Top

Published in:

06-07-2018 | Research Paper

Trajectories of Affective Balance 1 Year After Traumatic Injury: Associations with Resilience, Social Support, and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Authors: Vanessa Laird, Timothy R. Elliott, Daniel F. Brossart, Wen Luo, Joshua A. Hicks, Ann Marie Warren, Michael Foreman

Published in: Journal of Happiness Studies | Issue 5/2019

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

We examined trajectories of affective balance (AB) among 488 individuals admitted to a metropolitan Level 1 trauma center for serious physical injury. AB was measured prior to hospital discharge, and at three, six, and 12 months post-discharge. Multilevel modeling (MLM) was used to investigate whether initial demographic variables, injury severity, the occurrence of a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), self-reported resilience and social support predicted AB trajectories. Participants’ change in resilience and social support over the 12-month period were also tested as predictors. The results revealed a large amount of between-individual variation in the first year post-injury. Initial resilience, resilience change, initial social support, and social support change predicted AB 1 year later. Changes in resilience and social support predicted the linear growth in AB over time. Demographic and injury-related variables did not significantly predict AB, nor did the diagnosis of a mild TBI. Participants’ self-perceived resilience and social support scores changed substantially, for better or worse, over the 12-month period. AB was strongly associated with these changes, even when controlling for initial resilience and social support: Increases in either resilience or social support were significantly associated with increases in AB over time. The final model accounted for 33.2% of the between-individual variance in final scores and 46.9% of the variance in linear growth. These results provide additional evidence of the beneficial effects of existing levels of resilience and social support following traumatic injury, and these characteristics are better predictors of AB than injury severity, basic demographic data, and the presence of a mild head injury. Furthermore, changes that may occur in social support and self-perceived resilience are associated with significant changes in AB, and these factors should be considered in post-discharge plans to facilitate subsequent adjustment.

previous article Buffering Effects for Negative Life Events: The Role of Material, Social, Religious and Personal Resources

next article My Time, Your Time, or Our Time? Time Perception and Its Associations with Interpersonal Goals and Life Outcomes

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Aaland, M. O., Marose, K., & Zhu, T. H. (2012). The lost to trauma patient follow-up: A system or patient problem. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 73, 1507–1511.CrossRef

American College of Surgeons (2014). Resources for optimal care of the injured patient 2014 (6th Ed.). Chicago, Il.: American College of Surgeons.

Anusic, I., Yap, S. C. Y., & Lucas, R. E. (2014). Testing set-point theory in a swiss national sample: Reaction and adaptation to major life events. Social Indicators Research, 119, 1265–1288.CrossRef

Armenta, C. N., Ruberton, P. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2015). Subjective wellbeing, psychology of. In J. D. Wright (Editor in Chief) (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 23, pp. 648–653). Oxford: Elsevier.CrossRef

Baker, S. P., O’Neill, B., Haddon, W., & Long, W. B. (1974). The Injury Severity Score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma, 14, 187–196.CrossRef

Bezner, J. R., & Hunter, D. L. (2001). Wellness perception in persons with traumatic brain injury and its relation to functional independence. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 787–792. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.23269.CrossRef

Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361.CrossRef

Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x.CrossRef

Braden, C. A., Cuthbert, J. P., Brenner, L., Hawley, L., Morey, C., Newman, J., et al. (2012). Health and wellness characteristics of persons with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 26, 1315–1327. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.706351.CrossRef

Bryant, R. A., Nickerson, A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Galatzer-Levy, I., et al. (2015). Trajectories of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow up. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206, 417–423.CrossRef

Bryant, R. A., O’Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M., McFarlane, A. C., Clark, C. R., & Silove, D. (2010). The psychiatric sequelae of traumatic injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 312–320. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050617.CrossRef

Burns, R. A., & Anstey, K. J. (2010). The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Testing the invariance of a uni-dimensional resilience measure that is independent of positive and negative affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 527–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.026.CrossRef

Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271.CrossRef

Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2010). Traumatic brain injury & concussion: TBI data and statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/data/index.html

Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2013). Injury prevention & control: Data & statistics (WISQARSTM). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/

Clarke, G. N., Herinckx, H. A., Kinney, R. F., Paulson, R. I., Cutler, D. L., Lewis, K., et al. (2000). Psychiatric hospitalizations, arrests, emergency room visits, and homelessness of clients with serious and persistent mental illness: Findings from a randomized trial of two ACT programs vs. usual care. Mental Health Services Research, 2, 155–164.CrossRef

Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.CrossRef

Cutrona, C. (1984). Social support and stress in the transition to parenthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 378–390.CrossRef

Cutrona, C. (1986). Behavioral manifestations of social support: A microanalytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 201–208.CrossRef

Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 37–67). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Cutrona, C., Russell, D., & Rose, J. (1986). Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Psychology and Aging, 1, 47–54.CrossRef

Dennissen, J. J., Asendorpf, J. B., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008). Childhood personality predicts long-term trajectories of shyness and aggressiveness in the context of demographic transitions in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality, 76, 67–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00480.x.CrossRef

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542.CrossRef

Diener, E. (2012). New findings and future directions for subjective well-being research. American Psychologist, 67, 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029541.CrossRef

