Introduction
New Questions for Copper Age Iberia
Valencina de la Concepción
Site | Number of 14C measurements |
---|---|
Valencina | 170 (113 + 57) |
Camino de las Yeseras | 46 |
Zambujal | 42 |
Leceia | 38 |
Perdigões | 36 |
Marroquíes Bajos | 35 |
Cabezo Juré | 28 |
Terrera Ventura | 26 |
Los Millares | 25 |
Almizaraque | 19 |
Porto Torrão | 14 |
La Pijotilla | 11 |
The Radiocarbon Dating Programme and Bayesian Approach at Valencina de la Concepción: A Multi-partner Collaborative Effort
Laboratory number | Context [Sample ID] | Material | δ13C (‰) | C:N | Radiocarbon age (BP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calle Ruiseñor | |||||
CNA-811 | Deposit found inside a ditch that was open during the second phase and in use through the third phase of occupation, in which it was finally abandoned. This deposit represents the final moment in the filling of the ditch [DJ07-51/016/171] | Unidentified charcoal | − 21.99 ± 0.82† | 4210 ± 35 | |
CNA-812 | Deposit corresponding to the hiatus identified between the second and third phases of the stratigraphic sequence [DJ07-51/025/067] | Unidentified charcoal | − 15.62 ± 0.66† | 4235 ± 35 | |
CNA-815 | Deposit found inside a silo that, once its filling had started, was re-used as a burial structure (one individual inhumation) [DJ07-51/061/173] | Unidentified charcoal | − 28.96 ± 0.72† | 4025 ± 35 | |
CNA-816 | Deposit found inside a hut belonging to the third phase of occupation. It corresponds to the final stage of its filling [DJ07-51/070/172] | Unidentified charcoal | − 9.48 ± 0.82† | 4375 ± 40 | |
CNA-817 | Deposit found inside a ditch that was cut in the second phase of occupation. It represents the beginning of the filling of the ditch [DJ07-51/091/225] | Unidentified charcoal | − 26.33 ± 0.60† | 4430 ± 30 | |
CNA-818 | Deposit found above the clay floor of a hut belonging to the first phase of occupation [DJ07-51/094/232] | Unidentified charcoal | − 23.86 ± 0.67† | 4365 ± 35 | |
Cerro de la Cabeza | |||||
CNA-1277 | Structure F1; 11 m deep, 1.1 m wide shaft; found in Unit 124 with marble cylinder idols, ceramics and copper object; female (18–25 years) [FFER18] | Human bone: sphenoid | − 22.27 ± 0.50† | 3.2 | 4082 ± 44 |
CNA-1278 | Ditch 1, northwest area grid C-3; − 0.65 m depth; abundant faunal remains and some human skulls commingled; female (18–25 years) [FFER19] | Human bone: parietal | − 14.76 ± 0.82† | 3.2 | 4250 ± 31 |
CNA-1279 | Ditch 2; grid 6; female (18–25 years) [FFER20] | Human bone: parietal | − 17.88 ± 0.54† | 3.2 | 4230 ± 37 |
Gif-4028 | In Shaft 1. Further description of the context is not available | Unidentified charcoal | Not measured | 3910 ± 110 | |
I-10187** | In Shaft 31. Further description of the context is not available | Unknown | 4050 ± 105 | ||
UGRA-72** | Unknown | Unknown | 3380 ± 150 | ||
El Algarrobillo | |||||
CNA-1267 | Structure 1, grid C-3; southeast sector in first level of human remains; adult male [ALG8] | Human bone: parietal | − 20.84 ± 0.86† | 3.2 | 4205 ± 42 |
CNA-1269 | Structure 1, grid C-7; southeast (PROF. 263); adult male [ALG10] | Human bone: parietal | − 21.34 ± 1.02† | 3.2 | 4016 ± 26 |
CNA-1270 | Structure 1, grid C-7; southeast (PROF. 263); adult male (26–35 years) [ALG11] | Human bone: occipital | − 22.30 ± 0.66† | 3.2 | 3992 ± 39 |
CNA-1271 | Structure 1, grid C-7; northeast; adult male (18–25 years) [ALG12] | Human bone: right temporal | − 24.57 ± 0.65† | 3.2 | 4240 ± 44 |
CNA-1272 | Structure 1, grid C-7; adult female (26–35 years) [ALG13] | Human bone: right zygomatic | − 19.27 ± 0.62† | 3.4 | 4129 ± 29 |
CNA-1273 | Structure 1, grid C-7; female (26–35 years) [ALG14] | Human bone: parietal | − 22.49 ± 1.13† | 3.4 | 3950 ± 25 |
CNA-1276 | Structure 1, grid C-3; adult 26–35 years [ALG17] | Human bone: occipital | − 23.04 ± 0.51† | 3.2 | 4239 ± 31 |
La Alcazaba | |||||
CNA-1260 | Inside Structure 19; MNI 7; date from disarticulated commingled remains of four adult individuals [ALC1] | Human bone: right humerus | − 21.91 ± 0.54† | 3.2 | 4297 ± 35 |
CNA-1261 | Same context as CNA-1260, adult [ALC2] | Human bone: right humerus | − 18.92 ± 1.00† | 3.2 | 4223 ± 32 |
CNA-1262 | Same context as CNA-1260, adult [ALC3] | Human bone: right humerus | − 22.32 ± 0.60† | 3.3 | 4252 ± 31 |
CNA-1263 | Same context as CNA-1260, adult [ALC4] | Human bone: right humerus | − 19.84 ± 0.81† | 3.2 | 4225 ± 28 |
La Cima | |||||
CNA-1265 | Structure C-6, level 9; articulated skeleton of a subadult (7–13 years) | Human bone: skull | − 18.01 ± 1.12† | 3.2 | 4204 ± 49 |
CNA-1266 | Structure C-6, level 9; articulated skeleton of a young adult female (18–25 years) | Human bone: left humerus | − 20.62 ± 0.53† | 3.2 | 4257 ± 48 |
La Gallega | |||||
CNA-1264 | Articulated female individual (> 45 years); negative circular Structure 10 and Passage 11 | Human bone: occipital | − 24.20 ± 1.05† | 3.2 | 3905 ± 35 |
La Pastora | |||||
CNA-1283 | Sample comes from a stratigraphic unit in the passage of the tomb (1991 excavation) [PAS93-24] | Human bone: adult first right metatarsal | − 22.39 ± 0.55† | 3.1 | 3929 ± 30 |
CNA-1284 | Corridor of the tomb; 40 m from the tomb chamber (1963 excavation) [PAS64-25] | Human bone: adult skull | − 17.72 ± 0.52† | 3.2 | 3999 ± 32 |
CNA-2504 | Perforated shell from a necklace [VA1304] from the 1991 excavation | Shell: limpet | − 1.45 ± 1.50† | 4280 ± 35 | |
CNA-234 | Petricola lithophaga shell from calcareous sandstone slab 6 from roof of the passage of the tomb | Shell: Petricola lithophaga | − 1.26 ± 0.23† | 4735 ± 40 | |
CNA-235 | Petricola lithophaga shell from calcareous sandstone slab 16 from roof of the passage of the tomb | Shell: Petricola lithophaga | − 6.84 ± 0.24† | 4835 ± 35 | |
CNA-236 | Petricola lithophaga shell from calcareous sandstone slab 6 from roof of the passage of the tomb | Shell: Petricola lithophaga | − 3.65 ± 0.25† | 4520 ± 35 | |
Avenida de Andalucía Nº 9 | |||||
UBAR-907 | Negative Structure CUE 39, Unit 156 [06/44/156], from a circular bell-shaped feature 2 m in depth which contained an assemblage of bone spindles and awls, arrowheads, ceramic crescents, faunal remains, and a cylindrical betyl | Animal bone | − 20.4 | 4095 ± 40 | |
UBAR-1024 | Ditch 3, Unit 41 [06/44/41], from a concentration of charred material, gastropods, and copper slag from a depth of 1.8 m (the lowest excavated part of the ditch, the base of which was not reached) | Unidentified charcoal | − 31.7 ± 1.2*† | 3780 ± 60 | |
PP-Matarrubilla | |||||
Ua-19474 | MR 2 Cover level of the ditch. Last smelting rubbish dump | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 24.9 | 4045 ± 50 | |
Ua-19475 | MR 2 Base level of the ditch. First smelting rubbish dump | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 24.4 | 4150 ± 50 | |
Ua-22813 | Charcoal fragment from within copper slag, NV 18 Furnace | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 23.4 | 4050 ± 45 | |
Ua-24557 | NV 99 Furnace. Interior of a furnace’s slag | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 25.3 | 4135 ± 45 | |
Ua-24558 | Charcoal fragment from within copper slag, Furnace 540 NV smelting quarter | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 22.9 | 3995 ± 75 | |
Ua-32042 | Charcoal fragment from within copper slag, Furnace 182 NV smelting quarter | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 26.0 | 4105 ± 40 | |
Ua-32043 | Charcoal fragment from within copper slag, NV 104 Furnace. | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 24.3 | 3620 ± 55 | |
Ua-32885 | Charcoal fragment from within copper slag, IES 14 Furnace. | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 25.4 | 4120 ± 40 | |
