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2013 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. The Post-9/11 Era: Is Arms Control Still Relevant?

Author : Gamal M. Selim

Published in: Global and Regional Approaches to Arms Control in the Middle East

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

Following the 9/11 attacks, a major change occurred in Western, particularly American security policies at the global and regional levels, including policy in the area of arms control. In the United States, the George W. Bush administration declared a war on terrorism that targeted both terrorist organizations and so-called ‘rogue states’. The administration argued that it could not afford to wait until such organizations or states acquired WMDs and used them first against US interests. Accordingly, the United States had to be prepared to strike first against aspiring possessors of WMD, especially rogue states seeking nuclear weapons. This brought the war on terrorism into a war of counter-proliferation in which the United States and a number of its European allies would target non-state terrorist organizations and rogue states suspected of developing WMDs (Record 2004).

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Footnotes
1
IISS Strategic Survey 2001/2002, p. 20.
 
2
Remarks at West Point commencement ceremonies, 1 June 2002.
 
3
Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, speech to the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C., 7 December 1993.
 
4
Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century. A document prepared by the Project for the New American Century, September 2000; available at: <http://​www.​newamericancentu​ry.​org/​RebuildingAmeric​asDefenses.​pdf>.
 
5
Nuclear Posture Review [Excerpts]. Submitted to Congress on 31 December 2001; available at <http://​www.​stanford.​edu/​class/​polisci211z/​2.​6/​NPR2001leaked.​pdf>.
 
6
The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002; available at: <http://​merln.​ndu.​edu/​whitepapers/​USnss2002.​pdf>.
 
7
National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, December 2002; available at: <http://​www.​fas.​org/​irp/​offdocs/​nspd/​nspd-wmd.​pdf>.
 
8
Ibid.
 
9
US Department of State, “Proliferation Security Initiative,” May 2003; available at: <http://​www.​state.​gov/​t/​isn/​c10390.​htm>.
 
10
“The Proliferation Security Initiative: An Interview with John Bolton.” Arms Control Today, December 2003; available at: <http://​www.​armscontrol.​org/​act/​2003_​12/​PSI>.
 
11
For a review of the legal concerns pertaining to the PSI, see Khurana 2004: 239–241.
 
12
“Our concept for the use of nuclear weapons remains unchanged, President Jacques Chirac speech on French nuclear doctrine.” Acronym Institute for Disarmament Policy, 19 January 2006; available at: <http://​www.​acronym.​org.​uk/​proliferation-challenges/​nuclear-weapons-possessors/​france/​our-concept-use-nuclear-weapons-remains-unchanged-president-jacques-c?​page=​show>.
 
13
The Future of the United Kingdom’s Nuclear Deterrent, Defence White Paper, December 2006; available at: <http://​www.​fas.​org/​nuke/​guide/​uk/​doctrine/​sdr06/​WhitePaper.​pdf>.
 
14
Delivering Security in a Changing World, Defence White Paper, December 2003; available at: <http://​merln.​ndu.​edu/​whitepapers/​UnitedKingdom-2003.​pdf>.
 
15
Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review, October 2010; available at: <http://​www.​direct.​gov.​uk/​prod_​consum_​dg/​groups/​dg_​digitalassets/​@dg/​@en/​documents/​digitalasset/​dg_​191634.​pdf>.
 
16
The estimate of more than one million violent deaths in Iraq was confirmed by Opinion Research Business (ORB), an independent British polling agency, in September 2007. The ORB poll estimated 1,220,580 violent deaths since the US invasion. In January 2008, ORB published an update based on additional work carried out in rural areas of Iraq. Some 600 additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1,033,000. This is consistent with a 2006 study conducted by the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, and published in The Lancet. The study estimated 601,000 people killed due to violence as of July 2006. If updated on the basis of deaths since the study, this estimate would also be more than a million.
 
17
Al-Ahram (Cairo), 14 April 2003.
 
18
“U.S. Is Studying Military Strike Options on Iran.” The Washington Post, 9 April 2006; available at: <http://​www.​washingtonpost.​com/​wp-dyn/​content/​article/​2006/​04/​08/​AR2006040801082.​html>.
 
19
“U.S. Works Up Plan for Using Nuclear Arms.” Los Angeles Times, 9 March 2002; available at: <http://​articles.​latimes.​com/​2002/​mar/​09/​news/​mn-31965>.
 
20
“Nuclear Armed-Iran Risks World War, Bush Says.” The New York Times, 18 October 2007; available at: <http://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2007/​10/​18/​washington/​18prexy.​html>.
 
21
The Nuclear Posture Review Report. US Department of Defense, April 2010; available at: <http://​www.​defense.​gov/​npr/​docs/​2010%20​nuclear%20​posture%20​review%20​report.​pdf>.
 
22
See the text of “The Final communiqué of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit,” April 2010; available at: <http://​fpc.​state.​gov/​documents/​organization/​140355.​pdf>.
 
23
“U.S. and Allies Warn Iran Over Nuclear ‘Deception’”. The New York Times, 25 September 2009; available at: <http://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2009/​09/​26/​world/​middleeast/​26nuke.​html?​pagewanted=​all>.
 
24
“Obama Shifts toward Israel on Iran”. The Wall Street Journal, 5 March 2012; available at: <http://​online.​wsj.​com/​article/​SB10001424052970​2034586045772614​30761885886.​html>.
 
25
“The Guns Of October—In The Persian Gulf.” Lexington Institute, 24 August 2012; available at: <http://​www.​lexingtoninstitu​te.​org/​the-guns-of-october--in-the-persian-gulf?​a=​1&​c=​1171>.
 
26
“Israel and U.S. sign nuclear cooperation agreement.” Hareetz, 14 April 2008; available at: <http://​www.​haaretz.​com/​news/​israel-and-u-s-sign-nuclear-cooperation-agreement-1.​243947>.
 
27
“Report: Secret document affirms U.S.-Israel nuclear partnership.” Haaretz, 7 July 2010; available at:<http://​www.​haaretz.​com/​news/​diplomacy-defense/​report-secret-document-affirms-u-s-israel-nuclear-partnership-1.​300554 >.
 
28
“IAEA passes nuke-free Middle East resolution”. Al-Arabiya, 18 September 2009; available at: <http://​www.​jpost.​com/​International/​UN-criticizes-Israels-atomic-program>; “UN criticizes Israel's atomic program”. The Jerusalem Post, 18 September, 2009; available at: <http://​www.​jpost.​com/​servlet/​Satellite?​cid=​1253198154270&​pagename=​JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull>.
 
29
“Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel in Joint Press Availability”. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 6 July 2010.
 
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Metadata
Title
The Post-9/11 Era: Is Arms Control Still Relevant?
Author
Gamal M. Selim
Copyright Year
2013
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29314-6_4