Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Schmalenbach Business Review 3-4/2016

19-08-2016 | Original Article

Do Political Parties Play Dirty in the Discussion on Gender Balanced Boards? Evidence from Germany

Authors: Michael Olbrich, Anna E. Nikolis, David J. Rapp, Katrin V. Weber

Published in: Schmalenbach Business Review | Issue 3-4/2016

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Bar a few exceptions, the impact of political parties on corporate governance regulation has largely been ignored in research. The current paper aims to narrow that research gap by investigating the motives of parties involved in political discussions on corporate governance. Do the parties’ positions stem from the quest for general welfare, as they claim in their platforms, or from the ambition to maximize votes, as assumed by the Spatial Theory of party behavior in Rational Choice? We analyze the positions taken on the issue of gender balanced composition of supervisory and executive boards by six German political parties. Our findings cast doubt on the parties’ claim to act in the public interest and suggest their actual motive is the maximization of votes.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
In addition, a party that strives for the maximization of general welfare can be in favor of activities to increase gender diversity in the boardroom not with regard to the business case but to enhance social justice and equal opportunities (moral justice case) (Fondas and Sassalos 2000, p. 21; Terjesen et al. 2009, p. 320). We will revisit this motive when sketching the possible positioning of welfare maximizing parties in Section 2.3.
 
2
Baron and Kenny (1986, p. 1174) define a moderator as a “variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between an independent […] variable and a dependent […] variable.”
 
3
Studies with inconsistent findings are listed more than once in the table.
 
4
However, the promotion of rules to decrease diversity is strictly speaking just a hypothetical thought, since such action would infringe German anti-discrimination laws.
 
5
Those with an incorporated legal status (Aktiengesellschaft, Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien) must have a supervisory board, others, especially limited liability corporations (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) are permitted to have one.
 
6
For example, our inquiry in the morgues of nationwide German newspapers using the search term “Frauenquote” (“female quota”) found 2264 hits from 1993 to May 2015 in the “Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,” 299 hits from April 2014 to May 2015 in the “Süddeutsche Zeitung” and 611 hits from 2011 to May 2015 in “Die Tageszeitung.” (The periods vary due to different search options in the newspapers’ morgue websites.).
 
7
According to the commercial register, Union Umschau media Verlags-, Werbe- und Servicegesellschaft mbH had a supervisory board, but we could not find any information on its members.
 