Ua-36022 | Installation NV 77 smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 18.7 | 4235 ± 35 | |
Ua-36023 | Furnace 104 NV smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 18.3 | 3660 ± 55 | |
Ua-36024 | Furnace 125 NV smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 19.7 | 3985 ± 30 | |
Ua-36025 | Charcoal fragment from within copper slag, Furnace 171 NV smelting quarter | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 19.0 | 4295 ± 55 | |
Ua-36026 | Installation NV 188 smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 20.4 | 3965 ± 35 | |
Ua-36027 | Furnace 500 NV smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 19.9 | 4030 ± 50 | |
Ua-36028 | Furnace 505NV smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 12.7 | 4105 ± 40 | |
Ua-36029 | Charcoal fragment within copper slag from Installation NV506 smelting quarter | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | − 16.7 | 4180 ± 35 | |
Ua-36030 | Furnace 508 NV smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 17.9 | 4040 ± 35 | |
Ua-36031 | Furnace 513 NV smelting quarter | Animal bone: Ovis aries/Capra hircus | − 15.7 | 4010 ± 35 | |
Parcela Municipal | |||||
CNA-1098 | Lower level of circular pit number 105 that also contained articulated animal bone [105/412/29] | Unidentified charcoal | − 25.99 ± 0.39† | 4270 ± 25 | |
CNA-1099 | Upper part of the infill of ditch 206 [206/401/32] | Unidentified charcoal | − 25.94 ± 0.40† | 4135 ± 35 | |
CNA-1100 | Lowest stratigraphic unit of feature 54 [54/248/50] | Unidentified charcoal | − 26.69 ± 0.47† | 4225 ± 45 | |
CNA-1101 | Fill of a circular pit, feature 91, that cut upper fill of feature 54 [91/86/29] | Unidentified charcoal | − 26.22 ± 0.32† | 4100 ± 50 | |
CNA-1496 | Infill associated with a concentration of sun-dried mud (358) on top of the western most ditch 186 [186/187/50] | Animal bone | − 19.84 ± 0.88† | 3978 ± 46 | |
CNA-1497 | Lowest stratigraphic unit of feature 54 [54/243/44] | Unidentified charcoal | − 29.05 ± 1.46† | 4149 ± 31 | |
CNA-1499 | Inhumation within structure 435 [435/ROH437] | Human bone | − 19.64 ± 1.13† | 3967 ± 30 |
Laboratory Number | Context [Sample ID] | Material | δ13C (‰) | δ15N (‰) | C:N | Radiocarbon age (BP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
La Huera | ||||||
OxA-30331 | Individual 109, context 2229, was part of an assemblage of disarticulated human remains in the central chamber of an artificial cave. The excavator suggests that bodies were brought to the site while still fleshed and then disturbed by later burials. This deposit was possibly closed by the collapse of the chamber roof. The sample is stratigraphically earlier than the disarticulated individuals in deposit 2227, but not stratigraphically related to deposit 2236. Eleven right femurs were found in context 2229 (Individuals 20, 39, 71, 75, 76, 109, 136, 150, 152, 174 and 204). Sex and age: not available (n/a) [2229.109] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 18.5 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4508 ± 30 |
SUERC-53943 | Individual 150, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.150] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.8 ± 0.2 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4553 ± 31 |
SUERC-53938 | Individual 75, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.75] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.6 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4397 ± 29 |
OxA-30334 | Individual 3, context 2236, was found in an assemblage of disarticulated human remains in the central chamber of an artificial cave. The excavator suggests that bodies were brought to the site while still fleshed and then disturbed by later burials. This deposit was closed by the collapse of the chamber roof. The sample is stratigraphically earlier than the disarticulated individuals in deposit 2227, but not stratigraphically related to deposit 2229. Three right femurs were found in context 2236 (individuals 1, 3 and 6). Sex and age: n/a [2236.3] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.3 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4429 ± 29 |
SUERC-53944 | Individual 6, context 2236. See context description for OxA-30334 for details Sex and age: n/a [2236.6] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4390 ± 31 |
SUERC-47677 | Inhumation 2201 was fully articulated, and placed in a pit dug into the final fill of the La Huera artificial cave and therefore post-dating the last use of the feature as a burial chamber and the semi-articulated burial 2207. Age 17–22 years. Undetermined sex [2201] | Human bone: articulated left femur | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4259 ± 33 |
OxA-28234 | Inhumation 2207 was partially articulated, and was placed in the central chamber of the artificial cave, after the roof had collapsed and the space for burial had become restricted. The burial pre-dates the closing of the chamber and occurred before burial 2201, but it is stratigraphically later than two fully articulating burials within the chamber of the artificial cave (2209 and 2228). ?Female. 12–15 years [2207] | Human bone: articulated left humerus | − 18.5 ± 0.2 | 15.1 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4416 ± 31 |
SUERC-47678 | Inhumation 2209 was placed in the central chamber of the artificial cave, after the roof had collapsed and the space for burial had become restricted. The burial therefore pre-dates the closing of the chamber and is stratigraphically earlier than Individual 2207. The burial, along with 2228, is later than the partial collapse of the chamber roof. Adult.?Female. Less than 25 years [2209] | Human bone: articulated right femur | − 19.5 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4361 ± 31 |
OxA-28235 | Individual 3, context 2227, was found in an assemblage of disarticulated remains in the central chamber of an artificial cave. The excavator suggests that bodies were brought to the site while still fleshed and then disturbed by later burials. This deposit was closed by the collapse of the chamber roof. The sample is stratigraphically earlier than articulated individuals 2209 and 2228 and later than the disarticulated remains in deposits 2229 and 2236. Sex and age: n/a [2227.3a] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 18.1 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4509 ± 30 |
SUERC-47679 | Replicate of OxA-28235 [2227.3b] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4354 ± 33 |
Mean 2227.3 | T′(14C) = 12.1; T′(δ13C) = 15.1; T′(δ15N) = 5.6; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 18.7 ± 0.14 | 9.4 ± 0.21 | 4440 ± 23 | ||
SUERC-60397 | Inhumation 2228 was placed in the central chamber of the artificial cave, after the roof had collapsed and the space for burial had become restricted. The burial therefore pre-dates the closing of the chamber and is stratigraphically earlier than individual 2207. The burial, along with 2209, is later than the partial collapse of the chamber roof. Adult female. Less than 30 years [2228 sample 9a] | Human bone: articulated right femur | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4319 ± 31 |
OxA-32263 | Replicate of SUERC-60397 [2228 sample 9b] | Human bone: articulated right femur | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4380 ± 40 |
Mean 2228 sample 9 | T′(14C) = 1.5; T′(δ13C) = 0.5; T′(δ15N) = 0.9; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.0 ± 0.14 | 9.1 ± 0.21 | 4342 ± 25 | ||
