Top

Published in:

2021 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

14. Electroanalytical Techniques for the Remediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater

Authors : Muhammad Altaf, Naila Yamin, Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Arshad Raza, Munazza Shahid, Raja Shahid Ashraf

Published in: Water Pollution and Remediation: Heavy Metals

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

This book chapter summarizes the sources of heavy metals in water, treatment of wastewater, and diseases caused by polluted water due to heavy metals. Commonly, human interaction with heavy metal can occur through various routes, which include ingestion through food or drinks and inhalation of dust or fume. Heavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, chromium, and arsenic cause growth problems, nervous system damage, cancer, organ damage, and in extreme cases death. In recent years, both the type and content of heavy metals in water have gradually increased due to fast global development and human activities.

In this chapter, various water purification techniques such as chemical precipitation, lime coagulation, coagulation and flocculation, flotation, ion-exchange process, adsorption, membrane filtration, electrochemical treatment, and phytoremediation have been discussed in detail.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Adsorbents

next chapter Mechanisms and Approaches for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Acid Mine Drainage and Other Industrial Effluents

Abou-Shady A, Peng C, Bi J, Xu H (2012) Recovery of Pb (II) and removal of NO3− from aqueous solutions using integrated electrodialysis, electrolysis, and adsorption process. Desalination 286:304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.041CrossRef

Acheampong MA, Meulepas RJ, Lens PN (2010) Removal of heavy metals and cyanide from gold mine wastewater. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85(5):590–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2358CrossRef

Ahn CK, Park D, Woo SH, Park JM (2009) Removal of cationic heavy metal from aqueous solution by activated carbon impregnated with anionic surfactants. J Hazard Mater 164(2-3):1130–1136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.036CrossRefPubMed

Ajjabi LC, Chouba L (2009) Biosorption of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) from aqueous solutions by dried marine green macroalga Chaetomorpha linum. J Environ Manag 90(11):3485–3489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.001CrossRef

Al-Saydeh SA, El-Naas MH, Zaidi SJ (2017) Copper removal from industrial wastewater: a comprehensive review. J Ind Eng Chem 56:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.07.026CrossRef

Aman T, Kazi AA, Sabri MU, Bano Q (2008) Potato peels as solid waste for the removal of heavy metal copper (II) from waste water/industrial effluent. Biointerfaces 63(1):116–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.11.013CrossRefPubMed

Amuda O, Adelowo F, Ologunde MO (2009) Kinetics and equilibrium studies of adsorption of chromium (VI) ion from industrial wastewater using Chrysophyllum albidum (Sapotaceae) seed shells. Colloid Surf B Biointerfaces 68(2):184–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.10.002CrossRefPubMed

Apiratikul R, Pavasant P (2008a) Batch and column studies of biosorption of heavy metals by Caulerpa lentillifera. Bioresour Technol 99(8):2766–2777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.036CrossRefPubMed

Apiratikul R, Pavasant P (2008b) Sorption of Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ using modified zeolite from coal fly ash. Chem Eng J 144(2):245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.01.038CrossRef

Barakat MA (2011) New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J Chem 4(4):361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.07.019CrossRef

Bayramoglu G, Arıca MY (2008) Removal of heavy mercury (II), cadmium (II) and zinc (II) metal ions by live and heat inactivated Lentinus edodes pellets. Chem Eng J 143(1-3):133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.01.002CrossRef

Berihun D (2017) Removal of chromium from industrial wastewater by adsorption using coffee husk. J Mater Sci Eng 06(331):2169–0022. https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000331CrossRef

Bhainsa KC, D’souza SF (2008) Removal of copper ions by the filamentous fungus, Rhizopus oryzae from aqueous solution. Bioresou Technol 99(9):3829–3835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.032CrossRef

Chandra V, Park J, Chun Y, Lee JW, Hwang IC, Kim KS (2010) Water-dispersible magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal. ACS Nano 4(7):3979–3986. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1008897CrossRefPubMed

Chen G (2004) Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 38(1):11–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2003.10.006CrossRef

Chen B, Zhao H, Chen S, Long F, Huang B, Yang B, Pan X (2019) A magnetically recyclable chitosan composite adsorbent functionalized with EDTA for simultaneous capture of anionic dye and heavy metals in complex wastewater. Chem Eng J 356:69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.222CrossRef