8
That is, incorporations or limited liability corporations with more than 2000 employees.
 
9
That is, incorporations or limited liability corporations with more than 500 employees.
 
10
The percentage of shares is rounded up to two decimal places.
 
Literature
go back to reference Abdullah, Shamsul N., Ku Nor Izah Ku Ismail, and Lilac Nachum. 2016. Does having women on boards create value? The impact of societal perceptions and corporate governance in emerging markets. Strategic Management Journal 37:466–476. Abdullah, Shamsul N., Ku Nor Izah Ku Ismail, and Lilac Nachum. 2016. Does having women on boards create value? The impact of societal perceptions and corporate governance in emerging markets. Strategic Management Journal 37:466–476.
go back to reference Adams, Renée, and Daniel Ferreira. 2009. Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics 94:291–309.CrossRef Adams, Renée, and Daniel Ferreira. 2009. Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics 94:291–309.CrossRef
go back to reference Ahern, Kenneth R., and Amy K. Dittmar. 2009. The Changing of the Boards: The Value Effect of a Massive Exogenous Shock, Working Paper. Michigan: University of Michigan. Ahern, Kenneth R., and Amy K. Dittmar. 2009. The Changing of the Boards: The Value Effect of a Massive Exogenous Shock, Working Paper. Michigan: University of Michigan.
go back to reference Ahern, Kenneth R., and Amy K. Dittmar. 2012. The changing of the boards: the impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127(1):137–197.CrossRef Ahern, Kenneth R., and Amy K. Dittmar. 2012. The changing of the boards: the impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 127(1):137–197.CrossRef
go back to reference Ajzen, Icek, and Martin Fishbein. 1980. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Ajzen, Icek, and Martin Fishbein. 1980. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
go back to reference Albarracín, Dolores, Blair T. Johnson, Martin Fishbein, and Paige A. Muellerleile. 2001. Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 127(1):142–161.CrossRef Albarracín, Dolores, Blair T. Johnson, Martin Fishbein, and Paige A. Muellerleile. 2001. Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 127(1):142–161.CrossRef
go back to reference Ali, Muhammad, Carol T. Kulik, and Isabel Metz. 2009. The impact of gender diversity on performance in service and manufacturing organizations, Working Paper. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Ali, Muhammad, Carol T. Kulik, and Isabel Metz. 2009. The impact of gender diversity on performance in service and manufacturing organizations, Working Paper. Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
go back to reference Anderson, Ronald C., David M. Reeb, Arun Upadhyay, and Zhao Wanli. 2009. The economics of director heterogeneity, Working Paper. Philadelphia: Temple University. Anderson, Ronald C., David M. Reeb, Arun Upadhyay, and Zhao Wanli. 2009. The economics of director heterogeneity, Working Paper. Philadelphia: Temple University.
go back to reference Atkinson, John W. 1964. An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. Atkinson, John W. 1964. An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
go back to reference Baker, Richard C., and Bertrand P. Quéré. 2014. The role of the state in corporate governance. Accounting History 19:1–17. Baker, Richard C., and Bertrand P. Quéré. 2014. The role of the state in corporate governance. Accounting History 19:1–17.
go back to reference Baron, Reuben M., and David A. Kenny. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51:1173–1182.CrossRef Baron, Reuben M., and David A. Kenny. 1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51:1173–1182.CrossRef
go back to reference Berscheid, Ellen, and H. Walster Elaine. 1978. Interpersonal attraction, 2nd edn., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Berscheid, Ellen, and H. Walster Elaine. 1978. Interpersonal attraction, 2nd edn., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
go back to reference Bilimoria, Diana. 2000. Building the business case for women corporate directors. In Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and Opportunities, ed. Ronald J. Burke, Mary C. Mattis, 25–40. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRef Bilimoria, Diana. 2000. Building the business case for women corporate directors. In Women on Corporate Boards of Directors: International Challenges and Opportunities, ed. Ronald J. Burke, Mary C. Mattis, 25–40. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRef
go back to reference Boerner, Sabine, Hannah Keding, and Hendrik Hüttermann. 2012. Gender Diversity und Organisationserfolg – Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme. Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung 64:37–70.CrossRef Boerner, Sabine, Hannah Keding, and Hendrik Hüttermann. 2012. Gender Diversity und Organisationserfolg – Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme. Schmalenbachs Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung 64:37–70.CrossRef
go back to reference Brewer, Marylinn B. 1979. In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin 86:307–324.CrossRef Brewer, Marylinn B. 1979. In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin 86:307–324.CrossRef
go back to reference Brösel, Gerrit, and Alexander Bull. 2012. Zur Frauenquote in deutschen Aufsichtsräten. Board 2:110–113. Brösel, Gerrit, and Alexander Bull. 2012. Zur Frauenquote in deutschen Aufsichtsräten. Board 2:110–113.
go back to reference Browder, Dorothea. 1995. Shareholders are valuing diversity. Directors & Boards 3(19):12–15. Browder, Dorothea. 1995. Shareholders are valuing diversity. Directors & Boards 3(19):12–15.
go back to reference Brown, David A.H., Debra L. Brown, and Vanessa Anastasopoulos. 2002. Women on boards. Not just the right thing… but the bright thing. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada. Report November 2002. Brown, David A.H., Debra L. Brown, and Vanessa Anastasopoulos. 2002. Women on boards. Not just the right thing… but the bright thing. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada. Report November 2002.
