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2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. The Mediatisation of the Extreme Pornography Debate

Authors : Alexandros K Antoniou, Dimitris Akrivos

Published in: The Rise of Extreme Porn

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter explores the role of news media in the construction of the extreme pornography problem and explains how these paved the way for the introduction of s 63 through their coverage of Jane Longhurst’s murder. It examines the elements that made the story newsworthy as well as journalists’ attempts to operate alongside criminal justice institutions and administer their own extra-legal justice.

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previous chapter The Legislative History of the s 63 Offence

next chapter Deconstructing the Elements of the s 63 Offence

W Morrison, ‘What is Crime? Contrasting definitions and perspectives’ in C Hale, K Hayward, A Wahidin and E Wincup (eds), Criminology (OUP, Oxford: 2013).

These were all the articles containing the term ‘Graham Coutts’ that were published in all the national British newspapers between the time when Longhurst’s death first made news (April 2003) and the time of writing (April 2016). The articles were initially located and collected through a LexisNexis search. There are undeniable advantages from using LexisNexis for media research, which mainly relate to allowing the researcher to easily access large amounts of data from the convenience of his or her computer screen. However, the database can only provide a stripped-down, strictly textual version of the respective articles of interest, which are in that way reduced to ‘words reproduced on a computer screen in standardised font. Decontextualised. Arid. Colourless. And, crucially, without images’; C Greer, ‘Reading the news: Critical connections’ in C Greer (ed), Crime and Media: A Reader (Routledge, Oxon: 2010) 119–20. This can be a major shortcoming of qualitative media research, especially given the emphasis contemporary news reporting places on visuals; Y Jewkes, Media and Crime (3rd ed, Sage, London: 2015). In order to tackle this problem in our study, data collection was not limited to the article versions provided by LexisNexis, but also included their printed versions acquired through the British Newspaper Library as well as those available in the newspapers’ online archives.

Home Office, Consultation: On the Possession of the Extreme Pornographic Material (Home Office Communications Directorate, London: 2005) 1.

J Ferrell and C Sanders, ‘Culture, crime and criminology’ in J Ferrell and C Sanders (eds), Cultural Criminology (Northeastern University Press, Boston: 1995) 14.

BC Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey: 1963).

V Burr, Social constructionism (2nd ed, Routledge, London: 2003).

H Blumer, ‘Social problems as a collective behaviour’ (1971) 18(3) Social Problems 298; J Best, Social Problems (WW Norton & Company, London: 2008).

M Darvill and H Arkell, ‘The Subhuman’ The Sun (London 5 February 2004) 10–11; S Pook ‘Internet normalised Graham Coutts’s perverse impulses. That is the danger’ The Daily Telegraph (London 15 August 2005) 4.

L Longhurst, ‘We can’t sit back and let another young girl die like my daughter’ Mail on Sunday (London 15 February 2004) 23; S Barnett, ‘How Blunkett CAN shut down the websites that killed my sister’ Mail on Sunday (London 14 March 2004) 27.

E Addley, ‘Jane’s legacy’ The Guardian (London 2 September 2006) 31.

L Longhurst quoted in D Sapsted ‘30 years’ jail for internet pervert who lured lover’s best friend to her death’ The Daily Telegraph (London 5 February 2004) 2–3.

L Fisher, ‘These protesters say it’s their right to watch sadistic porn online. Tell that to the mother of the girl murdered by a man addicted to it…’ Daily Mail (London 3 January 2009) 28.

Leader, ‘Voice of the Daily Mirror: Crack down on these vile Net perverts’ Daily Mirror (London 5 February 2004) 6.

M Innes, ‘Crime as signal, crime as memory’ (2004) 1(2) Journal for Crime, Conflict and the Media 15.

Ibid 16–17.

T Utton, ‘The children who call their computer a best friend’ Daily Mail (London 25 February 2004) 31; J Ridley and C Goldwin ‘Porn Gener@tion: How Britain is getting turned on by sex on the Internet’ Daily Mirror (London 8 March 2004) 18–19.

