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Quality & Quantity
Published in: Quality & Quantity 6/2019

14-05-2019

The role of social control in Brazilian homicide rates

Authors: Sandro de Freitas Ferreira, Suzana Quinet de Andrade Bastos, Admir Antonio Betarelli Junior

Published in: Quality & Quantity | Issue 6/2019

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Abstract

Violent crime in Brazil have grown since the 1980s. The state authorities are unable to ubiquitously monitor illegitimate activities. Less effective and more territorially diffused, social controllers can act as a primary control by socializing positive (negative) beliefs of adhering (violating) to rules. The criminal-deviance density of a place could carry information about the moral cost of entering the crime “industry”, because the levels of transgression can indirectly signal the level of this deterrence. We analyze the qualitative effect of social control to illegitimate choices, along with state deterrence. In a sample of comparable minimum areas, the latent factors were extracted from a set of rules-breaking phenomena, by exploratory factor analysis, then associated with homicide rates by fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. Lower social coactivity is consistently associated with high homicide rates, when combined with high law enforcement. This research, besides constructing indicators of social coactivity levels based on violation decisions, consistently evidences a conjunctural nature between the measures of social and state control.
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Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
Here the terms deviance and devianceness do not seek to have a biased meaning, but to indicate types of violations of exclusively non-extreme rules, such as violations of social norms, conventions, and moral codes, as opposed to violations of extreme rules such as crimes.
 
2
“Comparable minimum areas” (CMAs) form a panel of geographic areas, enabling consistent comparisons, at two or more points in time, of social, economic and demographic information at the municipal level (Reis et al. 2010).
 
3
Years of the last demographic census.
 
4
Some of the selected phenomena are criminal decisions in Brazil, although they are dealt with here as social norm violations, such as juvenile marriage and, possibly, many cases of pregnancy in young girls (crime of pedophilia), illegal disposal of domestic waste and intellectual drop-outs (children/adolescents not attending school or who dropped out of school criminalizes their parents or guardians).
 
5
Analyses of original variable distributions, with the assistance of Kernel density graphs and statistical tests (Shapiro–Francia and symmetry and kurtosis tests) identify asymmetrical distributions. Transformations of the original variables with the Box and Cox method lead to symmetrical distribution for a number of variables (divorce in 1991, monoparentality in 2000 and population without religion in every year). Non, uni and multivariate normality of the distributions make application of the maximum likelihood method impossible (Johnson and Wichern 2002).
 
6
The determinants of the variance and covariance matrixes are higher than 0.0001.
 
7
Lawley (equal correlation coefficients), Jennrich (variable independence), Mardia mSkewness, Mardia mKurtosis, Henze-Zirkler and Doornik-Hansen (normality) statistical tests.
 
8
The juvenile marriage variable is slightly higher than 0.40 (0.4031) but was not removed from the model.
 
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Metadata
Title
The role of social control in Brazilian homicide rates
Authors
Sandro de Freitas Ferreira
Suzana Quinet de Andrade Bastos
Admir Antonio Betarelli Junior
Publication date
14-05-2019
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Quality & Quantity / Issue 6/2019
Print ISSN: 0033-5177
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7845
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00886-6

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