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2002 | Book

Usability

Gaining a Competitive Edge

Editors: Judy Hammond, Tom Gross, Janet Wesson

Publisher: Springer US

Book Series : IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

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About this book

Usability has become increasingly important as an essential part of the design and development of software and systems for all sectors of society, business, industry, government and education, as well as a topic of research. Today, we can safely say that, in many parts of the world, information technology and communications is or is becoming a central force in revolutionising the way that we all live and how our societies function. IFIP's mission states clearly that it "encourages and assists in the development, exploitation and application of information technology for the benefit of all people". The question that must be considered now is how much attention has been given to the usability of the IT-based systems that we use in our work and daily lives. There is much evidence to indicate that the real interests and needs of people have not yet been embraced in a substantial way by IT decision­ makers and when developing and implementing the IT systems that shape our lives, both as private individuals and at work. But some headway has been made. Three years ago, the IFIP Technical Committee on Human­ Computer Interaction (IFIP TC13) gave the subject of usability its top priority for future work in advancing HCI within the international community. This Usability Stream of the IFIP World Computer Congress is a result of this initiative. It provides a showcase on usability involving some practical business solutions and experiences, and some research findings.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Keynote Speaker

Frontmatter
Deconstructing Silos
The Business Value of Usability in the 21st Century
Abstract
This talk aims to show how traditional divisions of labour and responsibilities prevent businesses from adopting a customer focus, and, more importantly, the negative impact this has on their bottom line. I discuss how Human Computer Interaction (HCI) specialists can help to break down this silo structure and establish a user- or customer-centred focus. By applying HCI methods wisely, internal communication patterns can be revised to maximise the business value of a User-Centred Design (UCD) approach. Focusing first on the Systems Design & Development Process, I draw attention to certain points at which HCI can easily be integrated into the process, outlining some of the costs and the benefits an individual IT project stands to gain. Invariably, both of these sets of figures are surprisingly high. A brief discussion of the user- versus the customer experience aims to show their similarities and how they differ.
Gitte Lindgaard

Technical Sessions

Frontmatter

User-Centred Design Process

A Method-Independent Process Model of User-Centred Design
Abstract
We propose a method-independent process model of user-centred design (UCD). It is based on recognised sources and its structure was developed in a set of assessments in industrial settings. The result is a process model that identifies six main processes of UCD. Each of these is defined through a set of outcomes. The model makes tangible the interface between the usability engineering and design processes. The model has provided a practical basis for the assessment of UCD processes, which was the original scope of the model. In addition, we have found the model as a useful asset in training UCD and in planning UCD activities in projects.
Timo Jokela
Use and Reuse of HCI Knowledge in the Software Development Lifecycle
Existing Approaches and what Developers Think
Abstract
In this paper we give an overview of existing approaches for capturing HCD(Human-Centred Design) process and design knowledge. We present an alternative approach that aims at fostering the integration of UE (Usability Engineering) activities and artifacts into existing software development processes. The approach is based on six claims that are derived from an analysis of existing UE process models and requirements of software developers. Our approach is embeddable in existing process improvement frameworks such as the UMM (Usability Maturity Model) and is supported by a web-based tool. An explorative study that we have conducted with software developers from various software development organizations confirms the potential of our approach. However the study indicates that our approach is more strongly preferred by developers with experience in user interface design.
Eduard Metzker, Harald Reiterer
Analyzing the Role of Organizational Culture in the Implementation of User-Centered Design
Disentangling the Approaches for Cultural Analysis
Abstract
Usability is an important quality characteristic of a software product or system. User-centered design (UCD) is an approach focusing on making systems usable. Improving the position of UCD in organizations has proven to be a challenge. Organizational culture has been identified as an influential factor affecting the successes and failures of organizational improvement efforts. However, there does not exist studies of the effects and consequences of organizational culture in the implementation of UCD. In addition, there exists a lack of methods and theoretical models with which to reliably, systematically and meaningfully analyze organizational culture in relation to improvement efforts. This paper examines existing research within organizational studies, and proposes three approaches — comparative, interpretive and clinical — within which the role of organizational culture can be examined in relation to implementation of UCD. Implications for prospective research are outlined.
Netta Iivari