M Symons, ‘Let’s put an end to this Web of evil’ Daily Express (London 6 February 2004) 13.

M Yar, ‘Public perceptions and public opinion about Internet crime’ in Y Jewkes and M Yar (eds), Handbook of Internet Crime (Willan, Devon: 2010) 111.

J Slack, ‘Victory for mother who went to war on violent websites’ Daily Mail (London 30 August 2005) 21; D Mackay ‘Snuff it out: Mum of murdered Jane wins violent porn viewing ban’ Daily Mirror (London 31 August 2006) 16.

Best (n 7).

D Blunkett, ‘Liz leads fight to end violent porn’ The Sun Online (London 1 April 2008), http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/columnists/blunkett/article988550.ece, accessed 17 November 2010.

Ibid.

For her comments on Vincent Tabak’s case, see J Johnston ‘Corrupted by the Internet’ Daily Mail (London 31 October 2011) 6–7; for her critique of Google’s lack of action in the ‘war against extreme porn’, see R Mason and M Evans, ‘Mother of woman murdered by porn obsessive calls for Google to “get act together”’ Telegraph Online (London 31 May 2013), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10091939/Mother-of-woman-murdered-by-porn-obsessive-calls-for-Google-to-get-act-together.html, accessed 23 June 2016.

D Loseke, Thinking about Social Problems: An Introduction to Constructionist Perspectives (2nd ed, Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, NY: 2003) 20 (emphasis in the original).

Darvill and Arkell, The Sun (n 8) 11.

A Jowers ‘Music miss strangled and dumped in a lock-up’ Daily Star (London 15 January 2004) 23.

Jewkes (n 2).

B Naylor, ‘Reporting Violence in the British Print Media: Gendered Stories’ (2001) 40(2) The Howard Journal 180.

S Hall, C Critcher, T Jefferson, J Clarke and B Roberts, Policing the Crisis (Macmillan, London: 1978).

Naylor (n 28).

P Schlesigner, H Tumber and G Murdock, ‘The media politics of crime and criminal justice’ (1991) 42(3) British Journal of Sociology 397, 411.

R Reiner, ‘Media made criminality: The representation of crime in the mass media’ in M Maguire, R Morgan and R Reiner (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (OUP, Oxford: 2002); Jewkes (n 2).

Naylor (n 28) 183.

J Ditton and J Duffy, ‘Bias in the newspaper reporting of crime news’ (1983) 23(2) British Journal of Criminology 159.

C Greer, Sex crime and the media: Sex offending and the press in a divided society (Willan, Devon: 2003).

Ibid.

P Manning, ‘Media loops’ in F Bailey and D Hale (eds), Popular Culture, Crime and Justice (Wadsworth, Belmont, CA: 1998).

J Ferrell, ‘Cultural criminology’ (1999) 25(1) Annual Review of Sociology 395.

B Jarvis, ‘Monsters Inc: Serial killers and consumer culture’ (2007) 3(3) Crime, Media, Culture 326.

PL Simpson, Psycho Paths: Tracking the Serial Killer Through Contemporary American Film and Fiction (Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale and Edwardsville: 2000).

T Leonard, ‘Cops quiz musician over Jane’ Daily Star (London 26 April 2003) 6.

M Hamilton, ‘Graham did not kill Jane’ Sunday Mirror (London 27 April 2003) 16.

C Gysin, ‘The “trophy killer”’ Daily Mail (London 15 January 2004) 35.

V Allen, ‘Strangled for sex…Kept dead in a box’ Daily Mirror (London 15 January 2004) 4.

G Swift, ‘Strangled, stored in box…then burned’ Daily Express (London 15 January 2004) 34.

C Milmo, ‘Musician kept body of teacher to fulfil macabre fantasy’ The Independent (London 15 January 2004) 8.

Johnston, Daily Mail (n 23) 6.

H Arkell, ‘I stand by him’ The Sun (London 5 February 2004) 11.

H Becker, Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. (The Free Press, New York: 1963).

S Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (3rd ed. Routledge, London/New York: 2002 [1972]).

TA van Dijk, Racism and the Press (Routledge, London: 1991); H Fulton, ‘Analysing the discourse of news’ in H Fulton, R Huisman, J Murphet and A Dunn (eds), Narrative and Media (CUP, Cambridge: 2005); KS Johnson-Cartee, News Narratives and News Framing: Constructing Political Reality (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Lanham, MD: 2005).

M Conboy, The Language of the News (Routledge, London/New York: 2013).

A Lee, ‘Man, 35, held over teacher’s murder’ Daily Express (London 26 April 2003) 13; J Burleigh, ‘Man charged with murder of music teacher Jane Longhurst’ The Independent (London 30 April 2003) 2 (emphases added).

S Wright and R Yapp, ‘Musician quizzed in Jane murder inquiry’ Daily Mail (London 26 April 2003) 5; M Wallace, ‘Guitarist charged on Jane murder’ The Sun (London 30 April 2003) 9 (emphases added).

M Sullivan, ‘Murdered Jane: Cops quiz best friend’s lover’ The Sun (London 26 April 2003) 9; L Fisher, ‘Police free pal’s boyfriend’ Daily Mirror (London 26 April 2003) 7 (emphases added).

Fisher, Daily Mirror (n 55).

Wright and Yapp, Daily Mail (n 54) 5.

J Chapman, ‘Ghoulish murderer obsessed with Net porn jailed 30 years’ Daily Express (London 5 February 2004) 8.

J Lawton, ‘Beast in panic claim outrage’ Daily Star (London 14 December 2015) 10.

Jewkes (n 2).

S Carroll, ‘Silent over killer’ Daily Mirror (London 11 February 2004) 23.

E Verity, ‘Yes, we can clean the Web up – and we must’ Mail on Sunday (London 8 February 2004) 27.

Becker (n 49).

E Schur, Labeling Deviant Behavior (Harper & Row, New York: 1971).

T Judd, ‘Teacher’s “sordid and evil” murderer jailed for life’ The Independent (London 5 February 2004) 11.

Chapman, Daily Express (n 58).

M O’Riordan and G Hodgson, ‘Exclusive: My hell with sex strangler love’ Sunday Mirror (London 8 February 2004) 8–9.

Simpson (n 40).

P Gallagher and C Collins, ‘My Internet sex pervert lover killed my best pal and defiled her body…but I still took our baby twins to visit him in jail’ Sunday People (London 8 February 2004) 28–29.

D Pilditch, ‘I warned the courts about this disgusting murderer. They did NOTHING’ Daily Express (London 24 February 2004) 27.

Darvill and Arkell, The Sun (n 8) 11.

C Lombroso, ‘Insanity and crime, 1876, 1884 and 1889’ in N Rafter (ed), The Origins of Criminology: A Reader (Routledge, Abingdon: 2009).

Simpson (n 40).

‘I hope he rots in prison for the rest of his life’; Sue Barnett, quoted in H Weathers, ‘My sister was murdered by a man obsessed with violent internet porn. So why won’t anyone help me to close these websites down?’ Daily Mail (London 30 September 2004) 54.

‘[T]aking men like Coutts out of circulation could prevent another tragedy like Jane’s’; Leader, Daily Mirror (n 13) 6.

S Whittingham, ‘Make prisoners hand ludicrous compensation payouts to crime victims, says MP’ Express Online (London 21 December 2015), http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/628693/Make-prisoners-hand-compensation-payouts-crime-victims, accessed 20 June 2016.

Liz Longhurst quoted in R Bishop, ‘Mum of murdered teacher “appalled” by killer’s compensation claim because he was “forced to wear prison uniform”’ Mirror Online (London 13 December 2015), http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mum-murdered-teacher-appalled-killers-7003834, accessed 20 June 2016.

Liz Longhurst quoted in A Crick, ‘Mother’s blast over killer’s bid for cash’ The Sun (London 15 December 2015) 17.

