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2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Trends in Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime

Authors : Jonathan D. Rosen, Hanna Samir Kassab

Published in: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter examines the trends in drug trafficking and organized crime. It begins with an analysis of the case of drug trafficking and organized crime in Colombia, which has played a crucial role in the drug trafficking supply-chain. Colombia also has been a critical ally of the United States in its war on drugs. The US government, for example, invested billions of dollars trying to increase security in this country and combat organized crime through an initiative known as Plan Colombia. What have been the results of such efforts? The chapter then turns to drug trafficking and organized crime in Mexico, focusing on the militarization of the war on drugs. It examines the nature of drug cartels and organized crime in Mexico, focusing on how such organizations have evolved over time. The chapter then explores the relationship between Mexico and the United States and evaluates the role of strategies such as the Mérida Initiative. Next, the chapter turns to the issue of human trafficking and examines the role that organized crime groups play in this enterprise. The chapter concludes with an analysis of what constitutes success as well as some potential future challenges.

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Jeremy McDermott, “Record Cocaine Production in Colombia Fuels New Criminal Generation,” InSight Crime, July 17, 2017, https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/record-cocaine-production-colombia-fuels-new-criminal-generation/, accessed December 2017.

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Quoted in Robbie Couch, “70 Percent Of Child Sex Trafficking Victims Are Sold Online: Study.”

Peter Andreas, A Tale of Two Borders: The U.S.-Mexico and U.S.- Canada Lines After 9–11 (San Diego, CA: The Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2003), p. 3. Peter Watt and Roberto Zepeda, Drug War Mexico: Politics, Neoliberalism and Violence in the New Narcoeconomy (London: Zed Books, 2012).

Richard L. Durbin Jr quoted in Holly Yan and Amanda Jackson, “Human trafficking and smuggling rile San Antonio—and beyond,” CNN, July 23, 2017.

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Jonathan D. Rosen, The Losing War: Plan Colombia and Beyond (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, September 2014).

For more, see: June S. Beittel, Colombia: Background, U.S. Relations, and Congressional Interest (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012); for more on Plan Colombia: see: Jonathan Daniel Rosen and Roberto Zepeda Martínez, “La guerra contra las drogas en Colombia y México: estrategias fracasadas,” Ánfora, 21, no. 38 (2014): pp. 179–200; Jonathan Daniel Rosen, “Lecciones y resultados del Plan Colombia (2000–2012),” Contextualizaciones Lat., Año 6, número 10 (enero-julio 2014): pp. 1–12.

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Jeremy McDermott, “20 Years After Pablo: The Evolution of Colombia’s Drug Trade,” p. 1.

For more on the U.S.-Mexico border, security, and migration, see: Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera, “Security, Migration, and the Economy in the Texas–Tamaulipas Border Region: The ‘Real’ Effects of Mexico’s Drug War,” Politics & Policy 41, no. 1 (2013): pp. 65–82; Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera and Miriam Rojas-Arenaza, “The mathematics of Mexico–US migration and US immigration policy,” Policy Studies 33, no. 4 (2012): pp. 297–312; Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera and Kathleen Staudt, “An introduction to the multiple US–Mexico borders,” Journal of Borderlands Studies 29, no. 4 (2014): pp. 385–390.

Jeremy McDermott, “The BACRIM and Their Position in Colombia’s Underworld,” InSight Crime, May 2, 2014, http://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/bacrim-and-their-position-in-colombia-underworld, accessed September 2017.

Ibid.

James Bargent, “FARC Demobilization Faces Challenges Separating Narcos from Guerrillas,” InSight Crime, June 1, 2017, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/farc-demobilization-faces-challenges-separating-narcos-from-guerrillas, accessed September 2017, p. 2.

Reuters Staff, “Peace will cost Colombia $44 billion over 10 years, senator says,” Reuters, October 8, 2014.

Caitlyn Davis and Harold Trinkunas, “Has Colombia achieved peace? 5 things you should know,” Brookings, August 25, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2016/08/25/has-colombia-achieved-peace-5-things-you-should-know/, December 2017.

“Remarks by President Trump and President Santos of Colombia in Joint Press Conference,” The White House, May 18, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/05/18/remarks-president-trump-and-president-santos-colombia-joint-press, accessed September 2017.

Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., Colombia’s Political Economy at the Outset of the Twenty-First Century: From Uribe to Santos and Beyond (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015).

“Colombia: Peace at Last?” International Crisis Group. September 25, 2012, http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/media-releases/2012/latam/colombia-peace-at-last.aspx, accessed 2012; for more on violence and the drug war, see: Benjamin Lessing, “Logics of violence in criminal war,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 8 (2015): pp. 1486–1516.