OxA-30333 | Individual 136, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.136A] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4429 ± 29 |
SUERC-53942 | Replicate of OxA-30333 [2229.136B] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.5 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4374 ± 29 |
Mean 2229.136 | T′(14C) = 1.8; T′(δ13C) = 2.0; T′(δ15N) = 0.5; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.3 ± 0.14 | 9.1 ± 0.21 | 4402 ± 21 | ||
OxA-28238 | Individual 152, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.152] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4493 ± 29 |
OxA-30330 | Individual 20, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.20] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.3 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4445 ± 29 |
OxA-28236 | Individual 39, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.39] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 18.5 ± 0.2 | 11.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4493 ± 29 |
OxA-28237 | Replicate of OxA-28236 [2229.39] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 18.8 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4469 ± 30 |
Mean 2229.39 | T′(14C) = 0.3; T′(δ13C) = 1.1; T′(δ15N) = 37.6; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 18.7 ± 0.14 | 9.7 ± 0.21 | 4481 ± 21 | ||
OxA-30332 | Individual 71, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.71A] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4492 ± 28 |
SUERC-53937 | Replicate of OxA-30332 [2229.71B] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.6 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4437 ± 29 |
Mean 2229.71 | T′(14C) = 1.9; T′(δ13C) = 2.0; T′(δ15N) = 0.5; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.4 ± 0.14 | 8.6 ± 0.21 | 4466 ± 21 | ||
SUERC-47681 | Individual 76, context 2229. See context description for OxA-30331 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2229.76] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4373 ± 33 |
SUERC-47680 | Individual 1, context 2236. See context description for OxA-30334 for details. Sex and age: n/a [2236.1a] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.4 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4374 ± 33 |
OxA-28323 | Replicate of SUERC-47680 [2236.1b] | Human bone: disarticulated right femur | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4364 ± 29 |
Mean 2236.1 | T′(14C) = 0.1; T′(δ13C) = 0.5; T′(δ15N) = 0.1; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.3 ± 0.14 | 9.3 ± 0.21 | 4368 ± 22 | ||
Calle Dinamarca Nos 3–5 | ||||||
OxA-32306 | Structure 28, Individual 1. Articulating inhumation from layer 13 within the southern niche of the rock-cut structure. The layer is overlain by layers 1 and 12, and underlain by layers 32 and 53. Sex and age: n/a [28 sample 4 (sample 8a)] | Human bone: right tibia | − 18.6 ± 0.2 | 10.0 ± 0.3 | 3.4 | 4423 ± 31 |
SUERC-60398 | Replicate of OxA-32306 [28 sample 4 (sample 8b)] | Human bone: right tibia | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4470 ± 31 |
OxA-30336 | Same individual as OxA-32306 [28.13.1] | Human bone: indeterminate femur | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4429 ± 29 |
Mean 28.13 Ind. 1 | T′(14C) = 1.4; T′(δ13C) = 4.5; T′(δ15N) = 5.9; T′(5%) = 6.0; ν = 2 | − 18.9 ± 0.12 | 9.6 ± 0.17 | 4440 ± 18 | ||
SUERC-53946 | Structure 28, Individual 13. Articulating inhumation from layer 32 within a secondary niche beneath the southern niche. This layer is overlain by layers 1 and 13. Sex and age: n/a [28.32.13] | Human bone: left femur | − 19.8 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4388 ± 31 |
OxA-30339 | Structure 28, Individual 4. Articulating inhumation from layer 32 within a secondary niche beneath the southern niche. This layer is overlain by layers 1 and 13. Sex and age: n/a [28.32.4A] | Human bone: left femur | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4449 ± 29 |
SUERC-53948 | Replicate of OxA-30339 [28.32.4B] | Human bone: left femur | − 19.4 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4450 ± 31 |
Mean 28.32.4 | T′(14C) = 0.0; T′(δ13C) = 2.0; T′(δ15N) = 0.9; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.2 ± 0.14 | 9.7 ± 0.21 | 4449 ± 22 | ||
SUERC-47669 | Feature 5, semi-articulated inhumation in the lower layer (31) of a small niche off to the southwest of the main chamber. It is thought the remains were initially placed soon after death in the main chamber and moved to the niche after much of the flesh had decomposed. Sex and age: n/a [5.31.101a] | Human bone: indeterminate humerus | − 19.4 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 3.5 | 4367 ± 33 |
OxA-28241 | Replicate of SUERC-47669 [5.31.101b] | Human bone: indeterminate humerus | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4486 ± 29 |
Mean 5.31.101 | T′(14C) = 7.3; T′(δ13C) = 3.1; T′(δ15N) = 2.7; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.2 ± 0.14 | 8.6 ± 0.21 | 4367 ± 33 | ||
SUERC-47670 | Feature 5, semi-articulated inhumation in the lower layer (31) of a small niche off to the southwest of the main chamber. It is thought the remains were initially placed soon after death in the main chamber and moved to the niche after much of the flesh had decomposed. Sex and age: n/a [5.31.105] | Human bone: indeterminate ulna | − 19.7 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4347 ± 29 |
OxA-30337 | Feature 5, semi-articulated inhumation in the lower layer (31) of a small niche off to the southwest of the main chamber. It is thought the remains were initially placed soon after death in the main chamber and moved to the niche after much of the flesh had decomposed. Sex and age: n/a [5.31.25] | Human bone: indeterminate humerus | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4440 ± 29 |
SUERC-60399 | Replicate of OxA-30337 [5.31.25] | Human bone: indeterminate humerus | − 19.3 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4390 ± 29 |
Mean 5.31.25 | T′(14C) = 1.5; T′(δ13C) = 0.5; T′(δ15N) = 0.0; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.2 ± 0.14 | 8.4 ± 0.21 | 4415 ± 21 | ||
SUERC-47667 | Feature 5, fully articulating Individual 1 at the base of layer 60, within the central chamber. Individual 1 is in the same layer as Individuals 2 and 29, but stratigraphically earlier than Individual 3. Female, adult [5.60.1] | Human bone: left femur | − 19.6 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4169 ± 33 |
OxA-32307 | Same individual as SUERC-47667 [5.60.1 tooth] | Human tooth: upper second incisor | − 18.7 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4306 ± 29 |
Mean 5.60.1 | T′(14C) = 9.7; T′(δ13C) = 10.1; T′(δ15N) = 0.2; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.2 ± 0.14 | 8.8 ± 0.21 | 4247 ± 22 | ||
SUERC-47668 | Feature 5, fully articulating Individual 2 at the base of layer 60, within the central chamber. Individual 2 is in the same layer as Individuals 1 and 29, but stratigraphically earlier than Individual 3. Male, adult [5.60.2] | Human bone: left femur | − 19.3 ± 0.2 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 3.4 | 4257 ± 31 |
OxA-X-2633-40 | Same individual as SUERC-47668 [5.60.2 tooth] | Human tooth: upper left second molar | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4359 ± 32 |
Mean 5.60.2 | T′(14C) = 5.2; T′(δ13C) = 0.5; T′(δ15N) = 2.7; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.2 ± 0.14 | 8.6 ± 0.21 | 4307 ± 23 | ||