Chipasa KB (2003) Accumulation and fate of selected heavy metals in a biological wastewater treatment system. Waste Manag 23(2):135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(02)00065-xCrossRefPubMed

Chojnacka K (2010) Biosorption and bioaccumulation – the prospects for practical applications. Environ Int 36(3):299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.12.001CrossRefPubMed

Cifuentes G, Simpson J, Lobos F, Briones L, Morales A (2009) Copper electrowinning based on reactive electrodialysis. J Chil Chem Soc 54(4):334–338. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072009000400002CrossRef

Das GK, Bonifacio CS, De Rojas J, Liu K, Van Benthem K, Kennedy IM (2014) Ultra-long magnetic nanochains for highly efficient arsenic removal from water. J Mater Chem A 2(32):12974–12981. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA02614DCrossRef

Deng L, Su Y, Su H, Wang X, Zhu X (2007) Sorption and desorption of lead (II) from wastewater by green algae Cladophora fascicularis. J Hazard Mater 143(1–2):220–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.009CrossRefPubMed

Desai AV, Manna B, Karmakar A, Sahu A, Ghosh SK (2016) A water-stable cationic metal–organic framework as a dual adsorbent of oxoanion pollutants. Angew Chem Int Ed 55(27):7811–7815. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201600185CrossRef

Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MC, Almeida MF, Rivera-Utrilla J, Sanchez-Polo M (2007) Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: a review. J Environ Manag 85(4):833–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.031CrossRef

Dixit S, Hering JG (2003) Comparison of arsenic (V) and arsenic (III) sorption onto iron oxide minerals: implications for arsenic mobility. Environ Sci Technol 37(18):4182–4189. https://doi.org/10.1021/es030309tCrossRefPubMed

Djaenudin W, Hariyadi HR, Wulan DR, Cahyaningsih S (2017) Removal of nickel ion from electroplating wastewater using double chamber electrodeposition cell (DCEC) reactor partitioned with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaves. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 60:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/60/1/012020CrossRef

Ekinci E, Budinova T, Yardim F, Petrov N, Razvigorova M, Minkova V (2002) Removal of mercury ion from aqueous solution by activated carbons obtained from biomass and coals. Fuel Process Technol 77:437–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00065-6CrossRef

El Zeftawy M, Mulligan CN (2011) Use of rhamnolipid to remove heavy metals from wastewater by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF). Sep Purif Technol 77(1):120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.11.030CrossRef

El-Sikaily A, El Nemr A, Khaled A, Abdelwehab O (2007) Removal of toxic chromium from wastewater using green alga Ulva lactuca and its activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 148(1-2):216–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.146CrossRefPubMed

Elwakeel KZ (2014) Removal of arsenate from aqueous media by magnetic chitosan resin immobilized with molybdate oxoanions. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11(4):1051–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.146CrossRef

Farooq U, Kozinski JA, Khan MA, Athar M (2010) Biosorption of heavy metal ions using wheat based biosorbents – a review of the recent literature. Bioresour Technol 101(14):5043–5053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.030CrossRefPubMed

Fenglian F, Wang Q (2011) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manag 92(3):407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011CrossRef

Fowler BA (2009) Monitoring of human populations for early markers of cadmium toxicity: a review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):294–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.004CrossRefPubMed

Gautam RK, Sharma SK, Mahiya S, Chattopadhyaya MC (2014) Contamination of heavy metals in aquatic media: transport, toxicity and technologies for remediation. In: Heavy metals in water: presence, removal and safety. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, pp 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781782620174-00001CrossRef

Goel PK (2006) Water pollution: causes, effects and control. New Age International, New Delhi

Gray NF (2008) Drinking water quality: problems and solutions. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef

Guo M, Qiu G, Song W (2010) Poultry litter-based activated carbon for removing heavy metal ions in water. Waste Manag 30(2):308–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.08.010CrossRefPubMed

Gupta VK, Ali I, Saleh TA, Nayak A, Agarwal S (2012) Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water recycling – an overview. RSC Adv 2(16):6380–6388. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20340eCrossRef

Gupta A, Yunus M, Sankararamakrishnan N (2013) Chitosan-and iron–chitosan-coated sand filters: a cost-effective approach for enhanced arsenic removal. Ind Eng Chem Res 52(5):2066–2072. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302428zCrossRef

Gupta VK, Moradi O, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, Sadegh H, Shahryari-Ghoshekandi R, Makhlouf ASH, Goodarzi M, Garshasbi A (2015) Study on the removal of heavy metal ions from industry waste by carbon nanotubes: effect of the surface modification: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 46(2):93–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1061874CrossRef

