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Published in: Berliner Journal für Soziologie 2/2016

17-11-2016 | Abhandlung

Die organisierte Vermarktlichung der Moral und die Moralisierung der Märkte. Eine vergleichende Analyse der Fair-Handelsbewegung und der Entstehung ethischen Konsums in Europa

Author: Sebastian Koos

Published in: Berliner Journal für Soziologie | Issue 2/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Die Studie untersucht am Beispiel der Fair-Handelsbewegung, wie sich die Entstehung und Verbreitung des ethischen Konsums in Europa seit dem Ende der 1990er-Jahre erklären lässt. In Ergänzung zu den existierenden akteurszentrierten Erklärungen ethischen Konsums werden Ansätze sozialer Bewegungstheorien verwendet, welche die organisationalen Dimensionen der Fair-Handelsbewegung und die nationalen Opportunitätsstrukturen in den Blick nehmen. Im Artikel wird argumentiert, dass der Wandel der Feldlogik der Fair-Trade-Bewegung von einer zivilgesellschaftlichen hin zu einer Marktlogik einen zentralen Impuls für die Entstehung und die Diffusion des Konsums fair gehandelter Produkte, aber auch für das Wissen über Fair Trade darstellte. Die Hypothesen werden anhand einer Mehrebenen-Analyse mit Daten einer Eurobarometer-Umfrage (1997) überprüft, die um Informationen zu den nationalen Fair-Trade-Organisationen und den ökonomischen und kulturellen Opportunitätsstrukturen ergänzt wurden. Die Ergebnisse stützen die These des zentralen Einflusses der organisierten Vermarktlichung auf die Moralisierung der Märkte und weisen auf die spezifischen Mobilisierungsstrategien der Fair-Handelsbewegung hin.

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Footnotes
1
Fairer Handel und Fair Trade werden nachfolgend synonym verwendet. Für Fairer Handel wurde die Großschreibung gewählt, weil und insofern es um die institutionalisierte Form dieser konsumethischen Bewegung geht, also nicht nur um eine Form des fairen Verhaltens im weiten Sinne.
 
2
Dies kann auch als bewusste Schaffung von Opportunitätsstrukturen verstanden werden. Im Gegensatz zur im nachfolgenden Abschnitt vorgestellten Theorie der politischen Opportunitätsstrukturen verstehe ich unter den Mobilitätsstrukturen nicht extern gegebene, sondern aktiv durch die Bewegungsorganisation erschlossene und geschaffene Strukturen, obwohl die Grenze zwischen exogenen und endogenen Strukturen natürlich fließend ist.
 
3
Die Determinanten des Wissens um Fairen Handel werden hier nicht explizit diskutiert. Ich gehe davon aus, dass die angeführten Charakteristika ethischer Konsumenten zumeist auch mit einem gesteigerten Wissen über Fair Trade einhergehen.
 
4
Die Abgrenzung zu bestimmten Motivationen oder Überzeugungen, die mit einem bestimmten Bildungsgrad einhergehen, ist hier sicherlich nicht trennscharf; der Einfluss der Bildung könnte auch dem Bereich der Motivationen zugeordnet werden.
 
5
Eine Schätzung ohne die Niederlande erlaubt eine konservativere und robustere Einschätzung der zugrundeliegenden Triebkräfte des Fairen Handels. Wenn man die Niederlande in die Analyse mit einbezieht und durch eine Variable auf den spezifisch niederländischen Effekt kontrolliert, bleiben die Analysen jedoch konsistent.
 
6
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sind auf Anfrage erhältlich. Die mediale Resonanz wurde erfasst über eine Analyse von jeweils einer nationalen Tageszeitung im Jahr 1997 (z. B. El Pais in Spanien). Leider waren in der verwendeten Datenbank LexisNexis für diesen Zeitraum nur Zeitungen aus acht Ländern verfügbar. Es wurde nach Beiträgen mit dem allgemeinen Schlagwort Fair Trade bzw. Fairtrade, mit der jeweiligen nationalen Bezeichnung (z. B. Fairer Handel) und mit dem Namen des länderspezifischen Siegels (z. B. Transfair oder Max Havelaar) gesucht. Als Indikator wurde die Anzahl an Beiträgen für das Jahr ermittelt und sowohl anhand der Bevölkerungsgröße standardisiert als auch unstandardisiert in ein Regressionsmodell aufgenommen.
 
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Metadata
Title
Die organisierte Vermarktlichung der Moral und die Moralisierung der Märkte. Eine vergleichende Analyse der Fair-Handelsbewegung und der Entstehung ethischen Konsums in Europa
Author
Sebastian Koos
Publication date
17-11-2016
Publisher
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Published in
Berliner Journal für Soziologie / Issue 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0863-1808
Electronic ISSN: 1862-2593
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11609-016-0315-1

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