go back to reference Budge, Ian. 1987. The internal analysis of election programmes. In Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-war Election Programmes in 19 Democracies, ed. Ian Budge, David Robertson, Derek Hearl, 15–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Budge, Ian. 1987. The internal analysis of election programmes. In Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-war Election Programmes in 19 Democracies, ed. Ian Budge, David Robertson, Derek Hearl, 15–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Budge, Ian, and David Robertson. 1987. Do parties differ and how? In Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-war Election Programmes in 19 Democracies, ed. Ian Budge, David Robertson, Derek Hearl, 388–416. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Budge, Ian, and David Robertson. 1987. Do parties differ and how? In Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-war Election Programmes in 19 Democracies, ed. Ian Budge, David Robertson, Derek Hearl, 388–416. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Budge, Ian, David Robertson, and Derek Hearl (eds.). 1987. Ideology, strategy and party change: spatial analyses of post-war election programmes in 19 democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Budge, Ian, David Robertson, and Derek Hearl (eds.). 1987. Ideology, strategy and party change: spatial analyses of post-war election programmes in 19 democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. 2009. Der grüne neue Gesellschaftsvertrag. Klima, Arbeit, Gerechtigkeit, Freiheit. Berlin: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. 2009. Der grüne neue Gesellschaftsvertrag. Klima, Arbeit, Gerechtigkeit, Freiheit. Berlin: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen.
go back to reference Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. 2013. Zeit für den grünen Wandel. Teilhaben, einmischen, Zukunft schaffen. Bundestagswahlprogramm 2013 von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Berlin: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. 2013. Zeit für den grünen Wandel. Teilhaben, einmischen, Zukunft schaffen. Bundestagswahlprogramm 2013 von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen. Berlin: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen.
go back to reference Byrne, Donn. 1971. The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic. Byrne, Donn. 1971. The Attraction Paradigm. New York: Academic.
go back to reference Bøhren, Øyvind, and R. Øystein Strøm. 2010. Governance and politics: regulating independence and diversity in the board room. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 37:1281–1308.CrossRef Bøhren, Øyvind, and R. Øystein Strøm. 2010. Governance and politics: regulating independence and diversity in the board room. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 37:1281–1308.CrossRef
go back to reference Campell, Kevin, and Antonio Mínguez-Vera. 2008. Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics 83:435–451.CrossRef Campell, Kevin, and Antonio Mínguez-Vera. 2008. Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Journal of Business Ethics 83:435–451.CrossRef
go back to reference Campell, Kevin, and Antonio Mínguez-Vera. 2010. Female board appointments and firm valuation: short and long-term effects. Journal of Management & Governance 14(1):37–59.CrossRef Campell, Kevin, and Antonio Mínguez-Vera. 2010. Female board appointments and firm valuation: short and long-term effects. Journal of Management & Governance 14(1):37–59.CrossRef
go back to reference Carlton, Willard T., James M. Nelson, and Michael S. Weisbach. 1998. The influence of institutions on corporate governance through private negotiations: evidence from TIAA-CREF. Journal of Finance 53(4):1335–1362.CrossRef Carlton, Willard T., James M. Nelson, and Michael S. Weisbach. 1998. The influence of institutions on corporate governance through private negotiations: evidence from TIAA-CREF. Journal of Finance 53(4):1335–1362.CrossRef
go back to reference Carter, David A., Betty J. Simkins, and W. Gary Simpson. 2003. Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. Financial Review 38(1):33–53.CrossRef Carter, David A., Betty J. Simkins, and W. Gary Simpson. 2003. Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. Financial Review 38(1):33–53.CrossRef
go back to reference Carter, David A., Frank D’Souza, Betty J. Simkins, and W. Gary Simpson. 2007. The diversity of corporate board committees and financial performance. Working Paper. Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University. Carter, David A., Frank D’Souza, Betty J. Simkins, and W. Gary Simpson. 2007. The diversity of corporate board committees and financial performance. Working Paper. Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University.
go back to reference Carter, David A., Frank D’Souza, Betty J. Simkins, and W. Gary Simpson. 2010. The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review 18:396–414.CrossRef Carter, David A., Frank D’Souza, Betty J. Simkins, and W. Gary Simpson. 2010. The gender and ethnic diversity of US boards and board committees and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review 18:396–414.CrossRef
go back to reference Catalyst. 2004. The bottom line: connecting corporate performance and gender diversity. New York: Catalyst. Catalyst. 2004. The bottom line: connecting corporate performance and gender diversity. New York: Catalyst.
go back to reference CDU/CSU. 2009. Wir haben die Kraft. Gemeinsam für unser Land. Regierungsprogramm 2009–2013. Berlin: CDU/CSU. CDU/CSU. 2009. Wir haben die Kraft. Gemeinsam für unser Land. Regierungsprogramm 2009–2013. Berlin: CDU/CSU.
go back to reference CDU/CSU. 2013. Gemeinsam erfolgreich für Deutschland. Regierungsprogramm 2013–2017. Berlin: CDU/CSU. CDU/CSU. 2013. Gemeinsam erfolgreich für Deutschland. Regierungsprogramm 2013–2017. Berlin: CDU/CSU.
go back to reference CDU/CSU, and SPD. 2013. Deutschlands Zukunft gestalten – Koalitionsvertrag. Berlin: CDU/CSU, and SPD. CDU/CSU, and SPD. 2013. Deutschlands Zukunft gestalten – Koalitionsvertrag. Berlin: CDU/CSU, and SPD.
go back to reference Chen, Guoli, Craig Crossland, and Sterling Huang. 2016. Female board representation and corporate acquisition intensity. Strategic Management Journal 37:303–313. Chen, Guoli, Craig Crossland, and Sterling Huang. 2016. Female board representation and corporate acquisition intensity. Strategic Management Journal 37:303–313.
go back to reference Choi, Sungjoo. 2009. Diversity in the US federal government: diversity management and employee turnover in federal agencies. Journal of Public Administration and Research and Theory 19:603–630.CrossRef Choi, Sungjoo. 2009. Diversity in the US federal government: diversity management and employee turnover in federal agencies. Journal of Public Administration and Research and Theory 19:603–630.CrossRef