V Allen, ‘Killed by the Internet: Jane’s family demand vile porn Web ban as murderer gets life’ Daily Mirror (London 5 February 2004) 1, 4.

S Bird, ‘How internet fuelled a sick sex obsession’ The Times (London 5 February 2004) 5.

Milmo, The Independent (n 46) 8.

Judd The Independent (n 65) 11.

Chapman, Daily Express (n 58) 8.

Weathers, Daily Mail (n 74) 54.

Johnston, Daily Mail (n 23) 7.

Darvill and Arkell, The Sun (n 8) 11.

Jewkes (n 2) 53.

P Golding and P Elliott, ‘News values and news production’ in S Thornham, C Bassett and P Marris (eds), Media Studies: A Reader (3rd ed, New York University Press, New York: 2009).

Longhurst, Mail on Sunday (n 9).

N Adams, ‘Man held again over Jane murder’ Daily Express (London 29 April 2003) 8; S Morris, ‘Killer was obsessed by porn websites’ The Guardian (London 5 February 2004) 5.

C Greer, ‘News media, victims and crime’ in P Davies, P Francis and C Greer (eds), Victims, Crime and Society (Sage, London: 2007) 22.

N Christie, ‘The ideal victim’ in E Fattah (ed), From Crime Policy to Victim Policy (Macmillan, Basingstoke: 1986) 19.

Fisher, Daily Mail (n 12).

C Wardle, ‘Crime reporting’ in B Franklin (ed), Pulling Newspapers Apart: Analysing Print Journalism (Routledge, London: 2008).

D Sapsted, ‘Sex strangling “was a mistake”’ The Daily Telegraph (London 24 January 2004) 6.

V Allen, ‘Strangled tutor “liked kinky sex”’ Daily Mirror (London 28 January 2004) 18; M Darvill, ‘“Murder” victim found strangle-sex exciting’ The Sun (London 28 January 2004) 12 (emphasis added).

Anonymous, ‘“Murder girl” woe’ The Sun (London 29 January 2004) 23.

D Rice, ‘I can’t talk about it’ Daily Express (London 22 January 2004) 30.

Bishop, Mirror Online (n 77).

T Utley, ‘Please, Mr Blair, we don’t need any more laws that can’t be enforced’ Daily Mail (London 1 September 2006) 12.

KH Robinson, Innocence, Knowledge and the Construction of Childhood (Routledge, Abingdon: 2013).

Christie (n 92).

C Greer, ‘Crime and media: Understanding the connections’ in C Hale, A Hayward, A Wahidin and E Wincup (eds), Criminology (OUP, Oxford: 2013); Jewkes (n 2).

E Carrabine, ‘Just Images: Aesthetics, ethics and visual criminology’ (2012) 52(3) British Journal of Criminology 463.

R Surette, Media, Crime and Criminal Justice (5th ed, Wadsworth Belmont: 2015).

C Greer and E McLaughlin, ‘“Trial by media”: Riots, looting, gangs and mediatised police chiefs’ in J Peay and T Newburn (eds), Policing, Politics, Culture and Control: Essays in Honour of Robert Reiner (Hart Publishing, Oxford: 2012).

S Hall, ‘The determination of news photographs’ in C Greer (ed), Crime and Media: A Reader (Routledge, Oxon: 2010[1973]) 132.

Fulton (n 51).

Lee, Daily Express (n 53); Jowers, Daily Star (n 26).

M Darvill, ‘Killer’s 9 visits to body of his victim’ The Sun (London 15 January 2004) 15; Slack,

Daily Mail (n 19).

Swift, Daily Express (n 45).

C Gysin and B Taylor, ‘The killer honed on the Web’ Daily Mail (London 5 February 2004) 17.

L Pritchard and G Dhaliwal, ‘It took us less than 24 hours to cripple the two grotesque pornographic websites that drove a pervert to strangle this teacher. Why does the Government insist nothing can be done to clean up the Internet?’ Mail on Sunday (London 8 February 2004) 8.

Judd, The Independent (n 65); Morris, The Guardian (n 90).

