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EU in Twenty-First Century, Does Crisis Mean Opportunity? Read chapter Read first chapter

2020 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

The Religious Factor on the European Political Agenda—Old Paradigms and Future Challenges

Authors : Luis Domínguez Castro, José Ramón Rodríguez Lago

Published in: The EU in the 21st Century

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The motto “United in diversity”, which officially began to be used by the EU institutions in 2000, still seems to have been a wise choice that, honouring the classic adagio Pluribus Unum, makes a present commitment with a project for the future. Nevertheless, almost two decades after the beginning of the third millennium, uncertainty hangs over the balance between the two terms of the binomial. In fact, the European continent is destined to become more diverse in the next few decades, also from a religious perspective, even though there are some clouds of doubt on the horizon about how such pluralism will affect its degree of unity. It generates a problem of integration for the European Union that should be addressed properly.

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previous chapter Nationalist Populism: New Political Parties in Europe. Their Ideas, Governments and Support for a Less-Integrated Europe
next chapter Migration to Europe: A Threat or an Opportunity?
Footnotes
1
Pace (2019), p. 86.
 
2
Apart from the Polish and the Hungarian governments, which firmly advocate these policies, the level of support in countries such as Italy, France and the UK has considerably increased, as confirmed by the results of the European Parliament elections, held in May 2019. For more details, see https://​www.​election-results.​eu/​ (27/05/2019).
 
3
Barker (2009) and Spohn et al. (2015).
 
4
Perkins (2004), Leustean (2013) and Chaplain and Wilson (2016).
 
5
Helas and Woodhead (2006), Rosati (2015) and Stolz et al. (2016).
 
6
The population of the 28 states which are currently members of the EU represented 13.5% of the global population in 1960. Nevertheless, it does not even reach 7% nowadays and it is expected to be under 5% by 2050. European Commission (2017), p. 24.
 
7
Casanova (1994) and Berger (2014).
 
8
The exaltation of Jean Monnet over the “Catholic fathers” of Europe (Schumann, De Gasperi, Adenauer, etc.) was also present in that narrative. Cohen (2007), pp. 14–29.
 
9
Dolan (2002) and Pollard (2014), pp. 379–383.
 
10
Hayes (1926), pp. 93–125, Voegelin (1938), Hayes (1960) and Warren (1997).
 
11
Canavero and Durand (1999) and Coupland (2006).
 
12
Mojzes (2018).
 
13
Melloni (2016), Horn (2015), Menozzi (2009), pp. 230–251, and McLeod (2007).
 
14
Leustean (2014) and Durand (2013).
 
15
Sachar (2000) and Leustean (2010).
 
16
In 2016, the average age of the Muslim population was 30, in contrast to that of non-Muslim population, which reached 43. Pew Research Center: Europe’s Growing Muslim Population, 29 November 2017, pp. 36–37.
 
17
Heyller (2010).
 
18
Since 1872, the French legislation does not allow to reveal information about the citizens’ affiliation, their identity or any other personal data connected to religion, neither in the census nor in any other study carried out by the government. The legislation of 1978 also imposes constraints on the collection of data concerning race, ethnic group or beliefs unless explicit consent is given by participants. Baubérot (2017) and Poulat (2010), pp. 113–129.
 
22
Hill and Hood (1999) and Billiet (2002), pp. 339–383. https://​www.​europeansocialsu​rvey.​org/​ (27/05/2019).
 
23
Pew Research Center: Being Christian in Western Europe, 29 May 2018, p. 7.
 
24
Umberto ECO: speech at the congress Los desafíos del tercer milenio, Valencia, 23 January 1997.
 
25
Eco and Martini (1996).
 
26
Habermas et al. (2005).
 
27
Ramiro Troitino and Pando Ballesteros (2017).
 
28
Recent research in this field includes Hämmerli and Mayer (2014), Iner and Yucel (2015).
 
30
Fejérdy (2016).
 
31
Menozzi (2009), p. 240.
 
33
Färber (2017).
 
34
Lynch (2018).
 
35
Kerikmäe et al. (2019).
 
36
Liedhegener and Odermatt (2018), p. 93.
 
37
Liedhegener and Odermatt (2018), p. 96.
 
38
Pew Research Center: Eastern and Western, 29 October 2018, p. 19.
 
39
Liedhegener and Odermatt (2018), p. 95.
 
40
The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church has considered it impossible to remain in the Eucharistic communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, 15 October 2018. https://​mospat.​ru/​en/​2018/​10/​15/​news165259/​ (27/05/2019).
 
41
Liedhegener and Odermatt (2018), p. 97.
 
42
Kay and Dyer (2011), Butticci (2016).
 
43
Troitiño et al. (2018).
 
44
Pew Research Center: Europe’s Growing Muslim Population, 29 November 2017, pp. 16–25.
 
45
Allievi (2009) and Göle (2014).
 
46
Vilaça et al. (2014).
 
47
Pew Research Center: Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded, 31 August 2017.
 
48
Leustean and Madeley (2009), Maioli (2011), Verhelst and Frederiksen (2017).
 
49
Biedenkopf et al. (2004).
 
50
The European Parliament Intergroup on Freedom of Religion or Belief and Religious Tolerance (FoRB and RT): Annual Report 2017; Martina PRPIC: Religion and Human Rights, European Parliament Research Service, December 2018. http://​www.​religiousfreedom​.​eu/​ (27/05/2019).
 
51
EU Guidelines on the promotion and protection of freedom of religion or belief, Foreign Affairs Council meeting Luxembourg, 24 June 2013.
 
53
Jan Figel, Special Envoy for the Promotion of Freedom of Religion or Belief: Overview of country visits: main meetings and activities, October 2016—March 2019. https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​europeaid/​special-envoy-jan-figel_​en (27/05/2019).
 
56
Cadeddu (2019), pp. 7–12.
 
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Metadata
Title
The Religious Factor on the European Political Agenda—Old Paradigms and Future Challenges
Authors
Luis Domínguez Castro
José Ramón Rodríguez Lago
Copyright Year
2020
Book
The EU in the 21st Century

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38398-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-38399-2

Copyright Year: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38399-2_4