go back to reference Cioffi, John W., and Stephen, S. Cohen. 2000. The state, law and corporate governance: the advantage of forwardness. In Corporate Governance and Globalization, ed. Stephen S. Cohen, Gavin Boyd, 307–349. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Cioffi, John W., and Stephen, S. Cohen. 2000. The state, law and corporate governance: the advantage of forwardness. In Corporate Governance and Globalization, ed. Stephen S. Cohen, Gavin Boyd, 307–349. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
go back to reference Clift, Ben, Andrew Gamble, and Michael Harris. 2000. The labour party and the company. In The Political Economy of the Company, ed. John Parkinson, Andrew Gamble, Kelly Gavin, 51–81. Oxford Portland OR: Hart Publishing. Clift, Ben, Andrew Gamble, and Michael Harris. 2000. The labour party and the company. In The Political Economy of the Company, ed. John Parkinson, Andrew Gamble, Kelly Gavin, 51–81. Oxford Portland OR: Hart Publishing.
go back to reference Dahlin, Kristina B., Laurie R. Weingart, and Pamela J. Hinds. 2005. Team diversity and information use. Academy of Management Journal 48(6):1107–1123.CrossRef Dahlin, Kristina B., Laurie R. Weingart, and Pamela J. Hinds. 2005. Team diversity and information use. Academy of Management Journal 48(6):1107–1123.CrossRef
go back to reference Darmadi, Salim. 2011. Board diversity and firm performance: The Indonesian evidence. Corporate Ownership and Control Journal 8(9):524–539. Darmadi, Salim. 2011. Board diversity and firm performance: The Indonesian evidence. Corporate Ownership and Control Journal 8(9):524–539.
go back to reference Der Bundeswahlleiter (ed.). 2014. Wahl zum 18. Deutschen Bundestag am 22. September 2013. Heft 4. Wahlbeteiligung und Stimmabgabe der Männer und Frauen nach Altersgruppen. Wiesbaden: Der Bundeswahlleiter. Der Bundeswahlleiter (ed.). 2014. Wahl zum 18. Deutschen Bundestag am 22. September 2013. Heft 4. Wahlbeteiligung und Stimmabgabe der Männer und Frauen nach Altersgruppen. Wiesbaden: Der Bundeswahlleiter.
go back to reference Deszö, Cristian L., and David G. Ross. 2012. Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation. Strategic Management Journal 33:1072–1089.CrossRef Deszö, Cristian L., and David G. Ross. 2012. Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation. Strategic Management Journal 33:1072–1089.CrossRef
go back to reference Deutscher Bundestag. 2014a. Drucksache 18/400, Unterrichtung durch den Präsidenten des Deutschen Bundestages, Bekanntmachung von Rechenschaftsberichten politischer Parteien für das Kalenderjahr 2012 (1. Teil – Bundestagsparteien). Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag. Deutscher Bundestag. 2014a. Drucksache 18/400, Unterrichtung durch den Präsidenten des Deutschen Bundestages, Bekanntmachung von Rechenschaftsberichten politischer Parteien für das Kalenderjahr 2012 (1. Teil – Bundestagsparteien). Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag.
go back to reference Deutscher Bundestag. 2014b. Drucksache 18/401, Unterrichtung durch den Präsidenten des Deutschen Bundestages, Bekanntmachung von Rechenschaftsberichten politischer Parteien für das Kalenderjahr 2012 (2. Teil – Übrige anspruchsberechtigte Parteien). Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag. Deutscher Bundestag. 2014b. Drucksache 18/401, Unterrichtung durch den Präsidenten des Deutschen Bundestages, Bekanntmachung von Rechenschaftsberichten politischer Parteien für das Kalenderjahr 2012 (2. Teil – Übrige anspruchsberechtigte Parteien). Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag.
go back to reference Die Linke. 2009. Bundestagswahlprogramm der Partei DIE LINKE. Konsequent sozial. Für Demokratie und Frieden. Berlin: Die Linke. Die Linke. 2009. Bundestagswahlprogramm der Partei DIE LINKE. Konsequent sozial. Für Demokratie und Frieden. Berlin: Die Linke.
go back to reference Die Linke. 2013. 100 % Sozial. Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013. Berlin: Die Linke. Die Linke. 2013. 100 % Sozial. Wahlprogramm zur Bundestagswahl 2013. Berlin: Die Linke.
go back to reference Dogar, Rana. 1997. Crony baloney. Working Women 22(1):34–37. Dogar, Rana. 1997. Crony baloney. Working Women 22(1):34–37.
go back to reference Downs, Anthony. 1957a. An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. Downs, Anthony. 1957a. An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.
go back to reference Downs, Anthony. 1957b. An economic theory of political action in a democracy. The Journal of Political Economy 65(2):135–150. Downs, Anthony. 1957b. An economic theory of political action in a democracy. The Journal of Political Economy 65(2):135–150.
go back to reference Downs, Anthony. 1993. The origins of an economic theory of democracy. In Information, participation and choice. An economic theory of democracy in perspective, ed. Bernard Grofman, 197–199. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Downs, Anthony. 1993. The origins of an economic theory of democracy. In Information, participation and choice. An economic theory of democracy in perspective, ed. Bernard Grofman, 197–199. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
go back to reference Du Rietz, Anita, and Magnus Henrekson. 2000. Testing the female underperformance thesis. Small Business Economics 14(1):1–10. Du Rietz, Anita, and Magnus Henrekson. 2000. Testing the female underperformance thesis. Small Business Economics 14(1):1–10.
go back to reference Dwyer, Sean, Orlando C. Richard, and Ken Chadwick. 2003. Gender diversity in management and firm performance: the influence of growth orientation and corporate culture. Journal of Business Research 56:1009–1019.CrossRef Dwyer, Sean, Orlando C. Richard, and Ken Chadwick. 2003. Gender diversity in management and firm performance: the influence of growth orientation and corporate culture. Journal of Business Research 56:1009–1019.CrossRef