S Bird, ‘Teacher strangled “to satisfy macabre sexual fantasy”’ The Times (London 15 January 2004) 3; R Smith and V Allen, ‘Killed by the Internet: Play dead for me’ Daily Mirror (London 5 February 2004) 5.

E Shank, ‘Jane’s killer had 50 snuff pictures on his computer’ Daily Star (London 22 January 2004) 14; D Sapsted, ‘Teacher ‘strangled for sexual kicks and kept in box’ The Daily Telegraph (London 15 January 2004) 11.

Allen, Daily Mirror (n 79); Darvill and Arkell, The Sun (n 8).

J Kitzinger, ‘A sociology of media power: Key issues in audience reception research’ in G Philo (ed) Message Received (Longman, London: 1999).

Greer, Sex Crime and the Media (n 35).

O’Riordan and Hodgson, Sunday Mirror (n 67).

R Barthes, ‘The rhetoric of the image’ in S Heath (ed), Image-Music-Text (Fontana Press London: 1977).

Chapman, Daily Express (n 58) 8.

Smith and Allen, Daily Mirror (n 115) 5.

Allen, Daily Mirror (n 44); S Morris, ‘Man kept dead victim as trophy in storage unit’ The Guardian (London 15 January 2004).

S Waksman, Instruments of Desire: The Electric Guitar and The Shaping of Musical Experience (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA: 1999); D Pattie, Rock Music in Performance (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke: 2007).

Allen, Daily Mirror (n 79) 4.

Jewkes (n 2).

R Barthes, ‘The photographic message’ in S Heath (ed), Image-Music-Text (Fontana Press, London: 1977); G Kress and T van Leeuwen, ‘Front pages: (The critical) analysis of newspaper layout’ in A Bell and P Garrett (eds), Approaches to Media Discourse (Blackwell Publishers, Oxford: 1998); Fulton (n 51).

E Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (Northeastern University Press, Boston: 1986) 21.

V Allen, ‘Aghast: Heartbreak of mum as daughter’s pervert killer wins murder appeal’ Daily Mirror (London 20 July 2006) 35.

Rice, Daily Express (n 98) 30.

PJ Auter and DM Davis, ‘When characters speak directly to viewers: Breaking The Fourth Wall in Television’ (1991) 68(1–2) Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 165, 165.

Greer, Sex Crime and the Media (n 35); Jewkes (n 2).

J Katz, ‘What makes crime news?’ (1987) 9(1) Media, Culture and Society 47.

Swift, Daily Express (n 45) 34.

G Hodgson, ‘Ex love of body in box killer moves back to murder house’ Sunday Mirror (London 6 February 2005) 33.

Fisher, Daily Mirror (n 55) 7.

Slack, Daily Mail (n 19).

R Cowan, ‘G2: I want to stop another murder’ The Guardian (London 16 September 2004) 10–11.

‘One ring to rule them all’ is a line inscribed on the well-known magic ring of invisibility forged by the Dark Lord Sauron in JRR Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings (Part 1): The Fellowship of the Ring (HarperCollins Publishers, London: (2008 [1954]).

P Schlesinger and H Tumber, Reporting Crime: The Media Politics of Criminal Justice (Clarendon, Oxford: 1994).

J Kitzinger, ‘The gender politics of news production: Silenced voices and false memories’ in C Carter, G Branston and S Allan (eds), News, Gender and Power (Routledge, London: 1998).

The latest reports in our sample were from December 2015.

S Chibnall, Law and Order News (Tavistock, London: 1977).

J Galtung and M Ruge, ‘The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Norwegian Newspapers’ (1965) 2(1) Journal of Peace Research 64.

Allen, Daily Mirror (n 79) 1.

Innes (n 14); see also M Innes, ‘Signal crimes and signal disorders: Notes on deviance as communicative action’ (2004) 55(3) The British Journal of Sociology 335.

Bird, The Times (n 80) 5.

Allen, Daily Mirror (n 79) 1.

Morris, The Guardian (n 90) 5.