For more on Plan Colombia, see Jonathan D. Rosen, The Losing War: Plan Colombia and Beyond.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

Clare Ribando Seelke and Kristin M. Finklea, U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond (Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 2013), p. 2.

“Mexico’s Drug War: 50,000 Dead in 6 Years,” The Atlantic, May 17, 2012; Randal C. Archibold and Damien Cave, “Numb to Carnage, Mexicans Find Diversions, and Life Goes On,” The New York Times, May 15, 2012.

Clare Ribando Seelke and Kristin Finklea, U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2017).

Jonathan Daniel Rosen and Roberto Zepeda Martínez, “La guerra contra las drogas en Colombia y México: estrategias fracasadas.”

Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, July 2016).

Connie Veillette, Plan Colombia: A Progress Report (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2005).

Stephanie Erin Brewer, Rethinking the Mérida Initiative: Why the U.S. Must Change Course in its Approach to Mexico’s Drug War (Washington, DC: The Human Rights Brief: Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, 2008), p. 10; see Stephanie Erin Brewer, Structural Human Rights Violations: the True Face of Mexico’s War on Crime (Washington, DC: Human Rights Brief 7, 2008); Juan Veledíaz and Marco Lara Klahr, “Muertes del narco ya no se investigan,” El Universal, Feb. 23, 2009.

David Adam Morton, “Failed-State Status and the War on Drugs in Mexico,” Global Dialogue Volume 13, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2011): p. 94.

David Adam Morton, “Failed-State Status and the War on Drugs in Mexico,” p. 5; see also Robert Haddick, “This Week at War: A Conflict without a Name,” Foreign Policy, February 18, 2011.

Adrián Bonilla, “U.S. Andean Policy, the Colombian Conflict, and Security in Ecuador” in Addicted to Failure: U.S. Security Policy in Latin America and the Andean Region, ed. Brian Loveman (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), pp. 103–129.

For more on the concept of a model, see: Adam Isacson, Colombia: Don’t Call it a Model (Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2010).

Menno Vellinga, ed, The Political Economy of the Drug Industry: Latin America and the International System (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2004); Francisco E. Thoumi, Illegal Drugs, Economy and Society in the Andes (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003); Patrick Corcoran, “Counterinsurgency is not the Answer for Mexico,” Insight Crime, September 26, 2011, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/counterinsurgency-is-not-the-answer-for-mexico, accessed November 2017.

For more on this topic, see: Ted Galen Carpenter and R. Channing Rouse, Perilous Panacea: The Military in the Drug War (Washington, DC: CATO, 1990).

Ted Galen Carpenter, Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s Futile War on Drugs in Latin America (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty First Century, p. 11.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

Patrick Corcoran, “Mexico Has 80 Drug Cartels: Attorney General,” InSight Crime, December 20, 2012, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/mexico-has-80-drug-cartels-attorney-general, accessed September 2017.

Patrick Corcoran, “What Jalisco’s Constellation of Gangs Shows about Mexico,” InSight Crime, February 9, 2012, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/what-jaliscos-constellation-of-gangs-shows-about-mexico, accessed September 2017; Adriana Luna, “Seis cárteles se disputan el estado de Jalisco,” Excelsior, 3 de febrero de 2012.

Patrick Corcoran, “Mexico Has 80 Drug Cartels: Attorney General,” p. 2.

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas.

Eduardo Guerrero-Gutiérrez provides this information to the Congressional Research Service; see: June S. Beittel, Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2017); for more on Los Zetas, see: Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera, Los Zetas Inc.: Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2017).

Eduardo Guerrero-Gutiérrez provides this information to the Congressional Research Service; see: June S. Beittel, Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations.

Ibid.

Luis Fernando Alonso, “Rising Violence in Juárez, Mexico May Signal Return of Cartel War,” InSight Crime, October 31, 2016, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/rising-violence-in-juarez-mexico-may-signal-return-of-cartel-war, accessed September 2017, p. 1; Patricia Mayorga, “Pelea de plazas, móvil de la masacre en motel de Chihuahua, revela la Fiscalía,” Proceso, 28 de octubre de 2016.

Agencies in Mexico, “Drug violence blamed for Mexico’s record 29,168 murders in 2017,” The Guardian, January 21, 2018.

“Resource Page: Analysis and Information on Mexico’s Ayotzinapa Case,” Washington Office on Latin America, November 10, 2016, https://www.wola.org/analysis/analysis-and-information-on-mexicos-ayotzinapa-case/, accessed September 2017, p. 1.

Clara Gómez quoted in Jo Tuckman, “Mexican soldiers ordered to kill in Tlatlaya, claim rights activists,” The Guardian, July 2, 2015.

Grace Wyler, “Mexican Cartels Are Moving To The U.S,” Business Insider, April 13, 2011; “Mexican Drug Gangs Have 230 ‘Branches’ in US, Canada,” InSight Crime, January 11, 2011, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/mexican-drug-gangs-have-230-branches-in-us-canada, accessed November 2017.