go back to reference Earley, P. Christopher, and Elaine Mosakowski. 2000. Creating hybrid team cultures: an empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal 43(1):26–49.CrossRef Earley, P. Christopher, and Elaine Mosakowski. 2000. Creating hybrid team cultures: an empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal 43(1):26–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Erhardt, Niclas L., James D. Werbel, and Charles B. Shrader. 2003. Board of director diversity and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review 11(2):102–111.CrossRef Erhardt, Niclas L., James D. Werbel, and Charles B. Shrader. 2003. Board of director diversity and firm financial performance. Corporate Governance: An International Review 11(2):102–111.CrossRef
go back to reference European Commission. 2012. Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges and related measures, COM(2012) 614 final. Brussels: European Commission. European Commission. 2012. Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on improving the gender balance among non-executive directors of companies listed on stock exchanges and related measures, COM(2012) 614 final. Brussels: European Commission.
go back to reference Farell, Kathleen A., and Philip L. Hersch. 2005. Additions to corporate boards: the effect of gender. Journal of Corporate Finance 11(1):85–106.CrossRef Farell, Kathleen A., and Philip L. Hersch. 2005. Additions to corporate boards: the effect of gender. Journal of Corporate Finance 11(1):85–106.CrossRef
go back to reference FDP. 2009. Die Mitte stärken. Deutschlandprogramm 2009. Berlin: FDP. FDP. 2009. Die Mitte stärken. Deutschlandprogramm 2009. Berlin: FDP.
go back to reference FDP. 2013. Bürgerprogramm 2013. Damit Deutschland stark bleibt. Nur mit uns. Berlin: FDP. FDP. 2013. Bürgerprogramm 2013. Damit Deutschland stark bleibt. Nur mit uns. Berlin: FDP.
go back to reference Feather, Norman T. 1982. Expectancy-value approaches: present status and future direction. In Expectations and actions: expectancy-value models in psychology, ed. Norman T. Feather, 395–420. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Feather, Norman T. 1982. Expectancy-value approaches: present status and future direction. In Expectations and actions: expectancy-value models in psychology, ed. Norman T. Feather, 395–420. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
go back to reference Ferreira, Daniel. 2010. Board diversity. In Corporate governance: A synthesis of theory, research, and practice, ed. H. Kent Baker, Ronald Anderson, 225–242. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. Ferreira, Daniel. 2010. Board diversity. In Corporate governance: A synthesis of theory, research, and practice, ed. H. Kent Baker, Ronald Anderson, 225–242. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
go back to reference Fishbein, Martin, and Icek Ajzen. 1975. Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Fishbein, Martin, and Icek Ajzen. 1975. Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
go back to reference Fondas, Nanette, and Susan Sassalos. 2000. A different voice in the boardroom: How the presence of women directors affects board influence over management. Global Focus 12(2):13–22. Fondas, Nanette, and Susan Sassalos. 2000. A different voice in the boardroom: How the presence of women directors affects board influence over management. Global Focus 12(2):13–22.
go back to reference Francoeur, Claude, Réal Labelle, and Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné. 2008. Gender diversity in corporate governance and top management. Journal of Business Ethics 81:83–95.CrossRef Francoeur, Claude, Réal Labelle, and Bernard Sinclair-Desgagné. 2008. Gender diversity in corporate governance and top management. Journal of Business Ethics 81:83–95.CrossRef
go back to reference Gamble, Andrew, and Gavin Kelly. 2000. The politics of the company. In The political economy of the company, ed. John Parkinson, Andrew Gamble, Kelly Gavin, 21–49. Oxford Portland: Hart Publishing. Gamble, Andrew, and Gavin Kelly. 2000. The politics of the company. In The political economy of the company, ed. John Parkinson, Andrew Gamble, Kelly Gavin, 21–49. Oxford Portland: Hart Publishing.
go back to reference Gerken, Lüder. 2013. Der Mythos der segensreichen Quote. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 66(268):18. Gerken, Lüder. 2013. Der Mythos der segensreichen Quote. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 66(268):18.
go back to reference Gonzales, Jorge A., and Angelo S. Denisi. 2009. Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior 30:21–40.CrossRef Gonzales, Jorge A., and Angelo S. Denisi. 2009. Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behavior 30:21–40.CrossRef
go back to reference Gourevitch, Peter A. 2003. The politics of corporate governance regulation. The Yale Law Journal 112:1829–1880.CrossRef Gourevitch, Peter A. 2003. The politics of corporate governance regulation. The Yale Law Journal 112:1829–1880.CrossRef
go back to reference Gourevitch, Peter A., and James Shinn. 2005. Political power and corporate control. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. Gourevitch, Peter A., and James Shinn. 2005. Political power and corporate control. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press.
go back to reference Hale, Jerold L., Brian J. Householder, and Kathryn L. Greene. 2002. The theory of reasoned action. In The persuasion handbook: developments in theory and practice, ed. Michael Pfau, James P. Dillard, 259–286. Thousand Oaks: Sage.CrossRef Hale, Jerold L., Brian J. Householder, and Kathryn L. Greene. 2002. The theory of reasoned action. In The persuasion handbook: developments in theory and practice, ed. Michael Pfau, James P. Dillard, 259–286. Thousand Oaks: Sage.CrossRef
go back to reference Harrison, David A., and Katherine J. Klein. 2007. What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review 32:1199–1228.CrossRef Harrison, David A., and Katherine J. Klein. 2007. What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review 32:1199–1228.CrossRef
go back to reference Haslam, S. Alexander, Michelle K. Ryan, Clara Kulich, Grzegorz Trojanowski, and Cate Atkins. 2010. Investing with prejudice: the relationship between women’s presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management 21:484–497. Haslam, S. Alexander, Michelle K. Ryan, Clara Kulich, Grzegorz Trojanowski, and Cate Atkins. 2010. Investing with prejudice: the relationship between women’s presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management 21:484–497.
go back to reference Herring, Cedric. 2009. Does diversity pay? Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review 74:208–224.CrossRef Herring, Cedric. 2009. Does diversity pay? Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review 74:208–224.CrossRef
