Introduction
Theoretical background
Blended learning
Factors responsible for motivating instructors to adopt blended learning
Blended learning extrinsic motivational factors
Instructor interactions with technology
Instructor academic workload
Institutional environment
Instructor interactions with students
Blended learning intrinsic motivational factors
Instructor attitudes and beliefs
Instructor learning
The concept of motivation with respect to BL application
Overview of the proposed motivational model
Construct | Description |
---|---|
Instructor Interaction with Technology | Instructor technological literacy due to frequent interaction with technology. |
Academic Workload | The time required to integrate technology with instructional task. |
Institutional Environment | Preparing the institution in terms of necessary facilities that aid blending. |
Interaction with Students | Retrieving positive feedback from students on what encourages migration to BL. |
Motivation for Applying Blended Learning | Instructor satisfaction with factors that aid BL Application in teaching. |
Instructor Attitude and Beliefs | Instructor personal attitude and beliefs with respect to integrating technology with teaching and learning. |
Instructor Learning | Instructor capacity building in terms of training, seminar etc. |
Applying Blended Learning | The outcome of satisfaction with motivational factors that influence the end result of Applying blended learning. |
Research methodology
Development of the instrument
Data collection
Demographics data and descriptive statistics
Category | Frequency | Percentage% |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 158 | 43.6 |
Male | 204 | 56.4 |
Total | 362 | 100.0 |
Age (in Years) | ||
25–30 | 60 | 16.6 |
31–35 | 78 | 21.5 |
36–40 | 69 | 19.1 |
41–45 | 62 | 17.1 |
46–50 | 59 | 16.3 |
51 and Above | 34 | 9.4 |
Total | 362 | 100.0 |
Title | ||
Research assistant | 37 | 10.2 |
Lecturer/Instructor | 92 | 25.4 |
Assistant Professor | 75 | 20.7 |
Associate Professor | 87 | 24.0 |
Professor | 71 | 19.6 |
Total | 362 | 100.0 |
Years of Teaching experience | ||
Under 5 | 84 | 23.2 |
6–10 | 64 | 17.7 |
11–15 | 102 | 28.2 |
16–20 | 53 | 14.6 |
20 and above | 59 | 16.3 |
Total | 362 | 100.0 |
Do you Apply BL to your course(s) | ||
Yes | 307 | 84.8 |
No | 55 | 15.2 |
Total | 362 | 100.0 |
Received training in BL | ||
None | 52 | 14.4 |
1–5 Hours | 221 | 61.0 |
More than 5 Hours | 89 | 24.6 |
Total | 362 | 100.0 |
Results
Reliability and constructs validity analysis
Construct | Items | CR | AVE | Factor loading | Cronbach’s alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AW | AW1 | 0.873 | 0.633 | 0.84 | 0.871 |
AW 2 | 0.78 | ||||
AW 3 | 0.75 | ||||
AW 4 | 0.80 | ||||
IE | IE1 | 0.908 | 0.711 | 0.82 | 0.906 |
IE2 | 0.83 | ||||
IE3 | 0.86 | ||||
IE4 | 0.86 | ||||
MA | MA1 | 0.883 | 0.654 | 0.82 | 0.882 |
MA2 | 0.82 | ||||
MA3 | 0.84 | ||||
MA4 | 0.75 | ||||
AB | AB1 | 0.845 | 0.645 | 0.81 | 0.845 |
AB2 | 0.83 | ||||
AB3 a | 0.44 | ||||
AB4 | 0.77 | ||||
IT | IT1 | 0.880 | 0.649 | 0.69 | 0.870 |
IT2 | 0.87 | ||||
IT3 | 0.92 | ||||
IT4 | 0.72 | ||||
IS | IS1 | 0.803 | 0.505 | 0.73 | 0.802 |
IS2 | 0.72 | ||||
IS3 | 0.70 | ||||
IS4 | 0.69 | ||||
IL | IL1 | 0.871 | 0.629 | 0.73 | 0.866 |
IL2 | 0.86 | ||||
IL3 | 0.84 | ||||
IL4 | 0.73 | ||||
ABL | ABL1 | 0.842 | 0.640 | 0.82 | 0.841 |
ABL2 | 0.79 | ||||
ABL3 | 0.80 |
Model fit measurement
Fit indices | Recommended value | Structural Model |
---|---|---|
x2/df | < 3 | 587.24/377 = 1.558 |
P (p-value) | > 0.05 | 0.999 |
GFI | > 0.9 | 0.904 |
RMSEA | < 0.08 | 0.039 |
AGFI | > 0.8 | 0.881 |
NFI | > 0.9 | 0.913 |
CFI | > 0.95 | 0.967 |
IL | AW | IE | MA | AB | IT | IS | ABL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL | 0.793 | |||||||
AW | 0.504 | 0.795 | ||||||
IE | 0.371 | 0.403 | 0.843 | |||||
MA | 0.516 | 0.388 | 0.463 | 0.809 | ||||
AB | 0.492 | 0.380 | 0.299 | 0.529 | 0.803 | |||
IT | 0.383 | 0.276 | 0.340 | 0.522 | 0.635 | 0.806 | ||
IS | 0.335 | 0.407 | 0.421 | 0.385 | 0.297 | 0.230 | 0.711 | |
ABL | 0.556 | 0.431 | 0.402 | 0.751 | 0.618 | 0.633 | 0.372 | 0.800 |
Hypothesis testing
Hypotheses and pathways | Standardized coefficient (β) | Std. error | t-value | Result | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | IT | → | MA | 0.256 *** | 0.066 | 4.000 | Supported |
H2 | AW | → | MA | 0.031 | 0.540 | 0.540 | Not supported |
H3 | IE | → | MA | 0.181 *** | 0.042 | 3.332 | Supported |
H4 | IS | → | MA | 0.119 * | 0.045 | 2.095 | Supported |
H5 | AB | → | MA | 0.189 ** | 0.065 | 2.701 | Supported |
H6 | IL | → | MA | 0.231 *** | 0.059 | 3.792 | Supported |
H7 | MA | → | ABL | 0.789 *** | 0.052 | 12.847 | Supported |