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Quality & Quantity
Published in: Quality & Quantity 4/2016

28-05-2015

Towards greater validity in Schwartz’s portrait values indicator using experimental research

Authors: Jacques P. de Wet, Johann Bacher, Daniela Wetzelhütter

Published in: Quality & Quantity | Issue 4/2016

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Abstract

In Schwartz’s 21-item portrait values questionnaire (PVQ) each item consists of two statements which refer to a single underling value. In each of the 21 items the respondents are asked to give a single response to the two statements. Anecdotal evidence and cognitive response theory alert us to potential measurement error in this two-statements-single-response approach. Respondents might be influenced by different themes contained in the statements and their answers might not be comparable. This paper addresses the question: Do the responses to the 21 items in Schwartz’s PVQ (where each item contains two statements) differ significantly when two separate responses are allowed per item (in the split version) compared to when a single response is allowed (in the combined version)? In order to answer this research question we adopted an experimental design in a two-wave panel study. In the first wave we used Schwartz’s combined version of the PVQ. In the second wave we split the two statements and treated each statement as a separate item, thus requiring responses to each statement. Data was collected from Sociology classes at two universities: one in Austria (n = 52) and the other in South Africa (n = 61). We used statistical and non-statistical methods of analysis. The overall statistical assessment (z test) supports the split version although not all the various z test results unanimously concur. The non-statistical assessment does not support either the split version or the combined version. These mixed results necessitate further interrogation of the continued use of the combined version in the PVQ.
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Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
Cieciuch et al. (2013) argue that a revised version, which has 19 more narrowly defined motivationally distinct values, has more heuristic power than the old ten values. This recently refined theory gave rise to a revised 57-item instrument that replicated the PVQ methodology (Cieciuch et al. 2013). This new development, which Cieciuch et al. (2013) call a “magnifying glass strategy”, was not available when we started our research and so we worked with the well established ten values and the 21-item PVQ. Furthermore, the shorter questionnaire was less taxing to complete in our two-wave panel experiment. In the future we could repeat our experiment using the refined theory, 19 values and the 57-item instrument.
 
2
Schwartz’s two-dimensional value space was developed in order to map empirical data based on Schwartz’s two-dimensional theoretical model.
 
3
Schwartz (2009) makes a clear reference to his starting configuration, but in other publications where the two-dimensional value space is computed the starting configuration is not always mentioned. We cannot confirm, therefore, that the same starting configuration is used consistently by Schwartz.
 
4
This method of counting the number of necessary moves to fit the theoretical model is taken from Schwartz’s 1994 publication (see Schwartz 1994). However, in other publications (e.g. Schwartz 1992) he does not refer to this method. Sometimes he refers to “deviations” rather than counted moves (see Schwartz 2009, Bilsky et al. 2011), but no detail is provided.
 
5
The z values for the combined version test the hypothesis that the number normalised moves for the combined version is smaller than the number of normalised moves for the split version. This hypothesis is the alternative of the hypothesis that the number of normalised moves for the split version is smaller than the number of normalised moves for the combined version. Mathematically speaking the z values for the combined version are the z values of the split version multiplied by −1.
 
6
Johann Bacher suggested the generalisation of Stouffer’s combined test.
 
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Metadata
Title
Towards greater validity in Schwartz’s portrait values indicator using experimental research
Authors
Jacques P. de Wet
Johann Bacher
Daniela Wetzelhütter
Publication date
28-05-2015
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Quality & Quantity / Issue 4/2016
Print ISSN: 0033-5177
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7845
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0221-1

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