go back to reference Hirschfeld, Robert R., Mark H. Jordan, Hubert S. Feild, Willam F. Giles, and Achilles A. Armenakis. 2005. Teams’ female representation and perceived potency as inputs to team outcomes in a predominantly male field setting. Personell Psychology 58:893–924.CrossRef Hirschfeld, Robert R., Mark H. Jordan, Hubert S. Feild, Willam F. Giles, and Achilles A. Armenakis. 2005. Teams’ female representation and perceived potency as inputs to team outcomes in a predominantly male field setting. Personell Psychology 58:893–924.CrossRef
go back to reference Höpner, Martin. 2003. European corporate governance reform and the German party paradox. Discussion Paper 03/4. Cologne: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung. Höpner, Martin. 2003. European corporate governance reform and the German party paradox. Discussion Paper 03/4. Cologne: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung.
go back to reference Horwitz, Sujin K., and Irwin B. Horwitz. 2007. The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. Journal of Management 33(6):987–1015.CrossRef Horwitz, Sujin K., and Irwin B. Horwitz. 2007. The effects of team diversity on team outcomes: A meta-analytic review of team demography. Journal of Management 33(6):987–1015.CrossRef
go back to reference Hotelling, Harold. 1929. Stability in competition. The Economic Journal 39:41–57.CrossRef Hotelling, Harold. 1929. Stability in competition. The Economic Journal 39:41–57.CrossRef
go back to reference Jehn, Karen A., and Katerina Bezrukova. 2004. A field study of group diversity, workgroup context, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 25:703–729.CrossRef Jehn, Karen A., and Katerina Bezrukova. 2004. A field study of group diversity, workgroup context, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior 25:703–729.CrossRef
go back to reference Jetten, Jolanda, Russell Spears, and Antony S. R. Manstead. 1998. Defining dimensions of distinctiveness: group variability makes a difference to differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(6):1481–1492.CrossRef Jetten, Jolanda, Russell Spears, and Antony S. R. Manstead. 1998. Defining dimensions of distinctiveness: group variability makes a difference to differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(6):1481–1492.CrossRef
go back to reference Jochum, Heike. 2008. § 24. In Parteiengesetz, ed. Jörn Ipsen. Munich: C.H. Beck. Jochum, Heike. 2008. § 24. In Parteiengesetz, ed. Jörn Ipsen. Munich: C.H. Beck.
go back to reference Johnson, Scott G., Karen Schnatterly, and Aaron D. Hill. 2013. Board composition beyond independence: social capital, human capital, and demographics. Journal of Management 1(39):232–262.CrossRef Johnson, Scott G., Karen Schnatterly, and Aaron D. Hill. 2013. Board composition beyond independence: social capital, human capital, and demographics. Journal of Management 1(39):232–262.CrossRef
go back to reference Joshi, Aparna, and Hyuntak Roh. 2009. The role of context in work team diversity research: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal 52:599–627.CrossRef Joshi, Aparna, and Hyuntak Roh. 2009. The role of context in work team diversity research: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal 52:599–627.CrossRef
go back to reference Jung, Stefanie. 2013. Eine Frauenquote für die EU? Betriebs-Berater 68:387–392. Jung, Stefanie. 2013. Eine Frauenquote für die EU? Betriebs-Berater 68:387–392.
go back to reference Jung, Stefanie. 2014. Herausforderung Frauenquote. Deutsches Steuerrecht 52:960–965. Jung, Stefanie. 2014. Herausforderung Frauenquote. Deutsches Steuerrecht 52:960–965.
go back to reference Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. 1987. Election programmes in West-Germany: 1949–1980. Explorations in the nature of political controversy. In Ideology, strategy and party change: spatial analyses of post-war election programmes in 19 democracies, ed. Ian Budge, David Robertson, Derek Hearl, 294–323. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. 1987. Election programmes in West-Germany: 1949–1980. Explorations in the nature of political controversy. In Ideology, strategy and party change: spatial analyses of post-war election programmes in 19 democracies, ed. Ian Budge, David Robertson, Derek Hearl, 294–323. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Richard I. Hofferbert, and Ian Budge. 1994. Parties, policies, and democracy. Boulder San Francisco Oxford: Westview Press. Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Richard I. Hofferbert, and Ian Budge. 1994. Parties, policies, and democracy. Boulder San Francisco Oxford: Westview Press.
go back to reference van Knippenberg, Daan, Carsten K.W. De Dreu, and Astrid C. Homan. 2004. Work group diversity and group performance: an integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology 89:1008–1022.CrossRef van Knippenberg, Daan, Carsten K.W. De Dreu, and Astrid C. Homan. 2004. Work group diversity and group performance: an integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology 89:1008–1022.CrossRef
go back to reference van Knippenberg, Daan, and Michaela C. Schippers. 2007. Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology 58:515–541.CrossRef van Knippenberg, Daan, and Michaela C. Schippers. 2007. Work group diversity. Annual Review of Psychology 58:515–541.CrossRef
go back to reference Krefting, Linda A. 2002. Re-presenting women executives: valorization and devalorization in US business press. Women in Management Review 17(3/4):104–119.CrossRef Krefting, Linda A. 2002. Re-presenting women executives: valorization and devalorization in US business press. Women in Management Review 17(3/4):104–119.CrossRef
go back to reference Kröll, Julia, Tanja Szlusnus, Hendrik Hüttermann, and Sabine Boerner. 2014. Sind gemischt-geschlechtliche Führungsteams erfolgreicher? Der Zusammenhang zwischen Mixed Leadership und Unternehmenserfolg. Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung und Praxis 66:602–625. Kröll, Julia, Tanja Szlusnus, Hendrik Hüttermann, and Sabine Boerner. 2014. Sind gemischt-geschlechtliche Führungsteams erfolgreicher? Der Zusammenhang zwischen Mixed Leadership und Unternehmenserfolg. Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung und Praxis 66:602–625.