Usability of Mobile Systems

The Importance of User Roles in Feature Bundling Decisions in Wireless Handheld Devices
Strategic User Needs Analysis (SUNA)
Abstract
The bundling of features in wireless technologies is considered to be a significant issue by market analysts and service providers. Currently, there is a proliferation of handheld devices such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) making it very difficult for users to select the devices that match their needs. A literature review suggests that although feature bundling in handheld sets and services is a critical decision in product and service development, it is often left to chance. This paper indicates that for a smooth deployment of wireless technologies, it is important to study the needs of users from the perspective of the roles for which they use the handheld device. Specifically, this paper describes the development and testing of a methodology for supporting the selection and bundling of features in wireless technologies such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). The methodology, termed Strategic User Needs Analysis (SUNA), combines several investigative methods from HCI and market research with an emphasis on User Role Modelling (Constantine & Lockwood, 1999). Initial testing of SUNA on a small sample of users, representing two focal user roles, indicates that the methodology is effective in identifying features most needed for the two focal roles. It identified the relevant characteristics, usage patterns, similarities and differences between these, and their consequent implications for feature bundling by product designers and developers.
Sheila Narasimhan, Gitte Lindgaard
Exploring the Use of the Mobile Phone
Abstract
The work reported here provides insight into the practice of mobile communication. Interviews with experienced mobile phone users were conducted on specific instances of communications they placed, and the corpus gathered was analysed from the following three perspectives: why was a mobile phone used rather than another communication device; what was the intent or the goal of the communication, and, when appropriate, why was text messaging chosen over voice communication.
Results reveal the various punctual reasons that motivate the use of the mobile phone (such as its functionality, its cost, its ease of access), as well as the type of communications placed from a mobile phone. These reasons and communication types all concur to make this device the support of fluid and flexible social interactions and coordination. As to text messaging, it is considered as a medium in its own right, whose use is largely governed by emerging social conventions.
Nadine Ozkan
Usability Engineering Milestones In Complex Product Development — Experiences At Nokia Mobile Phones
Industrial Experience
Abstract
How can usability engineering be managed in highly complex innovative product development? When usability engineering is performed in Concurrent Engineering (CE) product development, there are stages where usability engineering needs to be refocused in order to perform successfully in the changing project environment. The focusing points follow the product development milestones but are not identical with those. From usability engineering perspective those points are critical for achieving effectiveness and efficiency in the product development.
Pekka Ketola

User Requirements Analysis

Use Case Maps: A Roadmap for Usability and Software Integrated Specification
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore use case maps as a medium for integrating task analysis and usability requirement into the traditional software requirement engineering process. The paper responds to major gaps in user interface specification in HCI, in software development methods for interactive software, and in the communication between usability specialists and software developers. We illustrate, via a concrete example, the usage of use case maps as an approach for specifying user interface and usability requirements. The Use Case Maps (UCMs) is a scenario-based notation for describing, in an abstract way, how the organizational structure of a complex system and the emergent behavior of the system are intertwined. It provides a first-class design model for the “how it works” aspect of both object-oriented and real time systems. Use case maps give a road-map-like view of the cause-effect paths traced through a system by scenarios or use cases (Buhr, 1998).
A. Alsumait, A. Seffah, T. Radhakrishnan
User Requirements Analysis
A Review of Supporting Methods
Abstract
Understanding user requirements is an integral part of information systems design and is critical to the success of interactive systems. However specifying these requirements is not so simple to achieve. This paper describes general methods to support user requirements analysis that can be adapted to a range of situations. Some brief case studies are described to illustrate how these methods have been applied in practice.
Martin Maguire, Nigel Bevan

