot Monitor (BSM) [Above 16 km/h] | Blind Spot Collision Warning (BCW) [Above 30 km/h] | Blind Spot Information System [Above 12 km/h] | Active Blind Spot Assist [60–180 km/h] | Blind Spot Assist [64–180 km/h] |
Lane Keeping Assist | Lane Departure Warning [Country specific -210 km/h] | Active Lane keeping Assist [60–200 km/h] | Lane Departure Warning [65–250 km/h] | Lane Departure Avoidance [64–145 km/h] | Lane Departure Prevention [Above 70 km/h] | Lane Tracing Assist (LTA) [Above 50 km/h] | Lane Keeping Assist [Above 64 km/h] | Lane Keeping Aid [65–200 km/h | Lane Keeping Assist [60–180 km/h] | Lane Keeping Assist [64–180] |
Automatic High Beam | High Beam Assistant [Activation speed not reported] | Adaptive High Beam Assist [Above 30 km/h] | High Beam Assistant [Activation speed not reported] | High Beam Head Lights [Activation speed not reported] | High Beam Assist [Above 35 km/h] | Automatic High Beam [Above 34 km/h] | High Beam Assist [Above 40 km/h] | Active Main Beam [Above 20 km/h] | Automatic High Beam Assist [40–250 km/h] | Auto High Beam Assist [Above 40 km/h] |
Adaptive Front Lighting | Adaptive Light Function [Activation speed not reported] | Active Headlamps Function [Activation speed not reported] | Adaptive Light [Activation speed not reported] | Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS) [Activation speed not reported] | Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS) [Above 5 km/h] | Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS) [Above 10 km/h] | Adaptive Front Lighting System [Activation speed not reported] | Active Bending Light [Activation speed not reported] | Adaptive Driving Beam [Activation speed not reported] | Adaptive Front Lighting System [0 to maximum speed, not reporter] |
3.1 Observations
Brand | ADAS or Equivalent Package Name |
---|---|
BMW (BMW 2019) | Intelligent safety |
Audi (Audi 2021) | Audi pre sense |
TESLA (TESLA 2021) | Autopilot |
Nissan/Infinity (Nissan 2020) | Infinity safety shield |
Toyota/Lexus (Lexus 2020) | Lexus safety system + A |
Mercedes (Mercedes Benz 2021) | Intelligent drive* |
Maserati (Maserati 2021) | Safety and driving assistant* |
Volvo (Volvo 2021) | IntelliSafe |
Genesis (Genesis 2021) | Safety features* |
Jaguar (Jaguar Land Rover 2021) | InControl |
4 Discussion
4.1 Different naming conventions used by automakers
4.2 Different Operating conditions and procedures
4.3 ADAS limitations and maintenance issues
5 Conclusion
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Define unified and standard naming conventions for AI/ADAS functions – Local policymakers should define the rules to standardise the names and based on those rules automakers should perform the mapping to meet country-specific requirements.
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Develop a uniform process for the activation and deactivation of ADAS function – Research should be conducted to study the most effective process of activation and deactivation of ADAS functions. Based on the research outcomes, manufacturers should design the ADAS functions activation/deactivation processes accordingly.
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Develop a consistent design philosophy for system indicators and human vehicle interaction – Research should be conducted to study the effectiveness of different message types on the alertness of drivers. Based on the outcome, manufacturers should design intuitive universal warning mechanisms and vehicle behaviours.
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Develop and design quantifiable operating conditions and system limitations – Depending on the AI technology used, and sensor types deployed by different manufacturers, quantifiable operating conditions should be disclosed to the buyers so that users can make a well-informed buying decision.
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Develop clear and simple calibration and maintenance processes for all the sensors – Automakers should design standard calibration processes and sensor maintenance guidelines. They should develop standardised monitoring and diagnostic mechanisms for evaluating sensor health conditions.
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Designing of safety systems with uniform operating speed – Local rule regulators and automakers should define the baseline operating conditions of common ADAS functions. Automakers should then design their systems and functions to fulfil those requirements.
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Develop a better instruction sharing and training process – Research should be conducted to study the effective and best possible training structure for AV drivers. Based on the outcomes of the research, local licensing authorities can design the training and licensing framework for AV drivers.