OxA-30335 | Feature 5, semi-articulating Individual 29 at the base of layer 60, within the central chamber. Individual 29 is in the same layer as Individuals 1 and 2, but stratigraphically earlier than Individual 3. Sex and age: n/a [5.60.29] | Human bone: right humerus | − 18.4 ± 0.2 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4355 ± 30 |
OxA-28239 | Feature 5, semi-articulating Individual 3 in layer 60, within the central chamber. Individual 3 is stratigraphically later than Individuals 1, 2, and 29, but earlier than Individual 5. Sex and age: n/a [5.60.3] | Human bone: left femur | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4269 ± 28 |
OxA-28240 | Feature 5, semi-articulating Individual 5 at the top of layer 60, within the central chamber. Individual 5 is stratigraphically later than Individual 3. Sex and age: n/a [5.60.5] | Human bone: left femur | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4221 ± 30 |
OxA-30338 | Structure 5, disarticulated human remains from within layer 60, within the central chamber of the rock-cut pit. The sample represents a different individual than samples 5.60.c6 and 5.60.c7B. Sex and age: n/a [5.60.c14] | Human bone: left femur | − 18.5 ± 0.2 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4307 ± 29 |
SUERC-53945 | Structure 5, disarticulated human remains from within layer 60, within the central chamber of the rock-cut pit. The sample represents a different individual than samples 5.60.c7B and 5.60.c14. Sex and age: n/a [5.60.c6] | Human bone: indeterminate tibia | − 19.4 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4324 ± 31 |
SUERC-53947 | Structure 5, disarticulated human remains from within layer 60, within the central chamber of the rock-cut pit. The sample represents a different individual than samples 5.60.c6 and 5.60.c14. Sex and age: n/a [5.60.c7B] | Human bone: indeterminate humerus | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4203 ± 31 |
Calle Mariana de Pineda s/n | ||||||
Sac-2216* | Structure 30 | Human bone | –19.0† | 3840 ± 60 | ||
OxA-30340 | Structure 30, articulating Individual 6E from the fill of Unit 135. This funerary structure overlies ditch Structure 1. There is an MNI of 14 from the funerary deposit, including a number of articulating and semi-articulating human elements. Sex and age: n/a [30.135.6E.A] | Human bone: right femur | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4019 ± 28 |
SUERC-60400 | Structure 30, articulated Individual 16C. The context is the same as OxA-30340. Sex and age: n/a [30.16C] | Human tooth: lower right first molar | − 19.6 ± 0.2 | 8.5 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4026 ± 30 |
OxA-32305 | Structure 30, articulated Individual B61. The context is the same as OxA-30340. Sex and age: n/a [30.B61] | Human tooth: lower left molar (probably third) | − 18.5 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4073 ± 29 |
Sac-2214* | Structure 1, ditch | Animal bone: disarticulated | –19.6† | 3870 ± 90 | ||
SUERC-53952 | Structure 1 (ditch), basal deposit (Unit 139). While not found with articulating elements, the condition of bone surface at the epiphysis is very good. Given the highly porous area of the bone, with only a thin cortex/covering that would have degraded rapidly if it entered the ground unprotected by its epiphyseal plate, the bone probably entered the deposit in a semi-fleshed state [1.139.cow] | Animal bone: cattle phalanx | − 19.5 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4008 ± 31 |
Calle Trabajadores Nos 14–18 | ||||||
SUERC-47671 | Individual 10 from the uppermost deposit (Unit 2) in a negative feature (Structure 1). Unit 2 contained both disarticulated human remains and two articulated individuals, as well as some animal bones, and overlaid Units 119 and 120. Adult, sex indeterminate [1.10] | Human bone: radius | − 19.4 ± 0.2 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3957 ± 32 |
SUERC-53955 | Disarticulated animal bone from lower deposit (Unit 120) of Structure 1. Unit 120 directly underlies the uppermost Unit 2 [1.120.sheep2] | Animal bone: sheep/goat; left metacarpal | − 19.7 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3956 ± 31 |
OxA-30342 | Disarticulated human remains from the same context as SUERC-47671. It comes from the same cluster of human bone as two other axis vertebrae (1.2.axis2 and 1.2.axis3) and a human skull. Juvenile, sex indeterminate [1.2.axis1] | Human bone: axis | − 18.8 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3925 ± 29 |
SUERC-60391 | Replicate of OxA-30342 [1.2.axis1 replicate] | Human bone: axis | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3922 ± 32 |
Mean 1.2.axis1 | T′(14C) = 0.0; T′(δ13C) = 0.5; T′(δ15N) = 0.0; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 18.9 ± 0.14 | 8.4 ± 0.21 | 3924 ± 22 | ||
OxA-30341 | Disarticulated human remains from the same context as SUERC-47671. It comes from the same cluster of human bone as two other axis vertebrae (1.2.axis1 and 1.2.axis3) and a human skull. Juvenile, sex indeterminate [1.2.axis2A] | Human bone: axis | − 19.5 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3939 ± 29 |
SUERC-53954 | Replicate of OxA-30341 [1.2.axis2B] | Human bone: axis | − 19.3 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3915 ± 31 |
Mean 1.2.axis2 | T′(14C) = 0.3; T′(δ13C) = 0.5; T′(δ15N) = 1.4; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.4 ± 0.14 | 9.3 ± 0.21 | 3928 ± 22 | ||
SUERC-53953 | Disarticulated human remains from the same context as SUERC-47671. It comes from the same cluster of human bone as two other axis vertebrae (1.2.axis1 and 1.2.axis2) and a human skull. Adult, sex indeterminate [1.2.axis3] | Human bone: axis | − 19.4 ± 0.2 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3955 ± 31 |
OxA-28242 | Individual 5 from the uppermost deposit (Unit 2) in an artificial cave (Feature 1). Unit 2 contained both disarticulated human remains and two articulated individuals, as well as some animal bones, and overlaid Units 119 and 120. Child (aged 6–12 years), sex indeterminate [1.5] | Human bone: tibia | − 20.2 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3904 ± 29 |
SUERC-47672 | Pig ulna found to refit with its corresponding radius during faunal analysis, comes from the uppermost deposit (Unit 2) in a negative feature (Structure 1), which overlay Units 119 and 120 [1.pig ulna] | Animal bone: pig; ulna | − 20.1 ± 0.2 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3966 ± 32 |
OxA-28243 | Disarticulated skull (child, aged 9–15 years) from one of a number of skulls that were placed along the edge of the negative feature (Structure 1). It was one of a number of skulls from this layer (Unit 2) and was accompanied by both disarticulated human remains and two articulated individuals [1.G] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.4 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3940 ± 31 |
OxA-28244 | Disarticulated juvenile or young adult skull from one of a number of skulls that were placed along the edge of the negative feature (Structure 1). It was one of a number of skulls from this layer (Unit 2) and was accompanied by both disarticulated human remains and two articulated individuals [1.L] | Human bone: cranium | − 20.4 ± 0.2 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3967 ± 29 |
SUERC-53957 | Structure 136, Unit 135. A cranium was the only human bone recovered from the pit and was possibly a formally placed deposit. Sex and age: n/a [136.135.cranium (B)] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4130 ± 31 |
OxA-30380 | Structure 136, Unit 135. Sample was taken to investigate whether the mortuary practice of single skull burial potentially involves curated skulls [136.135.pig1] | Animal bone: pig | − 19.7 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3965 ± 29 |