Gurel L (2017) Applications of the biosorption process for nickel removal from aqueous solutions – a review. Chem Eng Commun 204(6):711–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2017.1306698CrossRef

Gutierrez M, Domingo C, Vila-Planas J, Ipatov A, Capdevila F, Demming S, Büttgenbach S, Llobera A, Jimenez-Jorquera C (2011) Hybrid electronic tongue for the characterization and quantification of grape variety in red wines. Sensors Actuators B 156(2):695–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.02.020CrossRef

Hasieb IH (2012) Removal of Ni from drinking water by electrocoagulation-electroflotation technique using alternate current. Curr Res Chem 4(2):41–50. https://doi.org/10.3923/crc.2012.41.50CrossRef

Heidmann I, Calmano W (2008) Removal of Zn (II), Cu (II), Ni (II), Ag (I) and Cr (VI) present in aqueous solutions by aluminium electrocoagulation. J Hazard Mater 152(3):934–941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.005CrossRefPubMed

Hoseinian FS, Irannajad M, Nooshabadi AJ (2015) Ion flotation for removal of Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions from wastewaters. Int J Miner Process 143:131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2015.07.006CrossRef

Hounslow A (2018) Water quality data: analysis and interpretation. CRC Press, Boca RatonCrossRef

Huang Y, Wu D, Wang X, Huang W, Lawless D, Feng X (2016) Removal of heavy metals from water using polyvinylamine by polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration and flocculation. Sep Purif Technol 158:124–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.008CrossRef

Huang J, Yuan F, Zeng G, Li X, Gu Y, Shi L, Liu W, Shi Y (2017) Influence of pH on heavy metal speciation and removal from wastewater using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. Chemosphere 173:199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.137CrossRefPubMed

Hubicki Z, Koodynsk D (2012) Selective removal of heavy metal ions from waters and wastewaters using ion exchange methods. Ion Exch Technol:193–240. https://doi.org/10.5772/51040

Hussam A, Munir AK (2007) A simple and effective arsenic filter based on composite iron matrix: development and deployment studies for groundwater of Bangladesh. J Environ Sci Health 42(12):1869–1878. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520701567122CrossRef

Ihsanullah A, Al-Amer AM, Laoui T, Al-Marri MJ, Nasser MS, Khraisheh M, Atieh MA (2016) Heavy metal removal from aqueous solution by advanced carbon nanotubes: critical review of adsorption applications. Sep Purif Technol 157:141–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.11.039CrossRef

Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN (2014) Toxicity mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 07(02):60–72. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009CrossRef

Jakobsen MR, Fritt-Rasmussen J, Nielsen S, Ottosen LM (2004) Electrodialytic removal of cadmium from wastewater sludge. J Hazard Mater 106(2-3):127–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2003.10.005CrossRefPubMed

Jan A, Azam M, Siddiqui K, Ali A, Choi I, Haq Q (2015) Heavy metals and human health: mechanistic insight into toxicity and counter defense system of antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci 16(12):29592–29630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226183CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Joo JH, Hassan SH, Oh SE (2010) Comparative study of biosorption of Zn2+ by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 64(8):734–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.08.007CrossRef

Kabbashi NA, Atieh MA, Al-Mamun A, Mirghami ME, Alam MDZ, Yahya N (2009) Kinetic adsorption of application of carbon nanotubes for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution. J Environ Sci 21(4):539–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62305-0CrossRef

Kaczala F, Marques M, Hogland W (2009) Lead and vanadium removal from a real industrial wastewater by gravitational settling/sedimentation and sorption onto Pinus sylvestris sawdust. Bioresour Technol 100(1):235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.055CrossRefPubMed

Kandah MI, Meunier JL (2007) Removal of nickel ions from water by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Hazard Mater 146(1-2):283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.019CrossRefPubMed

Kango S, Kumar R (2016) Magnetite nanoparticles coated sand for arsenic removal from drinking water. Environ Earth Sci 75(5):381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5282-5CrossRef

Karkra R, Kumar P, Bansod BK, Krishna CR (2016) Analysis of heavy metal ions in potable water using soft computing technique. Proc Comput Sci 93:988–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.295CrossRef

Karvelas M, Katsoyiannis A, Samara C (2003) Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process. Chemosphere 53(10):1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00591-5CrossRefPubMed