Gysin and Taylor, Daily Mail (n 112) 16–17.

S Bird, ‘Murder teacher’s mother demands online porn ban’ The Times (London 5 February 2004) 5.

J Best, Threatened Children: Rhetoric and Concern about Child-Victims (University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 1990); Best (n 7).

Symons, Daily Express (n 17) 13.

C O’Brien, ‘How Sue created good from tragedy’ Mail on Sunday, (London 12 November 2006) 33.

Verity, Mail on Sunday (n 62) 27.

DS Wall, ‘Criminalising cyberspace: The rise of the Internet as a “crime problem”’ in Jewkes and Yar, Handbook of Internet Crime (n 18); M Yar, ‘Public Perceptions and Public Opinion about Internet Crime’ in Jewkes and Yar, Handbook of Internet Crime (n 18).

For the links established between Coutts’s crime and the respective cases of Armin Meiwes, Carina Stephenson, Vincent Tabak, Nathan Matthews, Jamie Reynolds, Mark Bridger, Stuart Hazell, see Verity, Mail on Sunday (n 62); P Bracchi, ‘Murdered by porn’ Mail Online (London 12 December 2013), http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2522846/High-profile-cases-child-killers-hooked-extreme-porn-just-tip-iceberg.html, accessed 24 June 2016; F Gibb, ‘Calls grow for internet porn curbs’ The Times (London 3 December 2013) 8; T Morgan, ‘Another young name on list of deaths linked to violent porn’ The Daily Telegraph (London 12 November 2015) 20.

Hall et al. (n 29).

Verity, Mail on Sunday (n 62) 27.

Mark Bridger and Stuart Hazell killed five-year-old April Jones and 12-year-old Tia Sharp, respectively, in 2012. Vincent Tabak killed 25-year-old Joanna Yeates in 2010. See also n 158.

Johnston, Daily Mail (n 23) 6–7.

L Longhurst, ‘Violent online porn drove pervert to kill my Jane’ Mail Online (London 31 May 2013), http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2334115/Violent-online-porn-drove-pervert-kill-Jane-Mother-81-believes-daughter-alive-internet-giants-listened-calls-ban-sick-websites.html, accessed 26 June 2016.

Loseke (n 24).

P Jenkins, Beyond Tolerance: Child Pornography on the Internet (New York University Press, New York: 2001); Robinson (n 101).

Jewkes (n 2).

J McCartney, ‘Do we really have a right to view rape?’ The Sunday Telegraph (London 4 September 2005) 28.

Barnett, Mail on Sunday (n 9) 27.

A Cavanagh, Sociology in the Age of the Internet (McGraw Hill/Open University Press, Maidenhead: 2007).

R Madeley and J Finnigan, ‘Shut down these sick websites’ Daily Express (London 7 February 2004) 20.

M Wykes, ‘Harm, suicide and homicide in cyberspace: Assessing causality and control’ in Jewkes and Yar Handbook of Internet Crime (n 18).

Leader, ‘The Sun says: Web of evil’ The Sun (London 5 February 2004) 8.

Leader, Daily Mirror (n 13).

Symons, Daily Express (n 17).

Leader, ‘Voice of The People: We must halt Net feeding evil lust’ Sunday People (London 8 February 2004) 8.

Bird, The Times (n 80); Cowan, The Guardian (n 139); Anonymous, ‘Ban pervert sites’ Daily Star (London 25 February 2004) 13; Ridley and Goldwin, Daily Mirror (n 16); Verity, Mail on Sunday (n 62); Pook, The Daily Telegraph (n 8); J Lewis, ‘Sadism, masochism and misogyny’ The Independent (London 2 September 2006) 34.

Chapman, Daily Express (n 58) 8.

Fisher, Daily Mail (n 12) 28.

L Wilson, ‘This murder trial showed me the dangers of violent pornography’ The Guardian (London 27 November 2008) 45.

Utley, Daily Mail (n 100) 12.