SUERC-53956 | Structure 77, Unit 146. Virtually complete (minus mandible) human skull from the uppermost stratigraphic deposit. The structure is c. 50 m from Structures 1 and 90. The skull has been interpreted as a possible closing/formally placed deposit. Sex and age: n/a [77.146.cranium] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3878 ± 31 |
OxA-30343 | Structure 77, Unit 146. Sample of disarticulating sheep/goat radius from the same unit as a virtually intact single human skull (77.146.cranium). [77.146.sheep1] | Animal bone: sheep/goat; right radius | − 19.6 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3992 ± 29 |
SUERC-60396 | Replicate of OxA-30343 [77.146.sheep1 replicate] | Animal bone: sheep/goat; right radius | − 19.5 ± 0.2 | 7.8 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4005 ± 29 |
Mean 77.146.sheep1 | T′(14C) = 0.9; T′(δ13C) = 0.1; T′(δ15N) = 0.9; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.6 ± 0.14 | 7.6 ± 0.21 | 3999 ± 21 | ||
SUERC-53958 | Structure 90, Unit 155. This middle stratigraphic unit contained fragments of a human skull and two articulating sheep/goat vertebrae [90.155.animal (B)] | Animal bone: sheep/goat cervical vertebra | − 19.3 ± 0.2 | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3884 ± 31 |
OxA-30379 | Structure 90, Unit 155. Same context as SUERC-53958. Sex and age: n/a [90.155.human] | Human bone: cranium | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3907 ± 30 |
OxA-30400 | Replicate of OxA-30379 | Human bone: cranium | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 3889 ± 28 |
SUERC-60395 | Replicate of OxA-30379 | Human bone: cranium | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 3897 ± 33 |
Mean 90.155.human | T′(14C) = 0.2; T′(δ13C) = 0.2; T′(δ15N) = 0.2; T′(5%) = 6.0; ν = 2 | − 18.9 ± 0.12 | 9.5 ± 0.17 | 3897 ± 18 | ||
IES | ||||||
OxA-28286 | Individual 14/728 is from the uppermost deposit in a small circular rock-cut feature that contained human remains. Most of the remains appear to be disarticulated and most were compressed so the anatomical connections could only be identified once excavated, but the torso of this individual was fully articulating. The MNI of the deposit is 10, based on the number of skulls present. Sex and age: n/a [64.1] | Human bone: left humerus | − 19.9 ± 0.2 | 8.3 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4201 ± 25 |
OxA-28285 | Feature 402/403 (also known as the ‘ivory workshop’). The ivory was found concentrated in the northern sector of the feature, within an area c. 30 cm in diameter. The fragments possibly represent one episode of ivory working, though it is not known if all the fragments come from the same tusk. The feature also contained copper tools thought to be used for working ivory [402/403] | Ivory fragments | − 21.3 ± 0.2 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4072 ± 27 |
OxA-30382 | Same context as OxA-28285 [402/403.b] | Ivory fragments | − 20.2 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4131 ± 30 |
Mean 402/403 | T′(14C) = 2.1; T′(δ13C) = 15.1; T′(δ15N) = 10.9; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 20.8 ± 0.14 | 8.3 ± 0.21 | 4099 ± 21 | ||
OxA-32308 | Individual 4, block 12, which was the uppermost deposit in a small circular rock-cut feature that contained human remains. Most of the remains appear to be disarticulated and most were compressed, so the anatomical connections could only be identified once excavated. Sex and age: n/a [64.12.4] | Human tooth: upper left first molar | − 19.9 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4208 ± 29 |
SUERC-53962 | Structure 64, Block 12. Human skull from amongst remains that appeared to be disarticulated, with most compressed so the anatomical connections could only be identified once blocks of soils were lifted out of the feature and excavated. Sex and age: n/a [64.12.cranium] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.9 ± 0.2 | 8.1 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4114 ± 31 |
OxA-32309 | Structure 64, Individual 10, block 13, which was the uppermost deposit in a small circular rock-cut feature that contained human remains. Most of the remains appear to be disarticulated and most were compressed so the anatomical connections could only be identified once excavated. Sex and age: n/a [64.13.10] | Human tooth: upper left second premolar | − 18.6 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4269 ± 31 |
OxA-30381 | Structure 64, Block 13. Human skull from amongst remains that appeared to be disarticulated, with most compressed so the anatomical connections could only be identified once blocks of soils were lifted out of the feature and excavated. Sex and age: n/a [64.13A.cranium] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4214 ± 30 |
SUERC-53963 | Replicate of OxA-30381 [64.13B.cranium] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.3 ± 0.2 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4094 ± 31 |
Mean 64.13.cranium | T′(14C) = 7.7; T′(δ13C) = 1.1; T′(δ15N) = 0.9; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.2 ± 0.14 | 9.2 ± 0.21 | 4157 ± 22 | ||
SUERC-53964 | Structure 64, Block 16. Human skull from amongst remains that appeared to be disarticulated, with most compressed so the anatomical connections could only be identified once blocks of soils were lifted out of the feature and excavated. Sex and age: n/a [64.16.cranium] | Human bone: cranium | − 20.3 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4278 ± 31 |
SUERC-47676 | Individual CR-6, which was the lowermost deposit in a small circular rock-cut feature that contained human remains. Most of the remains appear to be disarticulated and most were compressed so the anatomical connections could only be identified once excavated. The MNI of the deposit is 10, based on the number of skulls present. Sex and age: n/a [64.19.6a] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.5 ± 0.2 | 8.6 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4123 ± 33 |
OxA-28287 | Replicate of SUERC-47676 [64.19.6b] | Human bone: cranium | − 20.3 ± 0.2 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4177 ± 28 |
Mean 64.19.6 | T′(14C) = 1.6; T′(δ13C) = 8.0; T′(δ15N) = 5.6; T′(5%) = 3.8; ν = 1 | − 19.9 ± 0.14 | 9.1 ± 0.21 | 4155 ± 22 | ||
OxA-30383 | Structure 64, Block 19. Human skull from amongst remains that appeared to be disarticulated, with most compressed so the anatomical connections could only be identified once blocks of soils were lifted out of the feature and excavated. Sex and age: n/a [64.19.cranium] | Human bone: cranium | − 19.5 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 3.4 | 4164 ± 33 |
Ua-32886* | I.E.S. 34 smelting quarter | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | –24.4 | 4215 ± 40 | ||
Ua-32887* | I.E.S. 223 domestic area | Charcoal: Quercus ilex | –21.9 | 3265 ± 75 | ||
Montelirio tholos | ||||||
OxA-28245 | Inhumation 103 was a complete individual in the main chamber of the megalithic tomb. The burial is from part of a series of burials, all in anatomical position placed directly on top of each other. The anthropologist suggests that the burials were made in quick succession because the addition of a new burial did not disturb the earlier burials (there were no post-mortem fractures and all the skeletons were in anatomical connection). The burial is stratigraphically directly below 110 and above 111. The chamber in which the burial was placed was cut by a tunnel created in the Late Iron Age/Roman period, but this does not appear to have disturbed the burials. Female. Age 25–29 years [103] | Human bone: right femur | − 20.2 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4279 ± 29 |