Katsoyiannis IA, Zouboulis AI, Jekel M (2004) Kinetics of bacterial As (III) oxidation and subsequent As (V) removal by sorption onto biogenic manganese oxides during groundwater treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 43(2):486–493. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie030525aCrossRef

Kemp KC, Seema H, Saleh M, Le NH, Mahesh K, Chandra V, Kim KS (2013) Environmental applications using graphene composites: water remediation and gas adsorption. Nanoscale 5(8):3149–3171. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR33708ACrossRefPubMed

Kimbrough DE (2009) Source identification of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc loading in wastewater reclamation plant influents from corrosion of brass in plumbing fixtures. Environ Pollut 157(4):1310–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.043CrossRefPubMed

Kobielska PA, Howarth AJ, Farha OK, Nayak S (2018) Metal–organic frameworks for heavy metal removal from water. Coord Chem Rev 358:92–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.12.010CrossRef

Kongsuwan A, Patnukao P, Pavasant P (2009) Binary component sorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) with activated carbon from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn bark. J Ind Eng Chem 15(4):465–470CrossRef

Korngold E, Belayev N, Aronov L (2001) Removal of arsenic from drinking water by anion exchangers. Desalination 141(1):81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00391-5CrossRef

Kumar R, Chawla J, Kaur I (2015) Removal of cadmium ion from wastewater by carbon-based nanosorbents: a review. J Water Health 13(1):18–33. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.024CrossRefPubMed

Kuo CY, Lin HY (2009) Adsorption of aqueous cadmium (II) onto modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes following microwave/chemical treatment. Desalination 249(2):792–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.11.023CrossRef

Kyzas G, Matis KA (2019) The flotation process can go green. Processes 7(3):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7030138CrossRef

Lackovic JA, Nikolaidis NP, Dobbs GM (2000) Inorganic arsenic removal by zero-valent iron. Environ Eng Sci 17(1):29–39. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2000.17.29CrossRef

Lakshmipathiraj P, Narasimhan B, Prabhakar S, Raju GB (2006) Adsorption of arsenate on synthetic goethite from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 136(2):281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.015CrossRefPubMed

Landaburu-Aguirre J, García V, Pongrácz E, Keiski RL (2009) The removal of zinc from synthetic wastewaters by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration: statistical design of experiments. Desalination 240(1-3):262–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.077CrossRef

Landaburu-Aguirre J, Pongracz E, Peramaki P, Keiski RL (2010) Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration for the removal of cadmium and zinc: use of response surface methodology to improve understanding of process performance and optimisation. J Hazard Mater 180(1-3):524–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.066CrossRefPubMed

Li H, Gao Y, Pan L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Sun Z (2008) Electrosorptive desalination by carbon nanotubes and nanofibres electrodes and ion-exchange membranes. Water Res 42(20):4923–4928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.09.026CrossRefPubMed

Li X, Zeng GM, Huang JH, Zhang C, Fang YY, Qu YH, Luo F, Lin D, Liu HL (2009) Recovery and reuse of surfactant SDS from a MEUF retentate containing Cd2+ or Zn2+ by ultrafiltration. J Membr Sci 337(1–2):92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.03.030CrossRef

Li Z, Chen J, Guo H, Fan X, Wen Z, Yeh MH, Yu C, Cao X, Wang ZL (2016) Triboelectrification-enabled self-powered detection and removal of heavy metal ions in wastewater. Adv Mater 28(15):2983–2991. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504356CrossRefPubMed

Liu X, Wang M, Zhang S, Pan B (2013) Application potential of carbon nanotubes in water treatment: a review. J Environ Sci 25(7):1263–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60161-2CrossRef

Llanos J, Perez A, Canizares P (2008) Copper recovery by polymer enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) and electrochemical regeneration. J Membr Sci 323(1):28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.073CrossRef

Magalhães MCF (2002) Arsenic. An environmental problem limited by solubility. Pure Appl Chem 74(10):1843–1850. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274101843CrossRef

Mahalik MP, Hitner HW, Prozialeck WC (1995) Teratogenic effects and distribution of cadmium (Cd2+) administered via osmotic minipumps to gravid CF-1 mice. Toxicol Lett 76(3):195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)80003-VCrossRefPubMed

Manohar D, Krishnan KA, Anirudhan TS (2002) Removal of mercury (II) from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry wastewater using 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-clay. Water Res 36(6):1609–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00362-1CrossRefPubMed

