Tools of Transport Telematics

The fast growth of cities and the rising number of their users leads to an increase in demand for freight transport, thus contributing to an increase in logistic flow streams within a limited area. Currently, freight transport is usually done in an uncoordinated and chaotic manner. Specifying the information needs in the field of urban freight transport (UFT) will make it possible to take control over the increasing disorder in this area and enable its development in accordance with the principles of sustainable growth. This paper is focused on the analysis realized under the project “Analysis of information needs of heterogeneous environment in sustainable urban freight transport system”. The aim of the project is to determine the structures of data relevant for the management of sustainable UFT, establish the sources of data acquisition, the scope and degree of integration, and also indicate the methods of knowledge extraction from the acquired data and information, necessary for improving freight transport efficiency in cities.

Paper presents selected aspects of multicriteria decision making in transport. One of the significant problems of modern transport systems is proper assessment of selection of transport system equipment to performed tasks. This assessment is difficult due to the complexity of issues. On the one hand it results from technical limitations, financial and ecological constraints, and public interest, but on the other hand various points of view of individual participants of transportation process trying to maximize their individual advantage must be taken into account. As a result the examination and evaluation of transport systems requires multi-criteria decision-making models. These models allow taking into account a number of contradictory points of view and lead to the identification of a “best compromise”. Assessment of transport organization alternatives was performed by Super Choose application. The application implements ranking method and MAJA method to support decision-making.

In the paper analysis is presented, which concerns the impact of both the road surface condition and the change in a vehicle model center of mass location on the course of the normal reaction forces, acting on the wheels versus the distance travelled during the braking maneuver. The road was flat in one case, and randomly uneven in the other.Research was based on the simulation of a motor vehicle model in MSC Adams/Car, for two different road conditions, with braking starting from the speed of 100 km/h. Such attempt enabled analysis of the influence of both mass – inertia and road condition on the wheel normal forces. The results may as well serve as a cognitive element, showing the specifics and the range of changes in the derived parameters.

This paper describes results of experiments with camera setup, calibration and image processing algorithms for automatic detection and tracking of pedestrians and vehicles. The aim of the MOBIS project was to develop a method of assessing safety of unsignalised pedestrian crossings. Correct detection and tracking proved to be more difficult in the case of pedestrians than vehicles due to variability in people’s appearance, movement in groups and poor visibility in bad weather. Application of cameras with built-in pedestrian tracking programs was successful only in very good visibility conditions, so a computationally efficient PC algorithm providing a high pedestrian detection rate was used instead. The paper presents comparison of results obtained using different image processing methods as well as selected problems of pedestrian tracking. Statistical analysis of pedestrian behaviour with and without vehicles present is also shown. The proposed approach seems to be accurate enough for the purpose of assessing pedestrian safety.

In area traffic coordination systems, both local and centralised databases play a very important role. They serve as massive historical and real-time data containers. Managing such a huge repository of information in on-line mode requires highly specialised tools embedded in tele-transmission solutions provided by CC (Cloud Computing) technology. The use of this tool become the basis of the traffic control systems in Intelligent Transport Systems presented and described in this paper as an example. This article shortly presents the database tools of Microsoft Azure technology (CC) and refers to well known database tools of Windows platform (i.e. MS SQL). The next presents database distributed management system supervising defined area traffic connections were take place a road traffic collision. The analyzed service is an example of a cloud computing application using an SQL Azure database to modify control parameters for a selected of intersections. Such modification occurs when a priority request for an event is handled (interrupt generated during a car traffic collision).

In the article there were presented the results of information quality analysis for data recorded by the road weather stations in the aspect of the necessity to ensure road safety. The analysis was performed for the time horizon of several weeks including the period of time, during which there were both favorable and adverse weather conditions. The set of data about current road condition and the information about the particular meteorological parameters were collected for single road location with the redundancy of sensors in cross-section of the road.

The paper presents selected aspects of the application of information technology to support the implementation of logistics processes. The general discussion about optimization logistics processes precedes basics of designing procedure for logistics systems of different scale which are the foundation for three examples of applications tailored for micro-, and mezo-scale logistics systems. Applications are presented and discussed as tools to optimize logistics processes in aspect of their simultaneous usage to create advanced and comprehensive planning tools. Presented tools enable not only the design of selected elements of the logistics system but also allow assessing their effectiveness. An example of the possible use of applications LogMND to support shaping and dimensioning of point and linear logistic network elements and SCHED to support designing warehousing processes are given.