W Lippman (1922) cited in R Petty, P Briñol and J Priester, ‘Mass media attitude change: Implications of the elaboration likelihood model of Persuasion’ in J Bryant and MB Oliver (eds), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (Routledge, New York: 2009) 126.

Barnett, Mail on Sunday (n 9) 27.

C Sunstein (2001) cited in N Newman, W Dutton and G Blank, ‘Social media and the news: Implications for the Press and Society in M Graham and W Dutton (eds), Society and the Internet (OUP, Oxford: 2014) 136.

Cowan, The Guardian (n 139).

The British Psychological Society, Response to the Home Office consultation: ‘On the possession of extreme pornographic material’ (The British Psychological Society, London: 2005), http://apps.bps.org.uk/_publicationfiles/consultation-responses/Extreme%20Pornography%20response.pdf, accessed 23 June 2016.

Loseke (n 24).

Pook, The Daily Telegraph (n 8) 4.

A Hirsch, ‘How to police popslash’ The Guardian (London 4 July 2009) 28.

D Zillmann, ‘Television viewing and physiological arousal’ in J Bryant and D Zillmann (eds), Responding to the Screen: Reception and Reaction Processes (Erlbaum, Hillsdale: 1991).

McCartney, The Sunday Telegraph (n 167).

S Glover, ‘Internet porn is a poison seeping through society. We can, and must, stop its spread’ Daily Mail (London 31 October 2011) 14.

Lewis, The Independent (n 176) 34.

F Wertham, Seduction of the Innocent (Rinehart, New York: 1954).

J Petley, Film and Video Censorship in Modern Britain (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh: 2011).

J Newman, Videogames (2nd ed, Routledge, London: 2013).

T Sasson, Crime Talk: How Citizens Construct a Social Problem (Aldine de Gruyter, New York: 1995).

D Gauntlett, ‘The worrying influence of “Media Effects” studies’ in C Greer (ed), Crime and Media: A Reader (Routledge, Oxon: 2010).

B Kutchinsky (1973) cited in D Gunter, Media Sex: What are the Issues? (Routledge, London: 2014) 162.

J Beyer and J Petley ‘Is it time to abolish obscenity legislation?’ The Guardian Online (London 5 March 2009), https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/05/pornography-obscenity-legislation, accessed 24 June 2016.

Some notable exceptions include L Longhurst, ‘Beautifully haunting and ambiguous? Not to me. Pictures like these killed my Jane’ Mail on Sunday (London 12 September 2004) 38–39; J Smith, ‘Why do men want to hurt women?’ Independent on Sunday (London 8 February 2004) 23; McCartney, The Sunday Telegraph (n 167); D Rowan, ‘Censor the internet? Try catching the wind’ The Times (London 31 August 2005) 16; J Bakewell, J Bindel, H Combe, J Coutinho and B Greer, ‘G2: The legacy of Jane Longhurst’ The Guardian (London 1 September 2006) 18–19; Lewis, The Independent (n 176); C Sarler, ‘Please get interfering government ministers out of our bedrooms’ The Observer (London 3 September 2006) 11; Utley, Daily Mail (n 100); A Billen, ‘Sex, guys and videotapes’ The Times (London 17 December 2007) 19; Leader, ‘An intrusive and unnecessary law’ The Independent (London 30 December 2008) 30; M Synon, ‘Laws on porn won’t combat sexual violence’ Daily Mail (London 11 September 2006) 14.

Bakewell et al., The Guardian (n 200) 19.

Smith, Independent on Sunday (n 200).

Lewis, The Independent (n 176) 34.

Longhurst, Mail on Sunday (n 200).

Bakewell et al., The Guardian (n 200).

Leader, The Independent (n 200) 30.

D Orr, ‘A law that limits people’s actions, not their thoughts’ The Independent (London 31 December 2008) 22.

Sarler, The Observer (n 200) 11.

Utley, Daily Mail (n 100).

Rowan, The Times (n 200) 16.

M Wykes, ‘Harm, suicide and homicide in cyberspace: Assessing causality and control’ in Jewkes and Yar, Handbook of Internet Crime (n 18).