Martınez-Máñez R, Soto J, Garcia-Breijo E, Gil L, Ibáñez J, Llobet E (2005) An “electronic tongue” design for the qualitative analysis of natural waters. Sens Actuat B Chemica 104(2):302–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.05.022CrossRef

Mata Y, Blázquez M, Ballester A, González F, Munoz JA (2009) Optimization of the continuous biosorption of copper with sugar-beet pectin gels. J Environ Manag 90(5):1737–1743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.028CrossRef

Men C, Liu R, Xu F, Wang Q, Guo L, Shen Z (2018) Pollution characteristics, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 612:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.123CrossRefPubMed

Mitra S, Sarkar A, Sen S (2017) Removal of chromium from industrial effluents using nanotechnology: a review. Nanotechnol Environ Eng 2(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-017-0022-yCrossRef

Mohammadi T, Razmi A, Sadrzadeh M (2004) Effect of operating parameters on Pb2+ separation from wastewater using electrodialysis. Desalination 167:379–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.150CrossRef

Mohan D, Pittman CU Jr (2007) Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents – a critical review. J Hazard Mater 142(1-2):1–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.006CrossRefPubMed

Mondal MK (2008) Removal of Pb(II) from industrial wastewater by using various natural materials – a review. Int J Sustain Dev Plan 3(4):377–393. https://doi.org/10.2495/sdp-v3-n4-377-393CrossRef

Mondal P, Majumder C, Mohanty B (2006) Laboratory based approaches for arsenic remediation from contaminated water: recent developments. J Hazard Mater 137(1):464–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.023CrossRefPubMed

Moosavi SG, Seghatoleslami MJ (2013) Phytoremediation: a review. Adv Agric Biol 1(1):5–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2014.00036CrossRef

Mubarak NM, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS (2014) Removal of heavy metals from wastewater using carbon nanotubes. Sep Purif Rev 43(4):311–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2013.821996CrossRef

Naeemullah, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Shah F, Arain SS, Brahman KD, Ali J, Arain MS (2016) Simultaneous determination of silver and other heavy metals in aquatic environment receiving wastewater from industrial area, applying an enrichment method. Arab J Chem 9(1):105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.027CrossRef

Nataraj S, Hosamani K, Aminabhavi TM (2007) Potential application of an electrodialysis pilot plant containing ion-exchange membranes in chromium removal. Desalination 217(1-3):181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.012CrossRef

Neetesh KD, Lal N (2018) Removal of zinc from waste water by using low cost adsorbent: a comprehensive review. Int Res J Eng Technol 5(9):1021–1032. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/347912CrossRef

Nriagu JO, Bhattacharya P, Mukherjee AB, Bundschuh J, Zevenhoven R, Loeppert RH (2007) Arsenic in soil and groundwater: an overview. In: Arsenic in soil and groundwater environment - biogeochemical interactions, health effects and remediation. Trace metals and other contaminants in the environment, pp 3–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1875-1121(06)09001-8CrossRef

Okpalugo TIT, Papakonstantinou P, Murphy H, McLaughlin J, Brown NMD (2005) High resolution XPS characterization of chemical functionalised MWCNTs and SWCNTs. Carbon 43(1):153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.08.033CrossRef

Oliveira WE, Franca AS, Oliveira LS, Rocha SD (2008) Untreated coffee husks as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 152(3):1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.085CrossRefPubMed

PAN JH, LIU RX, TANG H-X (2007) Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions. J Environ Sci 19(4):403–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60067-9CrossRef

Parga JR, Cocke DL, Valenzuela JL, Gomes JA, Kesmez M, Irwin G, Moreno H, Weir M (2005) Arsenic removal via electrocoagulation from heavy metal contaminated groundwater in La Comarca Lagunera Mexico. J Hazard Mater 124(1-3):247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.05.017CrossRefPubMed

Park HG, Kim TW, Chae MY, Yoo IK (2007a) Activated carbon-containing alginate adsorbent for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals and toxic organics. Process Biochem 42(10):1371–1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2007.06.016CrossRef

Park HJ, Jeong SW, Yang JK, Kim BG, Lee SM (2007b) Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell. J Environ Sci 19(12):1436–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60234-4CrossRef

