Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Zvimurenga Reflections Read chapter Read first chapter

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. The Second Chimurenga: Guerrillas-Peasants, Spirituality and Patriarchy

Authors : Kirk Helliker, Sandra Bhatasara, Manase Kudzai Chiweshe

Published in: Fast Track Land Occupations in Zimbabwe

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In the light of the previous chapter, this chapter provides a further analysis of the second chimurenga by identifying and discussing a number of themes. It does so primarily in order to set a comparative basis for analysing the third chimurenga. Crucial in this regard is the relationship between guerrillas and villagers during the second chimurenga, as this speaks to the significance of the relationship between war veterans and occupiers during the fast track occupations (third chimurenga). One the key themes covered in the recent literature is spirituality, with an increasing move away from examining spiritual mediums and other traditional forms of spirituality, to an examination of the relationship between Christian missions, guerrillas and villagers. As well, in the Rhodesian countryside, a number of local patriarchal systems existed, which included chiefs in Native reserves and white farmers on commercial farmers. Whether intentionally or not, the very presence of male guerrillas challenged the authority of these patriarchs. Finally, in the context of patriarchy, the chapter considers the multi-faceted experiences of different groupings of women during the war of liberation.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter The Second Chimurenga: Early Literature and Nationalists-Guerrillas
next chapter Post-independence Land Reform, War Veterans and Sporadic Rural Struggles
Footnotes
1
A decade ago, Ranger (2010: 244) argued, at least in relation to Bulawayo, that “[h]istorians have not yet explored the interactions between the cities and the guerrilla war and there will doubtless be a hidden story to tell”. We are not aware of any subsequent literature to date.
 
2
This comes out most vividly by the account of Catholic missions (in particular, St. Albert’s Mission, St Paul’s Mission and Avila Mission) by McLaughlin (1996), including the complex and dynamic interactions between missionaries, local church leaders and members, guerrillas and the surrounding communities.
 