go back to reference Lenski, Sophie-Charlotte. 2011. Parteiengesetz und Recht der Kandidatenaufstellung. Baden-Baden: Nomos. Lenski, Sophie-Charlotte. 2011. Parteiengesetz und Recht der Kandidatenaufstellung. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
go back to reference von der Leyen, Ursula. 2007. Cited in: Gaserow, Vera, and Rouven Schellenberger. Quoten sind out, Ursula von der Leyen über starke Frauen und die Zukunft der Familie, Frankfurter Rundschau 63(123):8. von der Leyen, Ursula. 2007. Cited in: Gaserow, Vera, and Rouven Schellenberger. Quoten sind out, Ursula von der Leyen über starke Frauen und die Zukunft der Familie, Frankfurter Rundschau 63(123):8.
go back to reference von der Leyen, Ursula. 2011. Cited in: Dettmer, Markus, and Claudia Voigt. Das tut richtig weh. Der Spiegel 65(5):64–65. von der Leyen, Ursula. 2011. Cited in: Dettmer, Markus, and Claudia Voigt. Das tut richtig weh. Der Spiegel 65(5):64–65.
go back to reference Lindstädt, Hagen, Michael Wolff, and Kerstin Fehre. 2011. Frauen in Führungspositionen: Auswirkungen auf den Unternehmenserfolg. Karlsruhe Göttingen: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, University of Göttingen. Lindstädt, Hagen, Michael Wolff, and Kerstin Fehre. 2011. Frauen in Führungspositionen: Auswirkungen auf den Unternehmenserfolg. Karlsruhe Göttingen: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, University of Göttingen.
go back to reference Matsa, David, and Amalia Miller. 2013. A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5(3):136–169. Matsa, David, and Amalia Miller. 2013. A female style in corporate leadership? Evidence from quotas. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5(3):136–169.
go back to reference Merkel, Angela. 1994. Cited in: Flothmann, Karin. Die Hälfte aller Ämter für Frauen, Die Tageszeitung 17(4467):4. Merkel, Angela. 1994. Cited in: Flothmann, Karin. Die Hälfte aller Ämter für Frauen, Die Tageszeitung 17(4467):4.
go back to reference Merkel, Angela. 2013. Cited in: Staudinger, Melanie. Karriere ohne Quote, Süddeutsche Zeitung 69(106):6. Merkel, Angela. 2013. Cited in: Staudinger, Melanie. Karriere ohne Quote, Süddeutsche Zeitung 69(106):6.
go back to reference Milliken, Frances J., and Luis L. Martins. 1996. Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review 21(2):402–433. Milliken, Frances J., and Luis L. Martins. 1996. Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review 21(2):402–433.
go back to reference Mitchell, Terence R. 1982. Expectancy-value models in organizational psychology. In Expectations and actions: expectancy-value models in psychology, ed. Norman T. Feather, 293–312. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mitchell, Terence R. 1982. Expectancy-value models in organizational psychology. In Expectations and actions: expectancy-value models in psychology, ed. Norman T. Feather, 293–312. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
go back to reference Mínguez-Vera, Antonio, and Adina Martin. 2011. Gender and management on Spanish SMEs: an empirical analysis. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 22(14):2852–2873.CrossRef Mínguez-Vera, Antonio, and Adina Martin. 2011. Gender and management on Spanish SMEs: an empirical analysis. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 22(14):2852–2873.CrossRef
go back to reference Orlando, Richard C., Tim Barnett, Sean Duyer, and Ken Chadwick. 2004. Cultural diversity in management, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions. Academy of Management Journal 47:255–266.CrossRef Orlando, Richard C., Tim Barnett, Sean Duyer, and Ken Chadwick. 2004. Cultural diversity in management, firm performance, and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation dimensions. Academy of Management Journal 47:255–266.CrossRef
go back to reference Pennings, Paul. 2002. Voters, elections and ideology in European democracies. In Comparative Democratic Politics, ed. Hans Keman, 99–121. London Thousand Oaks New Delhi: Sage. Pennings, Paul. 2002. Voters, elections and ideology in European democracies. In Comparative Democratic Politics, ed. Hans Keman, 99–121. London Thousand Oaks New Delhi: Sage.
go back to reference Post, Corinne, and Kris Byron. 2015. Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal 58:1546–1571. Post, Corinne, and Kris Byron. 2015. Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal 58:1546–1571.
go back to reference Randøy, Trond, Steen Thomsen, and Lars Oxelheim. 2006. A Nordic perspective on corporate board diversity. Nordic Innovation Centre. Randøy, Trond, Steen Thomsen, and Lars Oxelheim. 2006. A Nordic perspective on corporate board diversity. Nordic Innovation Centre.
go back to reference Rixen, Stephan. 2009. § 24. In Parteiengesetz (PartG) und Europäisches Parteienrecht, ed. Jens Kersten, Stephan Rixen. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Rixen, Stephan. 2009. § 24. In Parteiengesetz (PartG) und Europäisches Parteienrecht, ed. Jens Kersten, Stephan Rixen. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
go back to reference Rodríguez-Domínguez, Luis, Isabel-Maria García-Sánchez, and Isabel Gallego-Álvarez. 2012. Explanatory factors of the relationship between gender diversity and corporate performance. European Journal of Law and Economics 33:603–620.CrossRef Rodríguez-Domínguez, Luis, Isabel-Maria García-Sánchez, and Isabel Gallego-Álvarez. 2012. Explanatory factors of the relationship between gender diversity and corporate performance. European Journal of Law and Economics 33:603–620.CrossRef
go back to reference Roe, Mark J. 2003. Political Determinants of Corporate Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Roe, Mark J. 2003. Political Determinants of Corporate Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Rose, Caspar. 2007. Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence. Corporate Governance: An International Review 15:404–413. Rose, Caspar. 2007. Does female board representation influence firm performance? The Danish evidence. Corporate Governance: An International Review 15:404–413.
go back to reference Rösler, Philipp. 2013. Cited in: Sirleschtov, Antje, and Christian Tretbar. Frauen sollten Netzwerke stärker nutzen. Tagesspiegel 69(21673):3. Rösler, Philipp. 2013. Cited in: Sirleschtov, Antje, and Christian Tretbar. Frauen sollten Netzwerke stärker nutzen. Tagesspiegel 69(21673):3.
