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2014 | Book

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Advanced Separation Techniques for Polyolefins

Authors: Harald Pasch, Muhammad Imran Malik

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Springer Laboratory

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This Springer Laboratory volume introduces the reader to advanced techniques for the separation and fractionation of polyolefins. It includes detailed information on experimental protocols and procedures, addressing the experimental background of different polyolefin fractionation techniques in great detail. The book summarizes important applications in all major fractionation methods with emphasis on multidimensional analytical approaches. It comprises the most powerful modern techniques, such as high temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) for molar mass analysis, temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) and crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF) for the analysis of chemical composition and branching, high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT-2D-LC), solvent and temperature gradient interaction chromatography (SGIC and TGIC) and crystallization elution fractionation (CEF). Beginners as well as experienced chromatographers will benefit from this concise introduction to a great variety in instrumentation, separation procedures and applications. With detailed descriptions of experimental approaches for the analysis of complex polyolefins, the readers are offered a toolbox to solve simple as well as sophisticated separation tasks. The book starts with an introduction into the molecular complexity of polyolefins - the most widely used synthetic polymers with rapidly growing production capacities. It systematically discusses crystallization based fractionation techniques including TREF, CRYSTAF and CEF and column chromatographic techniques for molar mass, chemical composition and microstructure, as well as the combination of different fractionations in multidimensional experimental setups. This book also includes basic information on the application of high-temperature field-flow fractionation.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
1. Introduction
Abstract
Polyolefins are the most important and most widely used synthetic polymers; their annual production exceeds 130 million metric tons. Polyolefin production continues to grow rapidly and new polyolefin grades are constantly being introduced in the market. The interest in polyolefins continues to grow due to the fact that polyolefins are made from simple, cheap and easily accessible monomers. Polyolefins have superior properties, including excellent chemical inertness, high crystallinity resulting in excellent mechanical strength, high thermal stability and high stability against thermo-oxidative degradation. The present chapter introduces to the molecular heterogeneity of polyolefins and methods to analyse these materials.
Harald Pasch, Muhammad Imran Malik
2. Crystallization-Based Fractionation Techniques
Abstract
The vast majority of commercial polyolefins are semi-crystalline materials. Depending on the chemical composition and tacticity, their melting temperatures range from ambient to temperatures exceeding 160 °C. Polyolefins form various crystalline structures that can be investigated with microscopic, spectroscopic and scattering techniques. For the analysis of the chemical composition and branching, crystallization-based fractionation methods can be used. This chapter discusses analytical techniques that are based on the crystallizability of polyolefins from dilute solutions. Experimental set-ups will be presented for the fractionation of olefin copolymers and polyolefin blends.
Harald Pasch, Muhammad Imran Malik
3. Column-Based Chromatographic Techniques
Abstract
Crystallization-based fractionation techniques are powerful methods for the chemical composition fractionation of semi-crystalline polyolefins. The non-crystallizing part cannot be fractionated and is obtained as a bulk fraction. As alternative methods, column-based separation techniques can be used. These techniques fractionate polyolefins regardless of crystallinity based on molecular size, chemical composition and/or branching. In this chapter, experimental approaches for the molar mass analysis by size exclusion chromatography and the chemical composition analysis by different means of interaction chromatography will be presented. The dual molar mass/chemical composition fractionation by two-dimensional liquid chromatography will be highlighted and examples for comprehensive analysis will be given.
Harald Pasch, Muhammad Imran Malik
4. Field-Flow Fractionation
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography separates polyolefins according to hydrodynamic size in solution and it is assumed that one hydrodynamic size corresponds strictly to one molar mass. This, however, is not always the case as has been shown, e.g. for high molar mass branched polymers. For such materials, co-elution of linear and branched molecules having different molar masses has been observed. On the other hand, samples with very high molar masses cause problems in SEC because the largest molecules are frequently shear degraded by the pores and frits of the columns, resulting in molar masses that are lower compared to those of the injected sample. Most of the above problems can be avoided when channel-based fractionation methods are used. This chapter presents some latest results on polyolefin analysis by field-flow fractionation. The fundamentals of the technique are discussed and a number of experimental approaches are given.
Harald Pasch, Muhammad Imran Malik
5. Conclusions and Future Trends
Abstract
Polyolefins are one of the most important synthetic polymeric materials in all spheres of human activities ranging from packaging and construction to computer science and medicine. Of all synthetic polymers produced today, they account for more than 50 %. Based on this fact, novel technologies for polyolefin manufacturing and novel techniques for the analysis of polyolefins are developed. This chapter presents some outlook and future trends in the development of polyolefin characterization techniques.
Harald Pasch, Muhammad Imran Malik
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Advanced Separation Techniques for Polyolefins
Authors
Harald Pasch
Muhammad Imran Malik
Copyright Year
2014
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-08632-3
Print ISBN
978-3-319-08631-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08632-3

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