The paper presents results obtained by the algorithm designed to analyze road surface degradation based on a 3D model. The model is generated from measured data collected by the mobile measurement platform. Results of the analysis help to estimate further development of different types of degradations of road surface such as cracks, pot-holes, rutting and shoving, deterioration, local deformations or beaten longitudinal tracks. The advantage of the solution is the knowledge of the precise GPS position coordinates of all defects identified in the road surface. Estimation of progress of further damaging process of road surface and the future state of its degradation then can be utilized for better determination of the time frame for road repairs. The proposed algorithm respects and considers regulations and procedures actually used by the Slovak Road Administration and applied for the road I and II classes as well as for motorways and expressways.

In the paper the analysis of e-call system informing about accidents in land transport with application of public standards GSM and GPS is shown. Based on Markov processes the two models are introduced: reliability model for hardware and behavioral model describing man-system co-operation (including level of equipment and environmental conditions together with weather). The reliability and maintenance parameters correspond to typical reliability characteristics of GPS/GSM devices and time characteristics related to service, monitoring and management of critical events using such devices. Presented results (probabilistic and time) may be also adapted to another applications such mountain tourism and extreme sports, but even in railway transport with GPS positioning in the regional lines (without typical centralized railway control infrastructure).

Transport systems telematics are used in a variety of conditions surrounding it electromagnetic environment. Occurring over a wide transport area electromagnetic interferences, intentional or unintentional (stationary or mobile), can cause disruption of this system. The article presents the issues related to the modelling of the process of maintenance of transport telematics systems. It is taken into account not only the type of reliability structure, but also the effect of electromagnetic interferences on the analysed system. Through mathematical analysis, the obtained equations allow to calculate the probability of a complete system suitability R₀(t) and the probability of failure Q₀(t) for the selected maintenance situations. It is also taken into account the impact of the electromagnetic interferences, both additive and multiplicative, on the analysed system.

Air traffic in the airport controlled area is carried out according to standard procedures. However, they are disturbed by random factors, so the traffic is stochastic in nature and requires ongoing monitoring by the air traffic controller that operates in the approach control sector (TMA). One of his/her goals is to form the landing aircraft queue so as to maximize the airport capacity. The task is difficult because there are multiple entry points to the TMA and many points at which the individual aircraft streams merge. The paper presents the model of the process of forming landing aircraft queue. The model has been implemented as a coloured Petri net. It has a hierarchical structure corresponding to the actual multi-level structure of the merging aircraft streams process. The study shows an example of modelling of the approaching air traffic consisting of aircraft landing at the Warsaw Chopin airport on the RWY 11 runway. The developed software system SECRAN can be used to support the approach controller in the planning process and in the current control of approaching air traffic in TMA area.

Designers faces many problems while designing and constructing prototype of special purpose car and this is what happens in case of high-efficient electric city car named Bytel, which was especially built for Shell eco-marathon competition. Bytel takes part in Urban Electric category and its drive consists of two brushless DC motor (BLDC) mounted directly in wheels. Smart Power team which carries the task comes from the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice. One of the assignments which required individual approach was the innovative control system of the car and it is the main topic of this article. The core task of the control system is receiving steering signals from the driver, signal processing and sending them to drivers. It is equipped with many additional functions like e.g. visualization, measurement and storage system as well as safety systems. All of these facilities serve the purpose of improving driver’s safety and enable delivery of a lot of data to analyze which has a huge influence on power consumption. The paper shows the whole process of forming the systems from design assumptions, construction to tests in labs.

Advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) for drivers are a very important element of modern traffic management. In recent years ITS infrastructure is being developed also in Poland. It allows for delivering to drivers information related to the conditions in the road network through, inter alia, dedicated Variable Message Signs (VMS). Such information enables drivers to take decisions, contributing to improving the efficiency and safety of the transport system. They also allow to manage the traffic speed dynamically, taking into account weather conditions hazards, temporary disruptions or incidents. Paper provides an overview of different solutions for Advanced Traveler Information Systems in Poland. The place of ATIS in architecture of Tri-City TRISTAR system is described as well as the use of data, functions and algorithms that allow them to be implemented. Furthermore ATIS development plans and plans for research to be carried out to improve the functioning of the system are presented.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has decided that e-Navigation should be ‘User Need’ led and take into account the Human Element. In this paper the Author, which is a member of the IMO expert group on e-Navigation since 2006, will describe the IMO guideline on software quality assurance in e-Navigation. The guideline highlights that software in support of e-Navigation may be a standalone product or part of a larger more complex system incorporating data and information management. The guideline introduces quality models to assist in identifying the characteristics of system software which allows for the successful harmonization, integration, exchange, analyses and presentation of maritime data and information to meet user needs.