OxA-32304 | Same individual as OxA-28245 [103.tooth.a (Sample 20A)] | Human tooth: lower right first molar | − 18.6 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 3.4 | 4179 ± 29 |
SUERC-60405 | Same individual as OxA-28245 [103.tooth.b] | Human tooth: upper left first molar | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4203 ± 28 |
Mean 103 | T′(14C) = 6.5; T′(δ13C) = 34.7; T′(δ15N) = 4.7; T′(5%) = 6.0; ν = 2 | − 19.3 ± 0.12 | 9.7 ± 0.17 | 4220 ± 17 | ||
OxA-32303 | Inhumation 105, in the same feature as OxA-28245. The burial is stratigraphically directly below 104 and above 115.?Female. Age 18–25 years [105.tooth (Sample 24)] | Human tooth: lower left second molar | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4164 ± 36 |
SUERC-47682 | Inhumation 110, in the same feature as OxA-28245. The burial is stratigraphically directly above Individual 103. Female. Age 22–24 years [110] | Human bone: left femur | − 19.0 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4129 ± 33 |
SUERC-47686 | Inhumation 116, in the same feature as OxA-28245. The burial is stratigraphically directly below 111 and above 115. Adult. Undetermined sex [116] | Human bone: right femur | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4168 ± 33 |
CNA-585* | Main chamber, Individual 102. Female. Age 25–34 years | Human bone: left radius | –20.6 ± 1.0† | 4250 ± 35 | ||
Ua-40803* | Replicate of CNA-585 | Human bone: left radius | – 20.4 | 4165 ± 30 | ||
CNA-586* | Same Individual as CNA-585 | Human tooth | – 20.31 ± 0.86† | 4140 ± 50 | ||
Mean Main Ind 102 | T′(14C) = 4.6; T′(5%) = 6.0; ν = 2 | 4191 ± 21 | ||||
CNA-587* | Main chamber, Individual 113. The burial is stratigraphically directly below 114. Female. Age 30–35 years | Human bone: right radius | – 21.74 ± 0.74† | 3950 ± 70 | ||
Ua-40804* | Replicate of CNA-587 | Human bone: right radius | – 22.6 | 3862 ± 30 | ||
OxA-32302 | Same individual as CNA-587 | Human tooth: upper right second molar | − 18.4 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.3 | 3.4 | 4145 ± 29 |
CNA-588* | Same individual as CNA-587 | Human tooth | – 21.38 ± 0.62† | 4060 ± 40 | ||
Mean Main Ind 113 | T′(14C) = 48.1; T′(5%) = 7.8; ν = 3 | |||||
OxA-32301 | Inhumation 343, in the same feature as OxA-28245. The body was covered in a shell-beaded garment and is not stratified with the sequence of burials from the tomb. Age 24–32 years. Female [343 (sample 30B)] | Human bone: right ulna | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4168 ± 30 |
CNA-589* | Main chamber, Unit 166. Discrete lens of ash and charcoal beneath individuals | Unidentified charcoal | – 22.70 ± 0.70 | 4400 ± 60 | ||
Ua-40805* | Main chamber, Unit 166. Discrete lens of ash and charcoal beneath individuals. Same sample as CNA-589 | Unidentified charcoal | – 25.5 | 4086 ± 35 | ||
OxA-30439 | Inhumation 229 was placed in the corridor of the megalithic tomb, west of a deposit of two ceramic vessels which have been interpreted as altars. The skeleton was placed in a very tightly crouched position. Male. Age 30–40 years [229.teeth] | Human tooth: lower right third molar | − 18.8 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 3.1 | 4125 ± 30 |
OxA-30385 | Inhumation 232 is from the corridor of the megalithic tomb, west of a deposit of two ceramic vessels which have been interpreted as altars. The skeleton was placed in a very slightly crouched position and only the legs, part of the torso and parts of the arms were preserved. Age 25–35 years. Undetermined sex [232.teeth] | Human teeth: upper right and lower right 1st incisors | − 18.9 ± 0.2 | 10.7 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4151 ± 30 |
OxA-X-2535-32 | Inhumation 273 is located in the corridor of the megalithic tomb. The burial was placed in a pit which is partly covered by a capstone from the corridor, suggesting it pre-dates the construction of the corridor. As the monument’s corridor was dug into a natural hill (rather than covered with a mound), the length of time between burial 273 taking place and the construction of the monument is unknown. This grave was not accompanied by grave goods, so there are no archaeological indications of its date.?Male. Age 35–55 years [273] | Human bone: right humerus | − 18.7 ± 0.2 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 5802 ± 34 |
OxA-32200 | Unit 76 is a discrete deposit of burnt botanical material, which took place in the corridor of the megalithic tomb, near Individual 232 and the deposit of two ceramic vessels which have been interpreted as altars. [UE76] | Charcoal: unidentified roundwood twig; less than 4 growth rings | − 24.0 ± 0.2 | 2569 ± 29 | ||
Ua-40801* | Small chamber, Unit 80. Age 35–55. Undetermined sex | Human bone | – 19.9 | 4180 ± 30 | ||
Ua-40802* | Small chamber, Unit 88. Age 35–55. Undetermined sex | Human bone | – 21.4 | 4002 ± 31 | ||
PP4-Montelirio | ||||||
OxA-32299 | Articulated individual from the lowest level of Structure 71. The body is overlain by Individual 2. Young adult. Indeterminate sex [10.071 Individual 1] | Human tooth: upper right third molar | − 19.1 ± 0.2 | 11.7 ± 0.3 | 3.4 | 4222 ± 28 |
SUERC-60401 | Articulated individual from the lowest level of structure 71. The body overlies Individual 1. Young female adult. Age 17–25 years) [10.071 Individual 2] | Human tooth: lower left first molar | − 18.8 ± 0.2 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 3.2 | 4192 ± 27 |
OxA-32300 | Articulated individual from the uppermost layer in Structure 71. Young adult. Indeterminate sex [10.071 Individual 4] | Human tooth: upper left first molar | − 19.2 ± 0.2 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4147 ± 37 |
OxA-32370 | Disarticulated skull from the intermediate phase of use of Structure 71, below Individual 4. Mature adult. Indeterminate sex [10.071 Individual 6] | Human tooth: upper right first incisor | − 18.8 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 3.3 | 4277 ± 30 |
CNA-1291 | Unit 211; one of four individuals in main chamber (10.042) [PP4-2]. Adult. Undetermined sex | Human bone: left ulna | − 23.76 ± 0.66† | 3.5 | 4161 ± 34 | |
CNA-1303 | Unit 211; one of four individuals in main chamber (10.042) [PP4-4]. Aged 18–25 years. Undetermined sex | Human bone: left ulna | − 19.64 ± 1.36† | 3.2 | 4277 ± 31 | |
CNA-1300 | Structure 10.031, Unit 453; MNI 3, this is Individual 1; male 25–40 years [PP4-12] | Human bone: skull | − 23.04 ± 0.94† | 3.4 | 4094 ± 36 | |
CNA-1301 | Structure 10.031, Unit 453; MNI 3, this is Individual 2; female 18–25 years [PP4-13] | Human bone: skull | − 20.31 ± 1.54† | 3.1 | 4100 ± 68 | |
Erl-17927 | Ivory vessel, Stratigraphic Unit 664-1, lower level of Structure 10.049, grave good to the ‘ivory merchant’ (García Sanjuán et al. 2013a, p. 625) | Ivory | 2299 ± 68 | |||
Erl-17298 | Ivory sheath, Stratigraphic Unit 535, upper level of Structure 10.049 (García Sanjuán et al. 2013a, p. 625) | Ivory | 2439 ± 58 | |||
Erl-17299 | Ivory hilt, Stratigraphic Unit 535, upper level of Structure 10.049 (García Sanjuán et al. 2013a, p. 625) | Ivory | 3905 ± 74 | |||
Erl-17300 | Decorated ivory tusk, Stratigraphic Unit 535, upper level of Structure 10.049 (García Sanjuán et al. 2013a, p. 625) | Ivory | 1930 ± 57 | |||
Erl-17588 | Unworked ivory tusk, Stratigraphic Unit 664-1, lower level of Structure 10.049, grave good to the ‘ivory merchant’ (García Sanjuán et al. 2013a, p. 625) | Ivory | 2180 ± 55 |