K Thom, G Edwards, I Nakarada-Kordic, B McKenna, A O’Brien and R Nairn, ‘Suicide online: Portrayal of website-related suicide by the New Zealand media’ (2011) 13(8) New Media & Society 1355.

P Golding and G Murdoch, ‘Culture communications and political economy’ in J Curran and M Gurevitch (eds), Mass Media and Society (3rd ed, Arnold, London: 2000).

Simpson (n 40).

Particularly, views regarding the relevant events (whether Jane Longhurst had consented to asphyxia sex), the effects of extreme pornography (the possibility that watching such material is harmless), the cultural normalisation of violence against women (whether sexual violence is endemic in our society), the regulation of online content (whether it is possible to prevent access to websites hosted abroad) or the legitimacy of the new law (whether it places unnecessary restrictions on consensual adult sexual practices); for more information, see the previous section.

C Greer and E McLaughlin, ‘Trial by media: Policing, the 24–7 News mediasphere, and the politics of outrage’ (2011) 15(1) Theoretical Criminology 23.

Cohen (n 50).

H Machado and F Santos, ‘The disappearance of Madeleine McCann: Public drama and trial by media in the Portuguese Press’ (2009) 5(2) Crime, Media and Culture 146.

Katz (n 134) 68.

Darvill and Arkell, The Sun (n 8).

Greer and McLaughlin (n 216) 27.

‘I hope he doesn’t kill himself. He should suffer,’ states Jane Longhurst’s partner Malcolm Sentance in Darvill and Arkell, The Sun (n 8) 11.

R Smith, ‘He’s evil. Why cut his jail by four years? Anger of murdered Jane’s family’ Daily Mirror (London 22 January 2005) 35.

Pilditch, Daily Express (n 70) 27.

A Martin and A Dolan, ‘SICKENING: Porn addict who strangled young teacher is demanding a £40,000 payout from the taxpayer – after having a panic attack in jail’ Daily Mail (London 14 December 2015) 5.

Pritchard and Dhaliwal, Mail on Sunday (n 113) 8.

L Pritchard ‘Blunkett and US law chief join war on killer websites’ Mail on Sunday (London 29 February 2004) 43.

For more information, see also HC Deb 23 February 2004, vol 418, cols 9–10.

Anonymous, ‘Chance to curb Net porn being wasted’ Mail on Sunday (London 20 March 2005) 44.

Liz Longhurst quoted ibid.

J Halliday and A Topping, ‘Net firms under fire for “paltry” donations to anti-abuse charity: Companies must help protect children, says MP: Google, Facebook and Microsoft in spotlight’ The Guardian (London 1 June 2013) 9.

T McTague, ‘Google, search your conscience’ Daily Mirror (London 1 June 2013) 19.

Cohen (n 50).

K Murji, ‘Moral panic’ in E McLaughlin and J Muncie (eds), The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2nd ed, Sage, London: 2006) 250–51.

Hall et al. (n 29).

E Goode and N Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (2nd ed, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester: 2009).

D Garland, ‘On the concept of moral panic’ (2008) 4(1) Crime Media Culture 9.

Jenkins (n 165).

Gauntlett (n 197).

Jenkins (n 165).

S Ungar, ‘The rise and (relative) decline of global warming as a social problem’ (1992) 33(4) The Sociological Quarterly 483.

Anonymous, ‘“Murder girl” woe’ The Sun (London 29 January 2004).

Leigh LH, ‘Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008: Extreme pornography’ (2008) 172(46) Jpn 752.

Whittingham S, ‘Make prisoners hand ludicrous compensation payouts to crime victims, says MP’ Express Online (London 21 December 2015) <http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/628693/Make-prisoners-hand-compensation-payouts-crime-victims> accessed 20 June 2016.

Title: The Mediatisation of the Extreme Pornography Debate
Authors: Alexandros K Antoniou
Dimitris Akrivos
Copyright Year: 2017
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: The Rise of Extreme Porn
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48970-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-48971-1

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48971-1_4

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