“Statement by Gov. Rick Perry on Obama Administration’s Decision to Slash Number of National Guard troops at U.S.-Mexico Border,” Office of the Governor Rick Perry, December 12, 2011, http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/16786/, November 2017.

George W. Grayson, Mexico: Narco-Violence and a Failed State? (Rutgers, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 2011).

Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto.

Washington Post Staff, “Full text: Donald Trump announces a presidential bid,” The Washington Post, June 16, 2015; Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “Donald Trump’s false comments connecting Mexican immigrants and crime,” The Washington Post, July 8, 2015.

For more, see: Lee Moran, “Former Mexican President Vicente Fox Says He’ll Pay For Donald Trump’s Wall,” Huffington Post, March 1, 2017.

Clare Ribando Seelke and Kristin Finklea, U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2017).

Laura Tillman, “How Mexico’s president saw his approval rating plummet to 17%,” Los Angeles Times, March 1, 2017; José de Córdoba, “Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Loses Support, Poll Finds,” The Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2017.

For more, see: Deborah Bonello, “Mexico Authorities Schizophrenic on Self-Defense Groups,” InSight Crime, July 19, 2017, https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/mexico-authorities-schizonphrenic-on-self-defense-groups/, accessed March 2018.

Anthony Harrup, “Mexico’s Peso Feels Heat from Falling Oil Prices,” The Wall Street Journal, November 28, 2014.

Kate Linthicum, “Mexico’s bloody drug war is killing more people than ever,” Los Angeles Times, July 22, 2017.

James Bargent, “Mexico Impunity Levels Reach 99%: Study,” InSight Crime, February 4, 2016, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/mexico-impunity-levels-reach-99-study, accessed November 2017, p. 1.

James Bargent, “Mexico Impunity Levels Reach 99%: Study,” p. 1.

For more on this topic, see: Roberto Zepeda Martínez and Jonathan D. Rosen, “Corrupción e inseguridad en México: consecuencias de una democracia imperfecta,” Revista AD UNIVERSA, Año 4, no. 1 (diciembre 2014): pp. 60–85

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

Ted Galen Carpenter, Undermining Mexico’s Dangerous Drug Cartels (Washington, DC: CATO Institute, 2011), p. 1.

Vanda Felbab-Brown, “Hooked: Mexico’s violence and U.S. demand for drugs,” The Brookings Institution, May 30, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/05/30/hooked-mexicos-violence-and-u-s-demand-for-drugs/, accessed September 2017, pp. 4–5.

For more, see: Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen, eds., Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2015).

Joseph Katz, “Drug Deaths in America Are Rising Faster Than Ever,” The New York Times, June 5, 2017. According to The New York Times, the data is from Butler County Coroner’s Office; Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office; Hamilton County Coroner; Montgomery County Alcohol, Drug Addiction & Mental Health Service; Montgomery County Sheriff’s Office; Summit County Department of the Medical Examiner.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 2016 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary (Springfield, VA: DEA, 2016).

Lucas Watterson quoted in Carina Storrs, “What is flakka (aka gravel) and why is it more dangerous than cocaine?’ CNN, May 26, 2015.

Ibid.

Valerie Paris, “Why do Americans spend so much on pharmaceuticals?” PBS, February 7, 2014, p. 1.

For more on this topic, see: Anna Lembke, Drug Dealer, MD: How Doctors Were Duped, Patients Got Hooked, and Why It’s So Hard to Stop (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016); John Temple, American Pain: How a Young Felon and His Ring of Doctors Unleashed America’s Deadliest Drug Epidemic (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2015).

“Opioid Overdose,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html, accessed September 2017.

For more on drug addiction and treatment, see: Alan I. Leshner, “Science-based views of drug addiction and its treatment,” Jama 282, no. 14 (1999): pp. 1314–1316; Kathleen M. Carroll, “Therapy Manuals for Drug Addiction, Manual 1: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction,” National Institute on Drug Abuse (1998); Candace C. Hodgkins, Kevin S. Cahill, Anne E. Seraphine, Kimberly Frostpineda, and Mark S. Gold, “Adolescent drug addiction treatment and weight gain.” Journal of Addictive Diseases 23, no. 3 (2004): pp. 55–65; Redonna K., Chandler, Bennett W. Fletcher, and Nora D. Volkow, “Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: improving public health and safety,” Jama 301, no. 2 (2009): pp. 183–190.

“Opioid Overdose,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

See: Walk Free Foundation, https://www.walkfreefoundation.org/, accessed September 2017.

See: “The Americas,” The Global Slavery Index, https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/region/the-americas/, accessed September 2017.