Radiocarbon Dating and Chronological Modelling
Sectors Dated by the ToTL Project: Archaeological Description and Chronological Models
La Huera
Results and Models
Calle Dinamarca Nos 3–5
Results and Models
Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria (IES)
Results and Models
PP4-Montelirio Sector and Montelirio Tholos Tomb
PP4-Montelirio Structure 10.042–10.049
PP4-Montelirio Structure 10.071
PP4-Montelirio Structure 10.031
Results and Models
The Montelirio Tholos
Results and Models
Calle Mariana de Pineda s/n
Results and Models
Calle Trabajadores Nos 14–18
Results and Models
Other Dated Monuments and Features
Calle Ruiseñor No 20
El Algarrobillo
La Alcazaba
PP-Matarrubilla
La Gallega
La Cima
Avenida de Andalucía No 9
Cerro de la Cabeza
La Pastora
Parcela Municipal
A Sensitivity Analysis: The Possibility of Dietary Offsets
Assumptions for the FRUITS Dietary Modelling
Dietary Analysis of Human Remains
Laboratory number | Cereals | Terrestrial protein | Freshwater fish | Marine fish |
---|---|---|---|---|
La Huera | ||||
OxA-28234 | 52.4% ± 18.8% | 16.5% ± 13.6% | 26.2% ± 8.3% | 4.9% ± 4.0% |
SUERC-47677 | 78.6% ± 12.9% | 18.9% ± 12.8% | 1.3% ± 1.3% | 1.2% ± 1.2% |
SUERC-47678 | 85.3% ± 10.4% | 11.6% ± 9.9% | 1.7% ± 1.7% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
SUERC-60397 & OxA-32263 | 78.1% ± 13.1% | 19.6% ± 13.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% | 1.2% ± 1.2% |
OxA-28235 & SUERC-47679 | 72.5% ± 15.5% | 25.0% ± 15.4% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
OxA-28236–7 | 75.1% ± 14.2% | 22.3% ± 14.1% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.4% ± 1.3% |
OxA-28238 | 81.4% ± 12.1% | 15.6% ± 11.7% | 1.6% ± 1.6% | 1.4% ± 1.4% |
OxA-30330 | 78.8% ± 13.2% | 18.7% ± 13.1% | 1.3% ± 1.2% | 1.2% ± 1.2% |
OxA-30331 | 71.9% ± 15.5% | 24.9% ± 15.3% | 1.6% ± 1.6% | 1.7% ± 1.6% |
OxA-30332 & SUERC-53937 | 78.4% ± 13.1% | 19.5% ± 13.0% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.0% |
OxA-30333 & SUERC-53942 | 80.7% ± 12.6% | 17.1% ± 12.4% | 1.1% ± 1.1% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-30334 | 83.2% ± 10.8% | 14.3% ± 10.7% | 1.3% ± 1.3% | 1.2% ± 1.2% |
SUERC-47680 & OxA-28323 | 80.7% ± 13.8% | 16.9% ± 13.5% | 1.3% ± 1.3% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
SUERC-47681 | 80.6% ± 12.7% | 16.7% ± 12.5% | 1.3% ± 1.3% | 1.4% ± 1.3% |
SUERC-53938 | 84.4% ± 10.4% | 13.4% ± 10.3% | 1.1% ± 1.1% | 1.1% ± 1.0% |
SUERC-53943 | 88.1% ± 8.5% | 9.2% ± 8.2% | 1.5% ± 1.4% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
SUERC-53944 | 80.5% ± 12.7% | 16.9% ± 12.7% | 1.3% ± 1.3% | 1.3% ± 1.2% |
Calle Dinamarca Nos 3–5 | ||||
SUERC-47667 & OxA-32307 | 77.7% ± 15.0% | 20.2% ± 15.0% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
SUERC-47668 & OxA-X-2633-40 | 79.9% ± 12.6% | 18.0% ± 12.5% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-28239 | 76.4% ± 14.8% | 20.8% ± 14.6% | 1.4% ± 1.4% | 1.4% ± 1.4% |
OxA-28240 | 79.5% ± 12.5% | 17.5% ± 12.2% | 1.5% ± 1.5% | 1.4% ± 1.4% |
OxA-30335 | 73.7% ± 14.9% | 22.6% ± 14.6% | 1.9% ± 1.8% | 1.9% ± 1.8% |
OxA-30337 & SUERC-60399 | 76.0% ± 14.7% | 22.0% ± 14.5% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.0% ± 1.0% |
OxA-30338 | 74.6% ± 13.8% | 21.8% ± 13.7% | 1.8% ± 1.7% | 1.8% ± 1.7% |
OxA-30339 & SUERC-53948 | 84.0% ± 11.4% | 13.4% ± 11.3% | 1.3% ± 1.3% | 1.3% ± 1.2% |
OxA-32306, SUERC-60398 & OxA-30336 | 70.8% ± 7.1% | 26.6% ± 6.8% | 1.4% ± 1.2% | 1.2% ± 1.0% |
SUERC-47669 & OxA-28241 | 79.9% ± 12.6% | 18.0% ± 12.5% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
SUERC-47670 | 83.3% ± 11.7% | 14.7% ± 11.7% | 1.0% ± 0.9% | 1.0% ± 1.0% |
SUERC-53945 | 82.2% ± 12.2% | 15.4% ± 12.1% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
SUERC-53946 | 88.3% ± 8.3% | 9.3% ± 8.2% | 1.3% ± 1.4% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
SUERC-53947 | 80.2% ± 12.1% | 17.5% ± 12.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% | 1.2% ± 1.2% |
I.E.S. | ||||
OxA-28286 | 86.8% ± 9.6% | 11.2% ± 9.6% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.0% ± 0.9% |
OxA-30381 & SUERC-53963 | 81.9% ± 11.8% | 15.9% ± 11.6% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-32308 | 90.2% ± 6.6% | 7.0% ± 6.2% | 1.7% ± 1.7% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-32309 | 68.0% ± 18.5% | 29.3% ± 18.4% | 1.3% ± 1.2% | 1.4% ± 1.4% |
OxA-X-2586-22 | 85.9% ± 9.8% | 11.3% ± 9.5% | 1.6% ± 1.6% | 1.3% ± 1.2% |
SUERC-47676 & OxA-28287 | 88.0% ± 9.0% | 9.9% ± 8.7% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.0% ± 0.9% |
SUERC-53962 | 75.6% ± 12.9% | 22.6% ± 13.0% | 0.9% ± 0.9% | 0.9% ± 0.8% |
SUERC-53964 | 89.2% ± 8.5% | 8.8% ± 8.4% | 1.1% ± 1.1% | 0.9% ± 0.9% |
PP4-Montelirio | ||||
SUERC-60401 | 81.2% ± 11.7% | 15.8% ± 11.6% | 1.5% ± 1.4% | 1.6% ± 1.6% |
OxA-32370 | 74.8% ± 14.3% | 22.7% ± 14.2% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
OxA-32299 | 85.6% ± 8.8% | 9.5% ± 7.8% | 3.2% ± 2.9% | 1.8% ± 1.7% |
OxA-32300 | 80.8% ± 13.0% | 16.4% ± 12.7% | 1.5% ± 1.5% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
Montelirio tholos | ||||
OxA-32303 | 81.4% ± 12.1% | 15.6% ± 11.7% | 1.6% ± 1.6% | 1.4% ± 1.4% |
SUERC-47682 | 80.1% ± 13.3% | 17.0% ± 13.0% | 1.5% ± 1.5% | 1.4% ± 1.4% |
OxA-32301 | 80.1% ± 13.1% | 17.5% ± 13.1% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
OxA-28245, OxA-32304 & SUERC-60405 | 81.9% ± 12.4% | 15.7% ± 12.1% | 1.2% ± 1.3% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-32302 | 71.9% ± 15.3% | 24.2% ± 15.1% | 2.1% ± 2.1% | 1.9% ± 1.8% |
OxA-30439 | 76.0% ± 14.0% | 20.9% ± 13.9% | 1.6% ± 1.5% | 1.5% ± 1.5% |
OxA-X-2535-32 | 74.2% ± 14.8% | 22.9% ± 14.6% | 1.4% ± 1.4% | 1.5% ± 1.5% |
OxA-30385 | 83.2% ± 10.2% | 13.0% ± 9.7% | 2.1% ± 2.1% | 1.7% ± 1.6% |
SUERC-47686 | 81.4% ± 12.1% | 15.6% ± 11.7% | 1.6% ± 1.6% | 1.4% ± 1.4% |
Calle Mariana de Pineda | ||||
OxA-30340 | 68.7% ± 19.3% | 29.3% ± 19.3% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-32305 | 71.9% ± 15.5% | 24.9% ± 15.3% | 1.6% ± 1.6% | 1.7% ± 1.6% |
SUERC-60400 | 86.4% ± 9.6% | 11.3% ± 9.5% | 1.1% ± 1.1% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
Calle Trabajadores Nos 14–18 | ||||
OxA-30341 & SUERC-53954 | 84.3% ± 12.6% | 13.2% ± 11.2% | 1.4% ± 1.3% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-30342 & SUERC-60391 | 65.1% ± 15.3% | 32.8% ± 15.3% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.1% |
OxA-28242 | 88.5% ± 8.2% | 9.6% ± 8.0% | 1.0% ± 1.1% | 0.9% ± 0.9% |
OxA-28243 | 82.8% ± 11.6% | 14.7% ± 11.4% | 1.3% ± 1.3% | 1.2% ± 1.1% |
OxA-28244 | 91.5% ± 5.8% | 5.5% ± 5.2% | 2.1% ± 2.1% | 1.0% ± 0.9% |
SUERC-47671 | 85.2% ± 10.2% | 12.1% ± 10.0% | 1.4% ± 1.4% | 1.2% ± 1.2% |
SUERC-53953 | 76.2% ± 15.1% | 21.8% ± 15.0% | 1.0% ± 1.0% | 1.1% ± 1.0% |
OxA-30379, OxA-30400 & SUERC-60395 | 77.9% ± 13.2% | 19.8% ± 13.0% | 1.1% ± 1.2% | 1.2% ± 1.2% |
SUERC-53956 | 78.1% ± 14.3% | 19.4% ± 14.2% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.3% ± 1.2% |
SUERC-53957 | 77.0% ± 14.2% | 20.3% ± 14.0% | 1.4% ± 1.4% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
Site | Laboratory number | Cereals | Terrestrial protein | Freshwater fish | Marine fish |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calle Mariana de Pineda s/n* | Sac-2216 | 75.7% ± 14.8% | 21.8% ± 14.7% | 1.2% ± 1.2% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
Montelirio tholos* | CNA-585–6 & Ua-40803 | 78.9% ± 13.0% | 18.0% ± 12.8% | 1.6% ± 1.6% | 1.5% ± 1.4% |
Montelirio tholos* | Ua-40801* | ||||
Montelirio tholos* | Ua-40802* | ||||
PP4-Montelirio* | CNA-1291 | 80.6% ± 11.9% | 16.1% ± 11.6% | 1.8% ± 1.7% | 1.5% ± 1.5% |
