Skip to main content
Top

2013 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Threshold Logic Units

Authors : Rudolf Kruse, Christian Borgelt, Frank Klawonn, Christian Moewes, Matthias Steinbrecher, Pascal Held

Published in: Computational Intelligence

Publisher: Springer London

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The description of biological neural networks in the preceding chapter makes it natural to model neurons as threshold logic units: if a neuron receives enough excitatory input that is not compensated by equally strong inhibitory input, it becomes active and sends a signal to other neurons. Threshold logic units are also known as McCulloch–Pitts neurons. Another name which is commonly used for a threshold logic unit is perceptron.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
In a perceptron there is, besides the actual threshold logic unit, an input layer that executes additional operations on the input signals. However, this input layer consists of immutable functional elements and therefore is often neglected.
 
2
The somewhat imprecise notion “almost all points” can be made mathematically precise by drawing on measure theory: the set of points at which the error function changes has measure 0.
 
Literature
go back to reference J.A. Anderson and E. Rosenfeld. Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1988 J.A. Anderson and E. Rosenfeld. Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1988
go back to reference M.A. Boden, ed. The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1990 M.A. Boden, ed. The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1990
go back to reference W.S. McCulloch. Embodiments of Mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1965 W.S. McCulloch. Embodiments of Mind. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1965
go back to reference W.S. McCulloch and W.H. Pitts. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5:115–133, 1943, USA. Reprinted in McCulloch (1965), 19–39, in Anderson and Rosenfeld (1988), 18–28, and in Boden (1990), 22–39 MathSciNetMATHCrossRef W.S. McCulloch and W.H. Pitts. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5:115–133, 1943, USA. Reprinted in McCulloch (1965), 19–39, in Anderson and Rosenfeld (1988), 18–28, and in Boden (1990), 22–39 MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
go back to reference L.M. Minsky and S. Papert. Perceptrons. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1969 MATH L.M. Minsky and S. Papert. Perceptrons. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1969 MATH
go back to reference D. Nauck, F. Klawonn, and R. Kruse. Foundations of Neuro-Fuzzy Systems. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, 1997 D. Nauck, F. Klawonn, and R. Kruse. Foundations of Neuro-Fuzzy Systems. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, 1997
go back to reference N.J. Nilsson. Learning Machines: The Foundations of Trainable Pattern-Classifying Systems. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1965 N.J. Nilsson. Learning Machines: The Foundations of Trainable Pattern-Classifying Systems. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1965
go back to reference N.J. Nilsson. Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1998 MATH N.J. Nilsson. Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1998 MATH
go back to reference R. Rojas. Theorie der neuronalen Netze—Eine systematische Einführung. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1996 MATH R. Rojas. Theorie der neuronalen Netze—Eine systematische Einführung. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1996 MATH
go back to reference F. Rosenblatt. The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain. Psychological Review 65:386–408, 1958, USA MathSciNetCrossRef F. Rosenblatt. The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain. Psychological Review 65:386–408, 1958, USA MathSciNetCrossRef
go back to reference F. Rosenblatt. Principles of Neurodynamics. Spartan Books, New York, NY, USA, 1962 MATH F. Rosenblatt. Principles of Neurodynamics. Spartan Books, New York, NY, USA, 1962 MATH
go back to reference D.E. Rumelhart and J.L. McClelland, eds. Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations, 1986 D.E. Rumelhart and J.L. McClelland, eds. Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition, Vol. 1: Foundations, 1986
go back to reference D.E. Rumelhart, G.E. Hinton and R.J. Williams. Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation. In Rumelhart and McClelland (1986), 318–362, 1986a D.E. Rumelhart, G.E. Hinton and R.J. Williams. Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation. In Rumelhart and McClelland (1986), 318–362, 1986a
go back to reference D.E. Rumelhart, G.E. Hinton and R.J. Williams. Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors. Nature 323:533–536, 1986b CrossRef D.E. Rumelhart, G.E. Hinton and R.J. Williams. Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors. Nature 323:533–536, 1986b CrossRef
go back to reference P.D. Wasserman. Neural Computing: Theory and Practice. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, USA, 1989 P.D. Wasserman. Neural Computing: Theory and Practice. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, USA, 1989
go back to reference P.J. Werbos. Beyond Regression: New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974 P.J. Werbos. Beyond Regression: New Tools for Prediction and Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences. Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974
go back to reference R.O. Widner. Single State Logic. AIEE Fall General Meeting, 1960. Reprinted in Wasserman (1989) R.O. Widner. Single State Logic. AIEE Fall General Meeting, 1960. Reprinted in Wasserman (1989)
go back to reference B. Widrow and M.E. Hoff. Adaptive Switching Circuits. IRE WESCON Convention Record, 96–104. Institute of Radio Engineers, New York, NY, USA, 1960 B. Widrow and M.E. Hoff. Adaptive Switching Circuits. IRE WESCON Convention Record, 96–104. Institute of Radio Engineers, New York, NY, USA, 1960
go back to reference A. Zell. Simulation Neuronaler Netze. Addison-Wesley, Stuttgart, Germany, 1996 A. Zell. Simulation Neuronaler Netze. Addison-Wesley, Stuttgart, Germany, 1996
Metadata
Title
Threshold Logic Units
Authors
Rudolf Kruse
Christian Borgelt
Frank Klawonn
Christian Moewes
Matthias Steinbrecher
Pascal Held
Copyright Year
2013
Publisher
Springer London
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5013-8_3

Premium Partner