Literature
Alexander J (1995) Things fall apart, the centre can hold: processses of Post-War political change in Zimbabwe’s rural areas. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Society in Zimbabwe’s liberartion war (volume two). James Currey, London, pp 175–191
Alexander J (2006) The unsettled land: state making and the politics of land in Zimbabwe 1893–2003. James Currey, Oxford
Alexander J (2011) Nationalism and self-government in Rhodesian detention: Gonakudzingwa, 1964–1974. J South Afr Stud 37(3):551–569CrossRef
Alexander J, McGregor J (2004) War stories: Guerrilla narratives of Zimbabwe’s liberation war. Hist Workshop J 57(1):79–100CrossRef
Alexander J, McGregor J (2017) African soldiers in the USSR: oral histories of ZAPU Intelligence Cadres’ Soviet Training, 1964–1979. J South Afr Stud 43(1):49–66CrossRef
Alexander J, McGregor J, Ranger T (2000) Violence and memory: one hundred years in the ‘Dark Forests’ of Matebeleland. James Currey, Oxford
Barker J (2007) Paradise plundered: the story of a Zimbabwean farm. Jim Barker, Harare
Bhebe N (1999) The ZAPU and ZANU Guerilla Warfare and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe. Mambo Press, Gweru
Bhebe N, Ranger T (1995) Volume Introduction. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Soldiers in Zimbabwe’s liberation war (volume one). James Currey, London, pp 6–23
Brickhill J (1995) Daring to storm the heavens: the military strategy of ZAPU 1976 to 1976. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Soldiers in Zimbabwe’s liberation war (volume one). James Currey, London, pp 48–72
Bull-Christiansen L (2004) Tales of the nation: feminist nationalism or patriotic history? defining national history and identity in Zimbabwe. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala
Burke T (1996) LifeBuoy men, lux women: commodification, consumption, and cleanliness in modern Zimbabwe. Leicester University Press, London
Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJPR) (1999) The man in the middle: torture, resetlement and eviction. Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia, Harare
Chadya J (2007) Voting with their feet: women’s flight to Harare during Zimbabwe’s liberation war. J Can Hist Assoc 18(2):24–52
Chitukutuku E (2019) Spiritual temporalities of the liberation war in Zimbabwe. J War Cult Stud 12(4):320–333CrossRef
Cilliers JK (1985) Counter-insurgency in Rhodesia. Croom Helm, London
Chenaux-Repond M (2017) Leading from behind: women in community development in Rhodesia, 1973–1979. Weaver Press, HarareCrossRef
Chung F (2006) Re-living the second chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe. Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala
Dabengwa D (1995) ZIPRA in the Zimbabwean war of national liberation. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Soldiers in Zimbabwe’s liberation war (volume one). James Currey, London, pp 24–35
Daneel M (1995a) Mwari the liberator—Oracular intervention and Zimbabwe’s quest for the ‘Lost Lands’. Missionalla 32(2):216–244
Daneel M (1995b) Guerrilla snuff. Baobab Books, Harare
Dube T (2016) Shifting identities and the transformation of the Kalanga people of Bulilimamangwe District, Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe c. 1946–2005. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Dzimbanhete J (2015) Sexuality in the war zones during Zimbabwe’s war of liberation: the case of the Zimbabwean African National Liberation Army. J Pan Afr Stud 8(8):52–59
Foley G (1993) Progressive but not socialist: political education in the Zimbabwe liberation war. Convergence 26(4):79–88
Fontein J (2009) The silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage. Routledge, London
Fontein J (2015) Remaking Mutirikwi: landscape. Water and belonging in Southern Zimbabwe. James Currey, Oxford
Frederikse J (1982) None but ourselves: masses vs. media in the making of Zimbabwe. Heinemann, London
Fuller A (2002) Don’t let’s go to the dogs tonight: an African childhood. Picador, London
Griffiths S (2017) The axe and the tree. Monarch Books, Oxford
Grundy T, Miller B (1979) The farmer at war. Modern Farming Publications, Salisbury
Gwarinda M (2016) Reliving the Second chimurenga: a nationalist female perspective. J Literary Stud 32(2):108–120CrossRef
Hartnack A (2016) Ordered estates: welfare, power and maternalism on Zimbabwe’s (once White) Highveld. Weaver Press, Harare
Henkin Y (2013) Stoning the dogs: Guerrilla mobilisation and violence in Rhodesia. Stud Conflict Terrorism 36(6):503–532CrossRef
Hove M (2012) War legacy: a reflection on the effects of the Rhodesian Security Forces (RSF) in south eastern Zimbabwe during Zimbabwe’s War of Liberation 1976–1980. J Afr Stud Dev 4(8):193–206
Hughes D (2006) From enslavement to environmentalism: politics on a Southern African Frontier. University of Washington Press, Seattle
Kesby M (1996) Arenas for control, terrains of gender contestation: Guerrilla struggle and counter-insurgency warfare in Zimbabwe 1972–1980. J Southern Afr Stud 22(4):561–584CrossRef
Kriger N (1988) The Zimbabwean war of liberation: struggles within the struggle. J South Afr Stud 14(2):304–322CrossRef
Kriger N (1992) Zimbabwe’s Guerrilla War: peasant voices. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Lan D (1985) Guns and rain: guerillas and spirit mediums in Zimbabwe. James Currey, London
Linden I (1980) The Catholic Church and the struggle for Zimbabwe. Longman, London
Lyons T (2004) Guns and Guerilla Girls: women in the Zimbabwean National Liberation struggle. Africa World Press, Trenton
Manungo K (1991) The Zimbabwe war of liberation, with special emphasis on the role peasants played in Chiweshe district. Unpublished PhD thesis. Ohio University, United States of America
Marowa I (2009) Construction of the ‘Sellout’ identity during Zimbabwe’s war of liberation: a case study of Dandawa Community of Hurungwe District, c1975–1980. Identity, Cult Polit Afro-Asian Dialogue 10(1):121–131
Marowa I (2015) Forced removal and social memories in north-western Zimbabwe, c1900–2000. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Bayreuth, Germany