PP4-Montelirio* | CNA-1300 | ||||
PP4-Montelirio* | CNA-1301 | ||||
PP4-Montelirio* | CNA-1303 | ||||
Cerro de la Cabeza** | CNA-1277 | 79.5% ± 12.5% | 17.4% ± 12.2% | 1.7% ± 1.5% | 1.3% ± 1.3% |
Cerro de la Cabeza** | CNA-1278 | ||||
Cerro de la Cabeza** | CNA-1279 | ||||
El Algarrobillo** | CNA-1267 | ||||
El Algarrobillo** | CNA-1269 | ||||
El Algarrobillo** | CNA-1270 | ||||
El Algarrobillo** | CNA-1271 | ||||
El Algarrobillo** | CNA-1272 | ||||
El Algarrobillo** | CNA-1273 | ||||
El Algarrobillo** | CNA-1276 | ||||
La Alcazaba** | CNA-1260 | ||||
La Alcazaba** | CNA-1261 | ||||
La Alcazaba** | CNA-1262 | ||||
La Alcazaba** | CNA-1263 | ||||
La Cima** | CNA-1265 | ||||
La Cima** | CNA-1266 | ||||
La Gallega** | CNA-1264 | ||||
La Pastora** | CNA-1283 | ||||
La Pastora** | CNA-1284 | ||||
Parcela Municipal** | CNA-1499 |
Mixed-Source Radiocarbon Calibration and Chronological Modelling
Parameter | Terrestrial calibration | Mixed-source calibration | Difference between medians | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highest Posterior Density interval
|
Highest Posterior Density interval
| ||||
95% probability
|
68% probability
|
95% probability
|
68% probability
| ||
La Huera (cf. Fig. 4) | |||||
start: La Huera |
3285–3100 cal BC
|
3190–3115 cal BC
| 3275–3090 cal BC (91%) or 3085–3040 cal BC (4%) |
3180–3105 cal BC
| 14 |
collapse: La Huera
|
3020–2925 cal BC
|
3010–2960 cal BC
|
3010–2905 cal BC
| 3000–2990 cal BC (4%) or 2965–2910 cal BC (64%) | 42 |
end: La Huera main use
|
3000–2900 cal BC
|
2975–2920 cal BC
|
2995–2840 cal BC
|
2935–2875 cal BC
| 50 |
SUERC-47677: 2201
| 2920–2860 cal BC (88%) or 2805–2760 cal BC (7%) |
2905–2875 cal BC
| 2915–2850 cal BC (58%) or 2815–2745 cal BC (33%) or 2725–2700 cal BC (4%) | 2905–2865 cal BC (49%) or 2805–2775 cal BC (19%) | 13 |
Calle Dinamarca Nos 3–5 (cf. Fig. 9) | |||||
start: Structure 5 (Calle Dinamarca)
|
3020–2920 cal BC
|
2970–2925 cal BC
|
3010–2915 cal BC
|
2960–2920 cal BC
| 7 |
end: Structure 5 (Calle Dinamarca)
|
2900–2840 cal BC
|
2890–2860 cal BC
|
2895–2830 cal BC
|
2885–2855 cal BC
| 4 |
start: Structure 28 (Calle Dinamarca)
|
3545–3020 cal BC
|
3155–3030 cal BC
|
3500–2955 cal BC
|
3140–3030 cal BC
| 9 |
end: Structure 28 (Calle Dinamarca)
| 3260–3230 cal BC (1%) or 3100–2660 cal BC (94%) |
3070–2965 cal BC
|
3095–2675 cal BC
|
3075–2950 cal BC
| 11 |
IES (cf. Fig. 12) | |||||
start: Structure 64 (IES)
| 3010–2875 cal BC (94%) or 2820–2795 cal BC (1%) |
2935–2890 cal BC
|
2990–2775 cal BC
|
2940–2880 cal BC
| 8 |
end: Structure 64 (IES)
| 2870–2830 cal BC (6%) or 2810–2630 cal BC (89%) | 2805–2730 cal BC (59%) or 2715–2690 cal BC (9%) | 2860–2825 cal BC (4%) or 2815–2620 cal BC (91%) | 2805–2730 cal BC (55%) or 2720–2690 cal BC (13%) | 4 |
PP4-Montelirio (cf. Fig. 19) | |||||
start: Structure 10.031(PP4-Montelirio)
| 4390–4190 cal BC (3%) or 3795–2570 cal BC (92%) |
3015–2590 cal BC
| 4395–4195 cal BC (3%) or 3785–2495 cal BC (92%) |
3005–2575 cal BC
| 30 |
end: Structure 10.031(PP4-Montelirio)
| 2855–1580 cal BC (92%) or 1195–1010 cal BC (3%) | 2830–2790 cal BC (3%) or 2745–2320 cal BC (65%) | 2845–1560 cal BC (92%) or 1190–1000 cal BC (3%) | 2825–2805 cal BC (1%) or 2690–2260 cal BC (67%) | 31 |
start: Structure 10.042 (PP4-Montelirio)
| 3725–3555 cal BC (9%) or 3515–2875 cal BC (86%) |
3185–2880 cal BC
| 4065–3850 cal BC (6%) or 3685–2755 cal BC (89%) |
3185–2775 cal BC
| 17 |
end: Structure 10.042 (PP4-Montelirio)
| 2885–2155 cal BC (86%) or 2040–1840 cal BC (9%) |
2880–2490 cal BC
| 2880–2010 cal BC (90%) or 1825–1665 cal BC (5%) |
2870–2465 cal BC
| 23 |
start: Structure 10.071 (PP4-Montelirio)
| 3175–2870 cal BC (93%) or 2825–2775 cal BC (2%) |
2950–2880 cal BC
|
3220–2755 cal BC
| 2980–2870 cal BC (60%) or 2820–2785 cal BC (8%) | 5 |
end: Structure 10.071 (PP4-Montelirio)
|
2885–2465 cal BC
|
2880–2715 cal BC
|
2880–2375 cal BC
|
2865–2640 cal BC
| 80 |
Montelirio tholos (cf. Fig. 21) | |||||
start: Montelirio Tholos
|
2875–2700 cal BC
| 2850–2805 cal BC (38%) or 2765–2715 cal BC (30%) | 2880–2805 cal BC (28%) or 2800–2675 cal BC (67%) | 2850–2815 cal BC (19%) or 2770–2720 cal BC (45%) or 2705–2690 cal BC (4%) | 53 |
end: Montelirio Tholos
|
2805–2635 cal BC
| 2765–2730 cal BC (18%) or 2725–2665 cal BC (50%) | 2815–2790 cal BC (2%) or 2765–2585 cal BC (93%) |
2730–2645 cal BC
| 22 |
Calle Mariana de Pineda s/n (cf. Fig. 25) | |||||
build: Structure 30 (Calle Mariana de Pineda)
|
2600–2495 cal BC
| 2575–2565 cal BC (3%) or 2555–2505 cal BC (65%) |
2585–2490 cal BC
|
2570–2515 cal BC
| − 5 |
end: Calle Mariana de Pineda
|
2580–2430 cal BC
| 2570–2560 cal BC (2%) or 2525–2470 cal BC (66%) |
2575–2430 cal BC
|
2535–2465 cal BC
| − 2 |
Calle Trabajadores Nos 14–18 (cf. Fig. 28) | |||||
start: Calle Trabajadores
|
2580–2465 cal BC
|
2505–2470 cal BC
|
2595–2465 cal BC
|
2515–2470 cal BC
| − 4 |
end: Calle Trabajadores
|
2470–2310 cal BC
|
2465–2400 cal BC
|
2465–2280 cal BC
|
2460–2380 cal BC
| 13 |
El Algarrobillo (cf. Fig. 34) | |||||
start: El Algarrobillo
|
3140–2720 cal BC
| 2985–2865 cal BC (51%) or 2845–2785 cal BC (17%) |
3125–2705 cal BC
|
2955–2780 cal BC
| 28 |
end: El Algarrobillo
|
2555–2200 cal BC
|
2525–2370 cal BC
|
2540–2140 cal BC
|
2470–2320 cal BC
| 49 |
La Alcazaba (cf. Fig. 38) | |||||
start: La Alcazaba
|
2985–2875 cal BC
|
2915–2885 cal BC
| 3050–2860 cal BC (84%) or 2850–2760 cal BC (11%) |
2935–2875 cal BC
| 5 |
end: La Alcazaba
|
2900–2750 cal BC
|
2895–2860 cal BC
|
2900–2625 cal BC
| 2890–2835 cal BC (56%) or 2790–2750 cal BC (12%) | 21 |
Cerro de la Cabeza (cf. Fig. 44) | |||||
start: Cerro de la Cabeza
|
3495–2710 cal BC
| 3035–2865 cal BC (61%) or 2840–2790 cal BC (7%) |
3530–2700 cal BC
|
3010–2770 cal BC
| 18 |
end: Cerro de la Cabeza
|
2885–2000 cal BC
|
2865–2575 cal BC
|
2880–1910 cal BC
|
2835–2490 cal BC
| 69 |
La Pastora (cf. Fig. 47) | |||||
start: La Pastora
|
2755–2465 cal BC
|
2615–2480 cal BC
|
2720–2360 cal BC
|
2630–2465 cal BC
| 22 |
end: La Pastora
|
2485–1360 cal BC
|
2435–2035 cal BC
|
2475–1415 cal BC
|
2425–2065 cal BC
| − 17 |
Parcela Municipal (cf. Fig. 51) | |||||
start: Parcela Municipal
|
3065–2470 cal BC
|
2975–2535 cal BC
|
3090–2465 cal BC
| 2980–2830 cal BC (32%) or 2755–2535 cal BC (36%) | 22 |
end: Parcela Municipal
|
2570–2240 cal BC
|
2550–2415 cal BC
|
2565–2195 cal BC
|
2550–2385 cal BC
| 20 |
Discussion
New Approaches to Old Themes: The Temporality and Character of Valencina de la Concepción
The Timing and Range of Activity
first: artificial cave
|
last: artificial cave
|
first: collective burial
|
last: collective burial
|
first: single burial
|
last: single burial
|
first: mud-vault tholos
|
last: mud-vault tholos
|
first: stone-vault tholos
|
last: stone-vault tholos
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first: artificial cave
| – | 100 | 50 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 60 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
last: artificial cave
| – | 0 | 100 | 18 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
first: collective burial
| – | 100 | 100 | 100 | 65 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||
last: collective burial
| – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | 65 | |||
first: single burial
| – | 100 | 2 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||||
last: single burial
| – | 0 | 49 | 26 | 100 | |||||
first: mud-vault tholos
| – | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||||||
last: mud-vault tholos
| – | 41 | 80 | |||||||
first: stone-vault tholos
| – | 100 | ||||||||
last: stone-vault tholos
| – |