Diener, E., Heintzelman, S. J., Kushlev, K., Tay, L., Wirtz, D., Lutes, L., et al. (2017). Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being. Canadian Psychology, 58, 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000063.CrossRef

Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61, 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.305.CrossRef

Dunn, D., Uswatte, G., & Elliott, T. (2017). Happiness and resilience following physical disability. In C. R. Snyder, S. J. Lopez, L. Edwards & S. Marques (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

Elliott, T. R., Hsiao, Y., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., et al. (2015). Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. Rehabilitation Psychology, 60, 263–276.CrossRef

Elliott, T., Hsiao, Y. Y., Kimbrel, N., Meyer, E., DeBeer, B., Gulliver, S. B., et al. (2017). Resilience and traumatic brain injury among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans: Differential patterns of adjustment and quality of life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73, 1160–1178.CrossRef

Elliott, T. R., Kurylo, M., & Rivera, P. (2002). Positive growth following an acquired physical disability. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 687–699). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Farkas, D., & Orosz, G. (2015). Ego-resiliency reloaded: A three-component model of general resiliency. PLoS ONE, 10, e0120883.CrossRef

Fleishman, J. A., & Zuvekas, S. H. (2007). Global self-rated mental health: Associations with other mental health measures and with role functioning. Medical Care, 45, 602–609.CrossRef

Frederick, S., & Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic adaptation. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 302–329). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundations.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2.

Gramzow, R. H., Sedikides, C., Panter, A. T., Sathy, V., Harris, J., & Insko, C. A. (2004). Patterns of self-regulation and the big five. European Journal of Personality, 18, 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.513.CrossRef

Halcomb, E., Daly, J., Davidson, P., Elliott, D., & Griffiths, R. (2005). Life beyond severe traumatic injury: An integrative review of the literature. Australian Critical Care, 18, 17–24.CrossRef

Hartley, M. T. (2012). Assessing and promoting resilience: An additional tool to address the increasing number of college students with psychological problems. Journal of College Counseling, 15, 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2012.00004.x.CrossRef

Hernandez, C. L., Elliott, T. R., Berry, J. W., Underhill, A. T., Fine, P. R., & Lai, M. H. C. (2014). Trajectories of life satisfaction five years after medical discharge for traumatically acquired disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 59, 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035887.CrossRef

Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRef

Kazis, L. E., Selim, A., Rogers, W., Ren, X. S., Lee, A., & Miller, D. R. (2006). Dissemination of methods and results from the Veterans Health Study: Final comments and implications for future monitoring strategies within and outside the veterans healthcare system. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 29, 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004479-200610000-00007.CrossRef

Kelly, C. M., Van Eaton, E. G., Russo, J. E., Kelly, V. C., Jurkovich, G. J., Darnell, D. A., et al. (2017). Technology use, preferences, and capacity in injured patients at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry, 80, 279–285.

Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., et al. (2013). How positive emotions build physical health: Perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone. Psychological Science, 27, 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612470827.CrossRef

Kok, B. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2014). Wellbeing begins with “we”: The physical and mental health benefits of interventions that increase social closeness. In F. A. Huppert & C. I. Cooper (Eds.), Interventions and policies to enhance wellbeing: Wellbeing: A complete reference guide (Vol. VI, pp. 277–306). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Kwok, O., Underhill, A. T., Berry, J. W., Luo, W., Elliott, T. R., & Yoon, M. (2008). Analyzing longitudinal data with multilevel models: An example with individuals living with lower extremity intra-articular fractures. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53, 370–386. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012765.CrossRef

Lucas, R. E. (2007). Adaptation and the set-point model of subjective well-being: Does happiness change after major life events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00479.x.CrossRef

Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616–628.CrossRef

Luhmann, M., Hofmann, W., Eid, M., & Lucas, R. E. (2012). Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 592–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025948.CrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005a). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.CrossRef

Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005b). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111.CrossRef

Martz, E., Livneh, H., Priebe, M., Wuermser, L. A., & Ottomanelli, L. (2005). Predictors of psychosocial adaptation among people with spinal cord injury or disorder. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86, 1182–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.036.CrossRef

McCord, C. E., Elliott, T. R., Berry, J. W., Underhill, A. T., Fine, P. R., & Lai, M. H. (2016). Trajectories of happiness 5 years following medical discharge for traumatic disability: Differences between insider and outsider perspectives. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 553–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9610-8.CrossRef

National Research Council. (2013). Subjective well-being: Measuring happiness, suffering, and other dimensions of experience. Panel on measuring subjective well-being in a policy-relevant framework. A. A. Stone & C. Mackie (Eds.), Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, D. C.: The National Academies Press.

Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Boker, S. M. (2009). Resilience comes of age: Defining features in later adulthood. Journal of Personality, 77, 1777–1804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00600.x.CrossRef

Ormel, J., VonKorff, M., Jeronimus, B. F., & Riese, H. (2017). Set-point theory and personality development: Reconciliation of a paradox. In J. Specht (Ed.), Personality development across the lifespan (pp. 117–137). London: Academic Press.CrossRef

Oswald, A. J., & Powdthavee, N. (2008). Does happiness adapt? A longitudinal study of disability with implications for economists and judges. Journal of Public Economics, 92, 1061–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.002.CrossRef

Pretz, C. R., Kozlowski, A. J., Chen, Y., Charlifue, S., & Heinemann, A. W. (2016). Trajectories of life satisfaction after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97, 1706–1713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.04.022.CrossRef

Quené, H., & van den Bergh, H. (2004). On multi-level modeling of data from repeated measures designs: A tutorial. Speech Communication, 43, 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2004.02.004.CrossRef

Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rohling, M. L., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., & Axelrod, B. N. (2017). Mild traumatic brain injury. In S. S. Bush (Editor in Chief) (Ed.), Handbook of forensic neuropsychology (pp. 147–200). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Semmlow, J. L., & Cone, R. (1976). Utility of the Injury Severity Score: A confirmation. Health Services Research, 11, 45–52.

Silverman, A. M., Molton, I. R., Alschuler, K. N., Ehde, D. M., & Jensen, M. P. (2015). Resilience predicts functional outcomes in people aging with disability: A longitudinal investigation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96, 1262–1268.CrossRef

van Leeuwen, C. M. C., Post, M. W. M., van Asbeck, F. W. A., Bongers-Janssen, H. M. H., van der Woude, L. H. V., de Groot, S., et al. (2012). Life satisfaction in people with spinal cord injury during the first five years after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34, 76–83. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2011.587089.CrossRef

Vandiver, V., Kates, J., Snider, C. C., Weiss, C., & Snider, R. (1995). Enhancing quality of life for adults with traumatic brain injury: The ‘Clubhouse’ model as a rehabilitation tool to promote empowerment. Quality of Life Research, 4, 498.

Wallace, D., & Green, S. B. (2002). Analysis of repeated measures designs with linear mixed models. In D. S. Moskowitz & S. L. Hershberger (Eds.), Modeling intraindividual variability with repeated measures data: Methods and applications (pp. 103–134). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Walsh, M., Armstrong, T., Poritz, J., Elliott, T. R., Jackson, W. T., & Ryan, T. (2016). Resilience, pain interference and upper-limb loss: Testing the mediating effects of positive emotion and activity restriction on distress. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 97, 781–787.CrossRef

Ware, J. E. (1993). SF-36 health survey: Manual and interpretation guide. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center.

Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-item short-form health survey construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34, 220–233.CrossRef

Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., Turner-Bowker, D. M., & Gandek, B. (2002). How to score version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey. Lincoln, RI: Quality Metric Incorporated.

Weiss, R. (1974). The provisions of social relationships. In Z. Rubin (Ed.), Doing unto others (pp. 17–26). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Willett, J. B., Singer, J. D., & Martin, N. C. (1998). The design and analysis of longitudinal studies of development and psychopathology in context: Statistical models and methodological recommendations. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 395–426. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579498001667.CrossRef

Williamson, M. L. C., Elliott, T. R., Bogner, J., Dreer, L. E., Arango-Lasprilla, J. C., Kolakowsky-Hayner, S. A., et al. (2016). Trajectories of life satisfaction over the first 10 years after traumatic brain injury: Race, gender, and functional ability. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000111.

Wiseman, T., Foster, K., & Curtis, K. (2012). Mental health following traumatic physical injury: An integrative literature review. Injury, 44, 1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.02.015.CrossRef

Zatzick, D., Jurkovich, G., Rivara, F. P., Russo, J., Wagner, A., Wang, J., et al. (2013). A randomized stepped care intervention trial targeting posttraumatic stress disorder for surgically hospitalized injury survivors. Annals of Surgery, 257, 390–399.CrossRef

Zatzick, D., Jurkovich, G. J., Rivara, F. P., Wang, J., Fan, M., Joesch, J., et al. (2008). A national US study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and work and functional outcomes after hospitalization for traumatic injury. Annals of Surgery, 248, 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318185a6b8.

Zgaljardic, D., Seale, G., Schaefer, L., Temple, R., Foreman, J., & Elliott, T. R. (2015). Chronic psychiatric disease and traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32, 1911–1925.CrossRef

Title: Trajectories of Affective Balance 1 Year After Traumatic Injury: Associations with Resilience, Social Support, and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Vanessa Laird
Timothy R. Elliott
Daniel F. Brossart
Wen Luo
Joshua A. Hicks
Ann Marie Warren
Michael Foreman
Publication date: 06-07-2018
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Journal of Happiness Studies / Issue 5/2019
Print ISSN: 1389-4978
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7780
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0004-1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 5/2019

Marital Happiness, Marital Status, Health, and Longevity

Immigration Status and Adolescent Life Satisfaction: An International Comparative Analysis Based on PISA 2015

Family, Belonging and Meaning in Life Among Semi-rural Kenyans

Looking Forward: The Effect of the Best-Possible-Self Intervention on Thriving Through Relative Intrinsic Goal Pursuits

Lay Theories for Life Satisfaction and the Belief that Life Gets Better and Better

Gender Differences and Similarities in Autobiographical Memory for Eudaimonic Happy Events