go back to reference Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1950. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, 3rd edn., New York: Harper & Brothers. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1950. Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, 3rd edn., New York: Harper & Brothers.
go back to reference Seehofer, Horst. 2012. Cited in: Eichinger, Roman, and Martin S. Lambeck. Will die CSU Schwarz-Grün, Herr Seehofer?, Bild am Sonntag 59(47):8–9. Seehofer, Horst. 2012. Cited in: Eichinger, Roman, and Martin S. Lambeck. Will die CSU Schwarz-Grün, Herr Seehofer?, Bild am Sonntag 59(47):8–9.
go back to reference Sheppard, Blair H., Jon Hartwick, and Paul R. Warshaw. 1988. The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research 15:325–343.CrossRef Sheppard, Blair H., Jon Hartwick, and Paul R. Warshaw. 1988. The theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research 15:325–343.CrossRef
go back to reference Shrader, Charles B., Virginia Blackburn, and Paul Iles. 1997. Women in management and firm financial performance: an exploratory study. Journal of Managerial Issues 9(3):355–372. Shrader, Charles B., Virginia Blackburn, and Paul Iles. 1997. Women in management and firm financial performance: an exploratory study. Journal of Managerial Issues 9(3):355–372.
go back to reference Singh, Val, Susan Vinnicombe, and Phyl Johnson. 2001. Women directors on top UK boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review 9(3):206–216.CrossRef Singh, Val, Susan Vinnicombe, and Phyl Johnson. 2001. Women directors on top UK boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review 9(3):206–216.CrossRef
go back to reference Sjöblom, Gunnar. 1968. Party strategies in a multiparty system. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Sjöblom, Gunnar. 1968. Party strategies in a multiparty system. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
go back to reference Smith, Nina, Valdemar Smith, and Mette Verner. 2006. Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms. International Journal of Productivity & Performance Management 55:569–593. Smith, Nina, Valdemar Smith, and Mette Verner. 2006. Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms. International Journal of Productivity & Performance Management 55:569–593.
go back to reference Smithies, Arthur. 1941. Optimum location in spatial competition. The Journal of Political Economy 49:423–429.CrossRef Smithies, Arthur. 1941. Optimum location in spatial competition. The Journal of Political Economy 49:423–429.CrossRef
go back to reference SPD. 2009. Sozial und Demokratisch. Anpacken. Für Deutschland. Das Regierungsprogramm der SPD. Berlin: SPD. SPD. 2009. Sozial und Demokratisch. Anpacken. Für Deutschland. Das Regierungsprogramm der SPD. Berlin: SPD.
go back to reference SPD. 2013. Das Wir entscheidet. Das Regierungsprogramm 2013–2017. Berlin: SPD. SPD. 2013. Das Wir entscheidet. Das Regierungsprogramm 2013–2017. Berlin: SPD.
go back to reference Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1986. Social identity theory and intergroup behavior. In Psychology of intergroup relations, ed. Stephen Worchel, G. Austin William, 7–24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1986. Social identity theory and intergroup behavior. In Psychology of intergroup relations, ed. Stephen Worchel, G. Austin William, 7–24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
go back to reference Terjesen, Siri, Ruth Sealy, and Val Singh. 2009. Women directors on corporate boards: A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance: An International Review 3(17):320–337.CrossRef Terjesen, Siri, Ruth Sealy, and Val Singh. 2009. Women directors on corporate boards: A review and research agenda. Corporate Governance: An International Review 3(17):320–337.CrossRef
go back to reference Turner, John C., Michael Hogg, Penelope J. Oakes, Stephen D. Reicher, and Margaret S. Wetherell (eds.). 1987. Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Turner, John C., Michael Hogg, Penelope J. Oakes, Stephen D. Reicher, and Margaret S. Wetherell (eds.). 1987. Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
go back to reference Vinnicombe, Susan, Elena Doldor, Ruth Sealy, Patricia Pryce, and Caroline Turner. 2015. The Female FTSE Board Report 2015. Cranfield: Cranfield School of Management. Vinnicombe, Susan, Elena Doldor, Ruth Sealy, Patricia Pryce, and Caroline Turner. 2015. The Female FTSE Board Report 2015. Cranfield: Cranfield School of Management.
go back to reference Vroom, Victor H. 1964. Work and Motivation. New York London Sydney: John Wiley and Sons. Vroom, Victor H. 1964. Work and Motivation. New York London Sydney: John Wiley and Sons.
go back to reference Wahba, Mahmoud, and Robert J. House. 1974. Expectancy theory in work and motivation: some logical and methodological issues. Human Relations 27(2):121–147.CrossRef Wahba, Mahmoud, and Robert J. House. 1974. Expectancy theory in work and motivation: some logical and methodological issues. Human Relations 27(2):121–147.CrossRef
go back to reference Wegge, Jürgen, Carla Roth, Ruth Kanfer, Barbara Neubach, and Klaus-Helmut Schmidt. 2008. Age and gender diversity as determinants of performance and health in a public organization: the role of task complexity and group size. Journal of Applied Psychology 93:1301–1313.CrossRef Wegge, Jürgen, Carla Roth, Ruth Kanfer, Barbara Neubach, and Klaus-Helmut Schmidt. 2008. Age and gender diversity as determinants of performance and health in a public organization: the role of task complexity and group size. Journal of Applied Psychology 93:1301–1313.CrossRef
go back to reference Welbourne, Theresa M., Cynthia S. Cycyota, and Claudia J. Ferrante. 2007. Wall street reaction to women in IPOs: an examination of gender diversity in top management teams. Group & Organization Management 32:524–547. Welbourne, Theresa M., Cynthia S. Cycyota, and Claudia J. Ferrante. 2007. Wall street reaction to women in IPOs: an examination of gender diversity in top management teams. Group & Organization Management 32:524–547.
Metadata
Title
Do Political Parties Play Dirty in the Discussion on Gender Balanced Boards? Evidence from Germany
Authors
Michael Olbrich
Anna E. Nikolis
David J. Rapp
Katrin V. Weber
Publication date
19-08-2016
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Schmalenbach Business Review / Issue 3-4/2016
Print ISSN: 1439-2917
Electronic ISSN: 2194-072X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-016-0017-4

Other articles of this Issue 3-4/2016

Schmalenbach Business Review 3-4/2016 Go to the issue