Pavasant P, Apiratikul R, Sungkhum V, Suthiparinyanont P, Wattanachira S, Marhaba TF (2006) Biosorption of Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ using dried marine green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera. Bioresour Technol 97(18):2321–2329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.032CrossRefPubMed

Peng W, Li H, Liu Y, Song S (2017) A review on heavy metal ions adsorption from water by graphene oxide and its composites. J Mol Liq 230:496–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.01.064CrossRef

Petrinic I, Korenak J, Povodnik D, Hélix-Nielsen C (2015) A feasibility study of ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis (UF/RO)-based wastewater treatment and reuse in the metal finishing industry. J Clean Prod 101:292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.022CrossRef

Pillay K, Cukrowska EM, Coville NJ (2009) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbents for the removal of parts per billion levels of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 166(2-3):1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.011CrossRefPubMed

Rao G, Lu C, Su F (2007) Sorption of divalent metal ions from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes: a review. Sep Purif Technol 58(1):224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.12.006CrossRef

Raouf A, Raheim ARM (2016) Removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water by biomass-based materials: a review. J Pollut Effect Control 05(01):80. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4397.1000180CrossRef

Raskin I, Smith RD, Salt DE (1997) Phytoremediation of metals: using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Curr Opin Biotechnol 8(2):221–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(97)80106-1CrossRefPubMed

Rubio J, Tessele F (1997) Removal of heavy metal ions by adsorptive particulate flotation. Miner Eng 10(7):671–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(97)00047-2CrossRef

Rubio J, Souza ML, Smith RW (2002) Overview of flotation as a wastewater treatment technique. Miner Eng 15(3):139–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(01)00216-3CrossRef

Sadrzadeh M, Mohammadi T (2009) Treatment of sea water using electrodialysis: current efficiency evaluation. Desalination 249(1):279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.10.029CrossRef

Saha N, Rahman MS, Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W (2017) Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk. J Environ Manag 185:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.023CrossRef

Saleh TA (2017) Advanced nanomaterials for water engineering, treatment, and hydraulics. IGI Global, HersheyCrossRef

Samper E, Rodríguez M, De la Rubia MA, Prats D (2009) Removal of metal ions at low concentration by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Sep Purif Technol 65(3):337–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.11.013CrossRef

Schiewer S, Patil SB (2008) Modeling the effect of pH on biosorption of heavy metals by citrus peels. J Hazard Mater 157(1):8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.076CrossRefPubMed

Shawai SA, Muktar HI, Bataiya AG, Abdullahi I, Shamsuddin IM, Yahaya AS, Suleiman M (2017) A review on heavy metals contamination in water and soil: effects, sources and phytoremediation techniques. Int J Miner Process Extract Metall 2(2):21–27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20170202.12CrossRef

Shen L, Hankins NP (2017) Removal of metallic ions at the parts per billion level from aqueous solutions using the polymer-surfactant aggregate process. J Water Process Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.09.001

Sinha S, Amy G, Yoon Y, Her N (2011) Arsenic removal from water using various adsorbents: magnetic ion exchange resins, hydrous ion oxide particles, granular ferric hydroxide, activated alumina, sulfur modified iron, and iron oxide-coated microsand. Environ Eng Res 16(3):165–173. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2011.16.3.165CrossRef

Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DJ (2002) A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Appl Geochem 17(5):517–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5CrossRef

Song D, Pan K, Tariq A, Azizullah A, Sun F, Li Z, Xiong Q (2016) Adsorptive removal of toxic chromium from waste-water using wheat straw and Eupatorium adenophorum. PLoS One 11(12):e0167037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167037CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Su C, Puls RW (2001) Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: kinetics, redox transformation, and implications for in situ groundwater remediation. Environ Sci Technol 35(7):1487–1492. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001607iCrossRefPubMed

Su C, Puls RW (2003) In situ remediation of arsenic in simulated groundwater using zerovalent iron: laboratory column tests on combined effects of phosphate and silicate. Environ Sci Technol 37(11):2582–2587. https://doi.org/10.1021/es026351qCrossRefPubMed

Swaddiwudhipong W, Limpatanachote P, Mahasakpan P, Krintratun S, Punta B, Funkhiew T (2012) Progress in cadmium-related health effects in persons with high environmental exposure in northwestern Thailand: a five-year follow-up. Environ Res 112:194–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.004CrossRefPubMed

Tang X, Wang PY, Buchter G (2018) Ion-selective electrodes for detection of Lead (II) in drinking water: a mini-review. Environments 5(9):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5090095CrossRef