Simulation of an energy consumption in transport is often used due to satisfactory accuracy and cost efficiency. The simulation is not influenced by many surrounding factors which are acting during the measurements in real operation. This paper due to the simulation of energy consumption an GHG production of two similar trains which use different types of drive and energy wells in the same chosen railway with more variants of capacity utilization. The software Dynamics of Train is used for the simulation.

The presented models represent phenomena occurring in waterway subsystems - at fairway intersections and within a fairway. The measures of traffic processes under consideration are the number of vessels waiting to enter a waterway subsystem and delay time of these vessels. The applicability of specific models is discussed along with their usefulness as a function of input intensity of vessel stream flowing into the subsystem.

The increasing need for human mobility is one of the indicators of wealthy society and economic success of human behaviour. Development of transportation in all its sectors is also connected with the evolution of society. Negative aspects caused by this development are the occurrence of road accidents, energy efficiency and traffic congestions. The response to these major challenges cannot be limited to traditional measures. It is important to present and evaluate the impact of intelligent vehicle systems on road transportation safety. Therefore, it is necessary to change and modify the current situation that would lead to decrease in number of accidents that occur on the roads every year. Number of accidents is a good safety indicator. This paper identifies and presents different safety technologies used in modern motor vehicles. Use of such technologies and vehicle to vehicle communication as a part of cooperative systems is crucial in achieving this goal. The aim is to build a common understanding of the asset that cooperative systems and new safety features provide in road transportation and later create a proper environment for their deployment on European roads.

The paper is about the concept of a telematics system model in crisis management. It presents current telematics solutions in crisis management. The authors show that there are many telematics domain systems ranging from monitoring, traffic management, and ending with the exchange of information. However, there is the lack of a solution that will connect them together. In this paper the authors present the concept of an integrated telematics system. The elaboration discusses organizational issues, risk analysis, structural specifics, the specifics of the components, costs and benefits, and an implementation plan. The purpose of this solution is to improve a rapid response to emergency situations, i.e. public events, traffic accidents, disturbances and other situations. That concept takes into account current needs arising from the topic.

This article is devoted to the transmission of safety-related messages via open transmission system in application with ETCS (European Train Control System) system Level - L2 using cryptographic protocol Euroradio. Authors in this article describe conceptual proposal of on-line key management system managing the keys of all entities included in communication in the range of domains in safe manner. Proposed KMS (Key Management System) assumes the use of asymmetric cryptography. In practical part are analyzed ideological solutions of the use of public keys within the communication of ETCS system entities in two neighboring domains. Generated keys of proposed KMS hierarchical architecture were simulated for the ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) algorithm, specifically for Koblitz curves in the software tool Cryptool.

In many cities in Poland and worldwide, systems of electronic collection of fares for the use of public urban transport are implemented ever more widely. The most common starting point for assessing the efficiency of such systems is the comparison of costs of the currently functioning system with those of a system using electronic cards. Using the example of the Silesian Public Services Card project, implemented in the central part of the Provence of Silesia, by municipalities that form the Municipal Transport Union of the Upper Silesian Industrial District an attempt has been made to compare the costs of existing system of sale and distribution of paper tickets, and the system of electronic fare collection based on the electronic Silesian Card of Public Services (ŚKUP). Attention should be paid to the fact that modern systems, which are based on electronic tickets, give much wider possibilities of efficient management of process and transport service offer, hence they are related to obtaining greater external advantages, which is of much importance for investments financed using public funds.

Accession of Poland to EU structures resulted in need to take a number of adjustment adaptation steps. One of them is the transposition of the European Union regulations into national legislation. This applies to a variety of areas, including railway safety. The problem is relatively new and it requires both the knowledge of the specifics of the railway sector and a number of regulations. The article brought the objective railway market structure closer, paying attention to the role of the government administration authorities and railway boards in shaping of the security postulate. Basic legislation defining the direction of improving safety in rail transport were systematized, and an exemplary model of a safety management system was presented.