Usability Evaluation

Specifying and Evaluating Usability Requirements using the Common Industry Format
Four case studies
Abstract
The Common Industry Format for usability test reports has been used to introduce usability into public and private contracts for the development of two web sites, acquisition of a travel management system and acquisition of travel agency software. Four pairs of supplier and consumer organisations worked with usability specialists to establish usability requirements and/or to evaluate whether the supplied system met the requirements.
Nigel Bevan, Nigel Claridge, Martin Maguire, Maria Athousaki
Formal Usability Testing of Interactive Educational Software: A Case Study
Abstract
As the amount and variety of interactive educational software grows, so does the need to assess the usability of the software. The usability of educational software can be defined as the extent to which the software can be used to achieve specified learning outcomes effectively, efficiently and with user satisfaction. This paper discusses the evaluation of the usability of interactive educational software and proposes a method for formal usability testing of such software that has been successfully used at the University of Port Elizabeth (UPE). After describing the method, it presents a case study to illustrate the implementation of the proposed method.
Darelle Van Greunen, Janet Wesson

Tools

EQUAL:Towards an Inclusive Design Approach to Novice Programming Languages and Computing Environments for Native Users
Abstract
In the current textual programming languages (conventional, novice, etc.) and programming paradigms (e.g., procedural, declarative, functional etc.), the programming constructs, semantic concepts, and syntactic elements are based on English paradigm and implemented using ASCII character sets, seriously limiting the universal access to programming and computing skills. Especially, non-English speaking native users (students, adults etc.) from non-English speaking geographical regions, including visually challenged users, encounter serious cognitive, semantic and syntactic difficulties in understanding and translating their programming plans into the syntax and semantics of English based paradigm of a programming language. Authors have developed an inclusive, universal design framework with flexible cognitive, semantic and syntactic, and cultural adaptations in the textual languages and their compilers/interpreters to satisfy the computing requirements of native users.
Basawaraj Patil, Klaus Maetzel, Erich. J. Neuhold
MouseLupe
An Accessibility Tool for People with Low Vision
Abstract
This paper presents a new accessibility tool developed to help people with low vision disabilities. The tool was initially designed to aid in Web navigation, but it can also be useful in other applications. First, we describe the importance of the Web as a source of information and knowledge and explain the main difficulties that disabled people have in accessing Web pages. We present relevant software applications for accessibility of people with low vision and explain their features and limitations. The developed tool named, MouseLupe, its characteristics and main contributions are presented in detail. Finally, we show a comparison of the developed tool with other related applications highlighting its efficiency and usefulness.
Luciano Silva, Olga R. P. Bellon, Paulo F. U. Gotardo, Percy Nohama
A Framework for Rapid Mid-Fidelity Prototyping of Web Sites
Abstract
This paper presents a prototyping framework situated mid-way between low fidelity and high fidelity. The framework is used after requirements definition and early design but before development. The approach provides a solution to the classical trade-off between the ease of production associated with low-fidelity approaches and the realism associated with high-fidelity techniques. Within this framework, we present a generic mid-fidelity prototyping method supported by a tool, MS-PowerPoint, which we have found well adapted for mid-fidelity prototyping.
Daniel Engelberg, Ahmed Seffah

