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The Declaration of the South China Sea as a Global Common: Conflict Management and Environmental Protection Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

The Outer Space as a New Theater of Operations; Some Ethical-Legal Considerations

Authors : Juan Cayón, Saloomeh Yousefian

Published in: Security in the Global Commons and Beyond

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The advance of non-state actors in outer space and the unilateral declarations and events of the leading space powers reveal an undeniable change in outer space's political and strategic status quo. This phenomenon should lead to changes in the standard configuration that the International Community has been giving until now to outer space as a global common. This contribution analyzes the mentioned legal regime and main recent milestones that lead to thinking about its manifest disuse to point out a series of ethical considerations. These considerations are fundamentally based on classical authors who are recognized fully valid, from whose attribution, a global rethinking of the great powers’ spatial policies and strategies would have to be derived, benefitting humanity’s security as a whole.

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previous chapter Arms Control in Outer Space: A Diplomatic Alternative to Star Wars
next chapter Cyberspace: An Advantageous Terrain for War?
Footnotes
1
You can find the complete report in: https://www/dia.mil/Military-Power-Publications/.
 
3
The United States Space Force was created on December 20, 2019, just a few months after the DIA report. Its mission was organizing, training, and equipping space forces to protect American and allied interests in space. Its aim was also to provide space capabilities to the joint force, including the development of professionals, the acquisition of military space systems, the maturation of military doctrine for the space domain, and space forces’ organization. It is highly recommended to visit their website found at the link: https://​www.​spaceforce.​mil/​.
 
4
Access to full text and the attached sheet on the White House page by following the link below: https://​www.​whitehouse.​gov/​presidential-actions/​executive-order-encouraging-international-support-recovery-use-space-resources/​.
 
5
The underlining highlights that, although the need to the applicable law is recognized, this sentence is contrary to what is internationally agreed and ratified by the same international actor under another presidency.
 
6
This highlights that The United States of North America will be part of the Moon Agreement and oppose considering that it is part of international custom and a source of law in this area is well known.
 
7
The Valladolid controversy was a famous debate that took place in 1550 and 1551 at the Colegio de San Gregorio (Valladolid), within the so-called controversy of the natives (Native Americans or Indians), and that faced two antagonistic ways of conceiving the conquest of America. The thesis of the defenders of the Indians represented by Bartolomé de las Casas, and those of Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, who defended the right and the convenience of the dominion of the Spaniards over the indigenous people, whom he also conceives as naturally inferior, were confronted.
 
8
We recommend as a summarized compendium the interesting work developed by the Section of Philosophy of Law of the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation entitled War, Morality and Law, Actas, Madrid, 1994 ISBN 84-87863-30-2.
 
9
It is worth mentioning that the 1967 treaty lays the main foundations of Space Law and could well be understood as an international custom that has been peacefully respected for more than 50 years, regardless of its incorporation or not into national law by way of ratification. With this interpretation, any action of this nature would be considered illegal.
 
Literature
Augustine. (1993). Complete pieces of San Agustin. Volume XXXI. Anti-manichaean writings (2). Bilingual Edition. Madrid: Library of Christian Authors.
Contreras, A. (2020). Guerra global, asimétrica e irregular agresores estatales en acción. Sao Paolo and Al Qaeda Forum (pp. 1–2).
De Vitoria, F. (1964). Relecciones sobre los Indios y el derecho de guerra. Mexico: Espasa Calpe, S.A.
Dumont, J. (2009). El amanecer de los derechos del hombre. La controversia de Valladolid. Madrid: Ediciones Encuentro.
Legaz Lacambra, L. (1958). Legalidad y legitimidad. Revista de estudios políticos (Vol. 101, pp. 5–24).
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons. The evolution of institutions for collective action. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Sepúlveda, M. -S. C. (1991). Legality and legitimacy: The theory of power (p. 1991). Madrid: Actas.
Metadata
Title
The Outer Space as a New Theater of Operations; Some Ethical-Legal Considerations
Authors
Juan Cayón
Saloomeh Yousefian
Copyright Year
2021
Book
Security in the Global Commons and Beyond

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-67972-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-67973-6

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67973-6_7