The authors of this contribution focus on analysis of V2V communication security solutions in Cooperative - Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS). They emerge from the current state of risks and potential security incidents within communication between moving nodes. In more detail, they focus on the service of message nonrepundation and message recency, which utilises the cryptographic digital signatures techniques in combination with timestamps. The experimental part analyses security solutions with three types of cryptographic digital signatures techniques for two traffic scenarios based on actual traffic data from the D1 highway. The results are studied in dependence on the most frequent required application parameters for the transmission of safety relevant messages, like message length, cryptographic header length, message processing time and delay in relation to network throughput.

This paper presents implementation of transportation policy in cities of agglomeration in the field of public transportation. The activities in this area should be regarded as one of the principal tools in public policies of cities included in urban agglomeration, which particular focus on its central municipality or municipalities. The starting point for this type of activities that include e.g. modernizations and investments in the transport system of the city, application of “clear” traction and propagation of solutions that minimize environmental conflicts, elimination of exclusion (also exclusion of the disabled) and optimization of the transportation offer is the evaluation of the level of adjustment of communication lines to identified needs of the inhabitants. With regard to this context, the paper discusses the method of evaluation developed for the purposes of the city of Rybnik, Poland, which is a central municipality of the Rybnik agglomeration and western sub-region of the Silesian Voivodeship.

This article presents the assumptions and results of research aimed at comparing the radar systems and video detection devices. The experiment was conducted on a multilane road section, outside the built-up area. The paper compares the effectiveness of traffic volume detection and vehicle classification. Presented analyses describe the variability in terms of vehicle intensity and as a function of weather conditions.

The article presents current state of knowledge of the impact of public mobile networks in the 900 MHz band to GSM-R communication. At the beginning we will present the main problem of interfering networks and the effects of this impact on the receivers GSM-R. In the next paragraph will be introduced an analysis of recorded cases of interference on the GSM-R in the EU and case study of blocking due to Polish case.

Current railway with the use of the whole automation industry news should primarily be safe. This rule applies mainly to those systems which are directly related to the management of railway traffic. The difficulty of selecting appropriate rail traffic control systems occurs when the railway infrastructure is located within the areas affected by mining operations. From the point of view of railway safety in general, Railway Board identifies the results of the mining damage and its impact on railway infrastructure as a potential risk, which can lead to the accident. The aim of this article is to indicate the methods of identification, analysis and risk assessment of rail traffic remote control systems installation process in areas affected by the occurrence of mining damage in terms of safety improvement.

One of the fundamental elements of e-navigation will be a data communication network based on the maritime radio communication infrastructure. The article presents the identified needs of the future maritime users of e-navigation, the current capabilities for achieving these needs within the GMDSS and discusses correlated key elements of the modernization of the GMDSS.

Quantitative assessment of safety function integrity against random failures is necessary assumption for railway signalling system acceptance and its implementation into operation. The railway signalling system can be modelled as continuous mode system and therefore the criterion for quantitative assessment safety integrity of safety function is hazardous failure rate. Most of commonly available software tools for evaluation of the RAMS parameters offer calculation of safety function failure probability, but don’t offer direct calculation of safety function failure rate. The paper is focused on some of problems associated with comparing the exact analytical solution and approximate calculation of safety function failure rate due to presence of random failures. This approach can be successfully applied to “manual” calculation of also complex analytical terms. The proposed method is based on the generally accepted assumption that occurrence of random failures of electronic systems corresponds to an exponential distribution law.

An accompanying sign of development in Slovakia, as in the developed countries, is intensification of traffic which manifests itself not only as a contribution to mobility, but also with its negative impacts on the environment, increasingly worse throughput of road infrastructure, increase of number of traffic accidents and road traffic inefficiency. Currently, the EU major challenge is to increase the road safety. Safety is the relevance from accidents and losses of human lives. It also deals with property protection, regulation, management and transport technology development. The analysis of accidents indicates that 95 % of transport accidents are caused by human factor failure (wrong determination of situation, participant’s skills/abilities etc.) One of the most frequent errors of drivers is a wrong decision in a critical situation. The decision process is very complicated since the driver has to evaluate the arisen situation correctly within fractions of a second. The implementation of telematics systems into vehicle equipment reduces the energetic intensity, reduces environmental impacts, increases safety etc. Reduction of total operating costs of road vehicles, simplification of vehicle control to maximum extent and reduction of driver’s informational overload is largely stressed. In this paper we evaluate traffic accidents in the EU and the possibilities to increase road safety in Slovakia and Poland. In conclusion, we identify possibilities to reduce the accident rate by means of telematics applications, which constitute an important part of transport issues and aim at safer and more efficient transport with less congestion, lower economic burden on the environment and higher safety.

