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Social Indicators Research
Published in: Social Indicators Research 2/2016

31-07-2015

The Index of Identity Group Institutionalization: A New Tool to Quantify the Institutionalization of Identity Groups in Democratic Societies

Authors: Elizabeth Moorhouse-Stein, Aviad Rubin

Published in: Social Indicators Research | Issue 2/2016

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Abstract

The current work develops an index of Identity Group Institutionalization (or IGI Index) as a rejoinder to the absence of comprehensive, contemporary, replicable methodology relevant to minority groups’ relations to the state and society. The IGI Index is a means to quantify the institutionalization of minority population groups in democratic states. It draws from theory and methodology on political party and system institutionalization in political science, and from advances in identity group organization in sociology. Intended for empirical use, the Index contains Dimensions, Criteria, Indicators, and Questions to be answered through the use of various sources. The methodology, versatility, and accuracy of the Index are tested on dissimilar identity groups: Francophones in Toronto in 2013 and Jews in Montreal in 1905–1920. The Index’s contribution to research on identity groups’ place in state and society is acutely important in today’s environment of increased global diversity and migration, coupled with increased reconsideration and rescindment of established minority accommodation norms and policies in Western states.
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Footnotes
1
The term ‘identity group’ refers to any minority ethnic, immigrant, racial, linguistic, religious, or national population group, or any combination of these.
 
2
Most authors also agree that these criteria are normally mutually enforcing and show positive correlations (Mainwaring 1998: 12; Hanson and Sigman 2013; Scartascini et al. 2008). According to Levitsky and Murillo, “pure cases of institutional strength, [characterized by] a tight coupling between formal rules and actual behaviour, predominate in most of the scholarship on political institutions” (2009:117). They caution, however, that the dimensions of institutional strength need not correlate, and that the possible variation between dimensions has “important theoretical implications on actors’ expectations and behaviour” (Ibid: 117).
 
3
Notwithstanding the importance of time adduced by several researchers, the relationship between time and institutionalization is not tautological: political parties and systems can de-institutionalize over time (Huntington 1965; Panebianco 1988; Mainwaring 1998). Indeed, Huntington argues that modernization can bring forth political decay in his 1965 article “Political Development and Political Decay.” Dargent and Munoz (2011) demonstrate such a process in Colombia.
 
4
Most of the empirical research focuses on Latin America (Scartascini et al. 2008; Stein et al. 2008; Dargent and Munoz 2011; Dix 1992; Mainwaring 1998, 1999, 1999). For particular attention to Africa, see Kuenzi and Lambright (2001) and Basedau and Stroh (2008). See Hicken and Hukonta (2011) for a focus on Asia.
 
5
The sixty-two questions are not included in this paper for reasons of space. They are available from the authors upon request.
 
6
The number 53,000 refers to ‘First Official Language’ Francophones. ‘First Official Language’ is a designation used by government statistics bureaus in Canada (including Statistics Canada and Ontario’s Office of Francophone Affairs) to refer to either French or English. ‘First Official Language Francophones’ are residents of Canada whose French-language skills are stronger than their English-language skills. ‘First Official Language Anglophones’ refers to the opposite.
 
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Metadata
Title
The Index of Identity Group Institutionalization: A New Tool to Quantify the Institutionalization of Identity Groups in Democratic Societies
Authors
Elizabeth Moorhouse-Stein
Aviad Rubin
Publication date
31-07-2015
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Social Indicators Research / Issue 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0303-8300
Electronic ISSN: 1573-0921
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1063-x

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