Mavhungu C (2015) Guerrilla healthcare innovation: creative resilience in Zimbabwe’s Chimurenga, 1971–1980. Hist Technol 31(3):295–323CrossRef
Maxwell D (1995) Christianity and the war in Eastern Zimbabwe: the case of Elim Mission. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Society in Zimbabwe’s liberation war (volume two). University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, pp 58–90
Maxwell D (2006) African gifts of the spirit: pentecostalism and the rise of a Zimbabwean Transnational Religious Movement. James Currey, Oxford
Mazarire G (2011) Discipline and punishment in ZANLA: 1964–1979. J South Afr Stud 37(3):571–591CrossRef
McGregor J (2009) Crossing the Zambezi: the politics of landscape on a central African Frontier. James Currey, Suffolk
McLaughlin J (1995) Avila Mission: a turning point in church relations with the state and the liberation forces. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Society in Zimbabwe’s liberation war (volume two). University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, pp 91–101
McLaughlin J (1996) On the frontline: Catholic Missions in Zimbabwe’s liberation war. Baobab Books, Basel
Mhanda W (2011) Dzino: memories of a freedom fighter. Weaver Press, Harare
Moore D (2005) Suffering for territory: race, place and power in Zimbabwe. Weaver Press, Harare
Msindo E, Nyachega N (2019) Zimbabwe’s liberation war and the everyday in Honde Valley, 1975 to 1979. South Afr Hist J 71(1):70–93CrossRef
Mujere J (2012) Autochthons, strangers, modernising educationists, and progressive farmers: Basotho struggles for belonging in Zimbabwe 1930s–2008. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK
Munochiveyi M (2013) The political lives of Rhodesian Detainees during Zimbabwe’s liberation struggle. Int J Afr Hist Stud 46(2):283–304
Munochiveyi M (2014) Prisoners of Rhodesia: inmates and detainees in the struggle for Zimbabwean liberation, 1960–1980. Palgrave, New YorkCrossRef
Murdoch N (2015) Christian warfare in Rhodesia-Zimbabwe: the Salvation Army and African liberation, 1801–1991. The Lutterworth Press, CambridgeCrossRef
Ndawana E, Hove M (2018) Traditional leaders and Zimbabwe’s liberation struggle in Buhera District, 1976–1980. J Afr Mil Hist 2:119–160CrossRef
Ndlovu-Gatsheni S (ed) (2017) Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo of Zimbabwe: politics, power, and memory. Palgrave Macmillan, London
Nkomo J (1984) Nkomo: The story of my life. Methuen, London
Nyachega N (2017) Beyond war, violence, and suffering: everyday life in the Honde Valley borderland communities during Zimbabwe’s liberation war and the RENAMO insurgency, c.1960–2016. Unpublished MA thesis, Rhodes University, South Africa
Ngoshi H (2013) Masculinities and femininities in Zimbabwean autobiographies of political struggle: the case of Edgar Tekere and Fay Chung. J Literary Stud 29(3):119–139CrossRef
Nhongo-Simbanegavi J (2000) For better of worse: women and ZANLA in Zimbabwe’s liberation struggle. Weaver Press, Harare
O’Gorman E (2011) The front line runs through every woman: women & local resistance in the Zimbabwean liberation war. Weaver Press, Harare
Parpart JL (2015) Militarized masculinities, heroes and gender inequality during and after the nationalist struggle in Zimbabwe. NORMA 10(3–4):312–325CrossRef
Ranchod-Nilsson S (1994) “This, too, is a Way of Fighting”: Rural Women’s participation in Zimbabwe’s Liberation War. In: Tetreault MA (ed) Women in revolutions in Africa, Asia and the New World. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, pp 62–88
Ranchod-Nilsson S (2003) Gender struggles for the nation: power, agency and representation in Zimbabwe. In: Ranchod-Nilsson S, Tetreault MA (eds) Women, states and nationalism: at home in the nation. Routledge, London, pp 164–180
Ranger T (1985) Peasant consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe: a comparative study. Zimbabwe Publishing House, Harare
Ranger T (2010) Bulawayo Burning: the social history of a Southern African City 1893–1960. Weaver Press, Harare
Ranger T, Ncube M (1995) Religion in the Guerrilla War: the case of Southern Matabeleland. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Society in Zimbabwe’s liberation war (volume two). University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare, pp 35–57
Rutherford B (2001) Working on the margins—Black Workers, White Farmers in Postcolonial Zimbabwe. Weaver Press, Harare
Samasuwo N (2000) ‘There is Something about Cattle’: towards an economic history of the beef industry in Colonial Zimbabwe, with special reference to the role of the state, 1939–1980. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Schmidt HI (2013) Colonialism and violence in Zimbabwe: a history of suffering. James Currey, Woodbridge
Sibanda EM (2005) The Zimbabwe African People’s Union 1961–1987: a political history of insurgency in Southern Rhodesia. Africa World Press, Trenton, NJ
Stapleton T (2011) African police and soldiers in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1923–80. University of Rochester Press, New York
Staunton I (ed) (1990) Mothers of the revolution. Baobab Books, Harare
Tekere EZ (2007) A lifetime of struggle. SAPES Books, Harare
Tungamirai J (1995) Recruitment to ZANLA: building up a war machine. In: Bhebe N, Ranger T (eds) Soldiers in Zimbabwe’s liberartion war (volume one). James Currey, London, pp 36–47
Weinrich A (1977) Strategic resettlement in Rhodesia. J South Afr Stud 3(2):207–229CrossRef
Weiss R (1986) The Women of Zimbabwe. Kesho Publishers, London
ZANU Women’s League (1974) Liberation through participation: women in the Zimbabwean revolution, writing and documents from the ZANU and the ZAPU Women’s League. National Campaign in Solidarity with ZANU Women’s League
Metadata
Title
The Second Chimurenga: Guerrillas-Peasants, Spirituality and Patriarchy
Authors
Kirk Helliker
Sandra Bhatasara
Manase Kudzai Chiweshe
Copyright Year
2021
Book
Fast Track Land Occupations in Zimbabwe

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-66347-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-66348-3

Copyright Year: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66348-3_5