David Gagne, “Organized Crime Profits from Modern Slavery in Latin America,” InSight Crime, June 3, 2016, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/how-organized-crime-profits-off-modern-slavery-in-latin-america, accessed September 2017, p. 1.

“Asia-Pacific,” The Global Slavery Index,” https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/region/asia-pacific/, accessed September 2017.

Eleanor Goldberg, “10 Things You Didn’t Know About Slavery, Human Trafficking (And What You Can Do About It),” The Huffington Post, July 10, 2014, p. 2.

“The Facts,” Polaris, https://polarisproject.org/facts, accessed September 2017.

“Factsheet on Human Trafficking,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNVTF_fs_HT_EN.pdf, accessed September 2017.

“ILO says forced labour generates annual profits of US$ 150 billion,” International Labour Organization, May 20, 2014, http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_243201/lang--en/index.htm, accessed September 2017.

Mimi Yagoub, “Human Trafficking Reports in Bolivia Rise 900% in 9 Years,” InSight Crime, April 4, 2014, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/human-trafficking-reports-in-bolivia-rise-900-in-9-years, accessed September 2017.

Angelika Albaladejo, “Colombia to China Sex Trafficking Bust Illustrates Dynamics of Trade,” InSight Crime, August 25, 2017, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/colombia-china-sex-trafficking-network-uncovered, p. 1.

Ibid.

Robbie Couch, “70 Percent Of Child Sex Trafficking Victims Are Sold Online: Study,” InSight Crime, February 12, 2014, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/extent-of-mexico-human-trafficking-obscured-by-lack-of-info, accessed September 2017.

Marguerite Cawley, “Mexico Sex Traffickers Using Child Recruiters in Evolving Trade,” InSight Crime, February 4, 2014, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/mexico-sex-traffickers-using-young-girls-as-recruiters-in-evolving-trade, accessed September 2017, p. 1; for more, see: Ioan Grillo, “The Mexican Drug Cartels’ Other Business: Sex Trafficking,” Time, July 31, 2013; Edward Fox, “Mexico Sees 800,000 Sex Trafficking Cases a Year,” InSight Crime, March 22, 2012, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/mexico-sees-800000-sex-trafficking-cases-a-year, accessed July 2017, p. 1.

“Human Trafficking,” UNODC, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html, accessed September 2017.

Robbie Couch, “70 Percent Of Child Sex Trafficking Victims Are Sold Online: Study.”

German Lopez, “How the war on drugs has made drug traffickers more ruthless and efficient,” Vox, January 30, 2017.

100

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

101

“Inmates Control 60% of Mexican Prisons: Report,” InSight Crime, September 25, 2012, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/inmates-control-mexican-prisons, accessed December 2017.

102

Steven Dudley, “Survey Shows Drug Trade Filling Mexico’s Federal Prisons,” InSight Crime, January 14, 2013, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/mexico-prison-survey-drug-trade, December 2017.

103

Ted Galen Carpenter, Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s Futile War on Drugs in Latin America (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

104

Bruce Bagley, Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century.

105

Jonathan D. Rosen and Roberto Zepeda, Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Violence in Mexico: The Transition from Felipe Calderón to Enrique Peña Nieto.

106

Anahi Rama and Lizbeth Diaz, “Violence against women ‘pandemic’ in Mexico,” Reuters, March 7, 2014.

107

Marguerite Cawley, “Killings of Women Track Rising Violence in Mexico’s Drug War,” InSight Crime, February 14, 2013, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/killings-of-women-track-rising-violence-in-mexicos-drug-war, December 2017.

108

Anahi Rama and Lizbeth Diaz, “Violence against women ‘pandemic’ in Mexico.”

109

For more, see: Tony Newman, “Looking Back: President Obama’s Historic Efforts to Roll Back the Drug War and Tackle Mass Incarceration,” Drug Policy Alliance, January 18, 2017, http://www.drugpolicy.org/blog/looking-back-president-obamas-historic-efforts-roll-back-drug-war-and-tackle-mass-incarceration, accessed December 2017.

110

For more, see: Jonathan Rosen, “Drug Trafficking and Violence in Latin America: Trends, Challenges and Lessons Learned,” Hemisphere 26 (2017): pp. 24–25.

111

For more on this topic, see: Robert Kossick, “The rule of law and development in Mexico,” Ariz. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 21 (2004): p. 715; Pilar Domingo, “Rule of law, citizenship and access to justice in Mexico,” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 15, no. 1 (1999): pp. 151–191; Diane E. Davis, “Undermining the rule of law: Democratization and the dark side of police reform in Mexico,” Latin American Politics and Society 48, no. 1 (2006): pp. 55–86.

Title: Trends in Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime
Authors: Jonathan D. Rosen
Hanna Samir Kassab
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Drugs, Gangs, and Violence
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94450-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-94451-7

Copyright Year: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94451-7_4

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