This paper analyses a problematics of a social law limitation in road transport on drivers work. It analyses the demands on drivers in road freight transport in European Union and compares them with demands in chosen states (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and with demands for AETR Agreement Member States. From 2010 the conditions of social right are unified for AETR Agreement Member States, including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia and for European Union Member States, but these unified conditions are much stronger comparing to conditions in said analysed countries that are not EU members nor AETR Agreement members. The paper shows on social right limitation influence in road transport on transport economy that is indirectly influencing on safety and quality of driver’s work. The paper refers the possible risks of driver’s work from the point of view of safety and quality that are caused by road transport social right limitation.

The authors have presented the key legal, technical and organizational assumptions related to conducting independent evaluations of the adequacy of the risk management process in the rail sector. Key problems related to change management in the railway sector have been defined. On the basis of a number of case studies, a few examples of the implementation of technical, organizational and operational changes have been presented. The authors have suggested their own approach to conducting independent evaluations of risk management processes in rail transport. The proposed approach can be applied successfully in other modes of transport.

Systems used for selling paper tickets for the use of public urban transport services have specific limitations, not only those concerning collection of data on demand, but mainly regarding the possibilities of differentiating prices and developing fare systems. The type of fare used depends not only on social expectations and income policy, but also on the technical possibilities of differentiating fares. Thus, worldwide as well as in Poland, automated fare technologies in public urban transport that are ever more widely implemented, are most often based on electronic cards. The aim of the paper is to compare e-ticketing systems implemented in the largest Polish conurbations, to deal with payments for the use of public urban transport, as well as to present directions of changes in the pricing policy.

The article addresses issues of the automation of communication processes in maritime and air transport, in particular in sea and airspace navigation. The communication process refers to transmitting information between the sender and the receiver, which comprises information exchange as well as negotiations resulting from divergent objectives of the process participants. The authors, presenting the current state and concepts of communication automation, indicate similarities and differences. The concept of a joint automated maritime and air communication platform is considered.

Battery operated electric vehicles (BEVs) offer the opportunity of running a zero-emission car fleet. However, due to their current range constraints, electric vehicle operations are mainly attractive for inner-city transport, such as the taxi business. This paper is bringing together facts and assumptions about Berlin’s taxi transport and the current conditions of BEVs in Germany to provide the scope of electrification. Firstly, the necessary amount of fast chargers is determined taking general constraints of Berlin’s taxi business into account. For charging, especially busy days during cold winter days will be critical. Furthermore, a pricing scheme for fast charger usage is introduced. Based on this, operating operation costs of a hybrid electric vehicle and a battery electric vehicle are compared. The authors conclude that BEV operation will only pay off if the vehicle’s battery life can be warranted over a long span or costs of electric energy in Germany drops.

The development of information technologies and data transmission, as well as their increasing availability resulted in ever more frequent implementation of fare collection systems that use electronic cards and carriers of information about having paid the fare or being authorized to ride, on another basis. Over the last several years, many solutions with the use of electronic tickets have been implemented in Poland. Their common feature most often is that the card – ticket is dedicated only to services related to collective urban transport; there have been few solutions which extend the functionality of the card – ticket by adding the possibility of paying for other municipal services, or paying fares in regional transport. The solutions that implement payments with the use of electronic cards belong to the general strategy of dissemination of non-cash transactions, in this case in the public sector. The paper presents issues related to the development of non cash transactions and settlements, and – in the background – the scope as well as institutional and organizational solutions, which meant are to provide openness and interoperability of the implemented systems that allow card payments for public services.

Transport and communication heavily influence the economic environment and shape conditions in which all economic entities operate. Such situation is a consequence of different, yet complementary roles those two components fulfil. Historically, both those systems – transport and communication – were inseparable. Wide application of technological solutions based on electricity allowed for removal of this dependency; since then, transport and communication technologies can be considered separate. This development is important from economic and business point of view – it makes access to geographically distant new markets easier; moreover, better communication technology improves the control the enterprises hold over their environment, resulting in potential increase of revenue. The goal of this paper is to analyse existing dependencies between ICT and transport, along with an attempt to indicate future trends.

The new Instruments of European Cohesion Policy for 2014–2020 in relation to Poland assume increasing the importance of IT solutions, including transport telematics systems. In particular, telematics is to be applied in balancing transport and reducing congestion. Telematic solutions are to be implemented in the following national operational programs: The Operational ProgrammeInfrastructure and Environment and The Operational ProgrammeDevelopment of Eastern Poland.