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Toward Sensing, Communications and Control Architectures for Frequency Regulation in Systems with Highly Variable Resources Read chapter Read first chapter

2012 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Toward a Highly Available Modern Grid

Authors : N. Eva Wu, Matthew C. Ruschmann

Published in: Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids

Publisher: Springer New York

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Abstract

The concept of fault-coverage and how it affects the availability of a dynamic grid is explained through a two-area power system represented by an aggregated swing model. Fault-coverage is intended to serve as a criterion for decisions in redundancy management to benefit system availability upon occurrence of a disturbance due to loss of equipment. The criterion allows the incorporation of formal measures of uncertainties associated with real-time fault diagnosis, as well as formal control performance measures. Also investigated is the effect of the availability of a modern grid’s supporting structure on the availability of the grid, with focus on a network of measurement units. The focus stems from the recognition of a greater need for real-time diagnosis and control in a modern power grid. A redundancy architecture design problem is formulated based on a Markov model of a measurement network, and a solution is presented that minimizes the number of phasor measurement unit (PMU) restorations and the usage of communication links to a PMU while maintaining a prescribed data availability at any PMU. A 3-bus/3-PMU network is used as an example to explain the formulation and the solution of the redundancy architecture design problem.

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previous chapter Coherent Swing Instability of Interconnected Power Grids and a Mechanism of Cascading Failure
next chapter Models and Control Strategies for Data Centers in the Smart Grid
Footnotes
1
A supporting structure is comprised of the network where communication, computing, and control technologies are implemented and hosted, such as control and measurement devices, software, database and processing servers, routers and switches, wired and wireless links, and possibly human operators.
 
2
The definitions on reliability and security, in traditional power engineering terms, are the ability of a power system to provide uninterrupted service and the ability of the system to withstand disturbances, respectively.
 
3
Availability is the probability that a system is performing its required function at a given point in time when used under stated operating conditions [5].
 
4
A large body of literature exists in the area of fault diagnosis, which provides the basis for fault-tolerant control [6].
 
5
Redundancy at the equipment level is determined during power system planning, which is outside of the scope of this chapter. Power system planning is made up of the electrical load forecast, generation planning, and network planning [28].
 
6
In the case of Fig. 1a, the state probability associated with \bar{O} is removed, and so are the second column and row of the rate transition matrix in (1).
 
7
The discussion on diagnosis is omitted for it is beyond the scope of this chapter.
 
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Metadata
Title
Toward a Highly Available Modern Grid
Authors
N. Eva Wu
Matthew C. Ruschmann
Copyright Year
2012
Publisher
Springer New York
Book
Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids

Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1604-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-1605-0

Copyright Year: 2012

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1605-0_10