Web Usability

Keep on Trying
Online Securities Trading Sites
Abstract
This paper focuses on sites analysis in two usability categories: ‘Navigation’, and ‘Help and Advice’. We have compared 24 on-line securities trading sites and 22 shopping sites. Several areas in these two usability categories demonstrated significantly lower performance of the on-line brokers compared to the on-line retailers. This paper looks in detail into these deficiencies.
The research is based on the Allied Testing Usability Assessment Questionnaire consisting of 200 questions that cover categories essential for web usability: Navigation, Bugs-free functionality, Information Accessibility, Transaction Processing and Speed, Help and Advice, Viewing Options, and Visual Design and Wording.
Dmitri Morenkov
User Satisfaction, Aesthetics and Usability
Beyond Reductionism
Abstract
Results from a series of web site studies suggest that the concept of user satisfaction comprises more than perceived aesthetics and usability. Satisfaction was repeatedly found to be a complex construct comprising ‘emotion’, ‘likeability’, and ‘expectation’ as well. A web site very high in appeal but low in usability scored highly on user satisfaction when first encountered. However, when faced with serious problems in a usability test, users’ overall level of satisfaction dropped considerably, but perceived aesthetics remained unchanged. Given the known importance of the first impression for subsequent judgments, our results suggest that user interface designers of e-commerce sites would be well advised to design pretty and usable sites. Designing for user efficiency and effectiveness alone is not enough unless the products and services offered on a web site are unique in the world.
Gitte Lindgaard, Cathy Dudek

Frameworks for Usability

Evaluating Security Tools towards Usable Security
A Usability Taxonomy for the Evaluation of Security Tools based on a Categorization of User Errors
Abstract
The main success of the internet is its openness. To guarantee security in the internet — for example to protect the user’s privacy — the use of security tools is essential. Because today’s internet users cover almost all educational levels and professional groups, we assume that in most cases they will be security novices. Unfortunately, the usage of today’s security tools is mostly too complex and incomprehensible, thus opening security leaks caused by incorrect usage. In order to identify security leaks arising from the user interface, an objective measure for the usability of security tools is necessary. At present, such a measure does not exist. This paper develops such a measure for the usability of security tools. We propose problem categories for errors in security tools. Based on this categorization, we propose a taxonomy for the usability of security functions. Applying this taxonomy, security functions may be ranked according to the user’s ability to avoid self-induced, security-critical user errors. Additionally, the taxonomy may explain possible causes of errors, introducing design alternatives to avoid these errors.
Johannes Kaiser, Martin Reichenbach
Improving Usability in Decision Support Systems
Practical Use of the Decision Enquiry Approach for Requirements Analysis
Abstract
The function of Decision Support Systems (DSS) is to help their users to make more effective decisions by providing information in a way that actively assists the decision process. However despite widespread development and investment very few agricultural DSS in the UK have been taken up by end users. This paper describes the use of a method for requirements analysis based on Arinze’s (1992) Decision Enquiry approach and on the use of workshops, in three agriculturally based DSS developments’. It concludes that the method provides a cost-effective and practical means of gathering information about the task of decision making, organising it and using it as the basis for design decisions and could usefully be applied in other sectors beyond agriculture. The approach is being widely used in UK agricultural DSS production and the next stage in the development of the methodology is the specification of design and evaluation procedures.
Caroline Parker
Teaching Human-Computer Interaction
Qualitative Support for an Alternative Approach
Abstract
Traditional methods of teaching HCI and usability are not as successful and easy as is generally thought. Methods based on traditional software engineering teaching approaches have not provided the answer. This paper suggests an alternative way to approach the teaching of HCI. The method involves what we call the ‘establishment of an HCI mindset within the student’. To successfully implement the approach would require a resource base of suitable HCI material and examples that can be drawn upon. The second half of the paper addresses the issues involved in setting up and developing such a resource base.
Paula Kotzé, Lars Oestreicher

Usability: Who Cares?

Usability: Who Cares?
An Analysis of Indifference Towards Usability Within the IT Industry
Abstract
For decades, usability professionals have been seeking to convince the IT industry of the value of their work. However, in the twenty-first century we still find countless application development projects in which usability is ignored. This paper attempts to understand why the situation exists, from economic, psychological and organisational perspectives, and suggests ways of moving forward.
Thomas McCoy
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Usability
Editors
Judy Hammond
Tom Gross
Janet Wesson
Copyright Year
2002
Publisher
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-0-387-35610-5
Print ISBN
978-1-4757-6910-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35610-5