Tangahu BV, Abdullah S, Rozaimah S, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M (2011) A review on heavy metals (As, Pb, and Hg) uptake by plants through phytoremediation. Int J Chem Eng 2011:1–31. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161CrossRef

Tchamango S, Nanseu-Njiki CP, Ngameni E, Hadjiev D, Darchen A (2010) Treatment of dairy effluents by electrocoagulation using aluminium electrodes. Sci Total Environ 408(4):947–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.026CrossRefPubMed

Thaçi B, Gashi S (2018) Reverse osmosis removal of heavy metals from wastewater effluents using biowaste. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/81268

Tripathi A, Ranjan MR (2015) Heavy metal removal from wastewater using low cost adsorbents. J Bioremed Biodegr 06(06):1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000315CrossRef

Trivunac K, Stevanovic S (2006a) Effects of operating parameters on efficiency of cadmium and zinc removal by the complexation–filtration process. Desalination 198(1–3):282–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.01.028CrossRef

Trivunac K, Stevanovic S (2006b) Removal of heavy metal ions from water by complexation-assisted ultrafiltration. Chemosphere 64(3):486–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.073CrossRefPubMed

Tsekova K, Todorova D, Dencheva V, Ganeva S (2010) Biosorption of copper (II) and cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions by free and immobilized biomass of Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol 101(6):1727–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.012CrossRefPubMed

Tzanetakis N, Taama W, Scott K, Jachuck R, Slade R, Varcoe J (2003) Comparative performance of ion exchange membranes for electrodialysis of nickel and cobalt. Sep Purif Technol 30(2):113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(02)00139-9CrossRef

Üçer A, Uyanik A, Aygün ŞF (2006) Adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) ions by tannic acid immobilised activated carbon. Sep Purif Technol 47(3):113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.06.012CrossRef

Varkey M, Lal N, Khan ZH (2012) Phytoremediation: strategies to enhance the potential for toxic metal remediation of Brassica oilseed species. Taylor and Francis, New York, pp 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2013.870253CrossRef

Vilardi G, Mpouras T, Dermatas D, Verdone N, Polydera A, Di Palma L (2018) Nanomaterials application for heavy metals recovery from polluted water: the combination of nano zero-valent iron and carbon nanotubes. Competitive adsorption non-linear modeling. Chemosphere 201:716–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.032CrossRefPubMed

Vilela D, Parmar J, Zeng Y, Zhao Y, Sánchez S (2016) Graphene-based microbots for toxic heavy metal removal and recovery from water. Nano Lett 16(4):2860–2866. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00768CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wang LK, Vaccari DA, Li Y, Shammass NK (2005) Chemical precipitation. In: Physicochemical treatment processes. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 141–197. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-820-x:141CrossRef

Wang HJ, Zhou AL, Peng F, Yu H, Chen LF (2007) Adsorption characteristic of acidified carbon nanotubes for heavy metal Pb(II) in aqueous solution. Mater Sci Eng A 466(1-2):201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.097CrossRef

Wang L, Wang N, Zhu L, Yu H, Tang H (2008) Photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) over different TiO2 photocatalysts and the effects of dissolved organic species. J Hazard Mater 152(1):93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.063CrossRefPubMed

Wang M, Wang Z, Zhou X, Li S (2019) Efficient removal of heavy metal ions in wastewater by using a novel alginate-EDTA hybrid aerogel. Appl Sci 9(3):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030547CrossRef

Wickramasinghe S, Han B, Zimbron J, Shen Z, Karim MN (2004) Arsenic removal by coagulation and filtration: comparison of groundwaters from the United States and Bangladesh. Desalination 169(3):231–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.03.013CrossRef

World Health Organization (1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality. World Health Organization

Wu X, Liang Y, Jin T, Ye T, Kong Q, Wang Z, Lei L, Bergdahl IA, Nordberg GF (2008) Renal effects evolution in a Chinese population after reduction of cadmium exposure in rice. Environ Res 108(2):233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.02.011CrossRefPubMed

Xu J, Cao Z, Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Lou Z, Xu X, Wang X (2018) A review of functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene for heavy metal adsorption from water: preparation, application, and mechanism. Chemosphere 195:351–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.061CrossRefPubMed

Yanagisawa H, Matsumoto Y, Machida M (2010) Adsorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions onto magnesium and activated carbon composite in aqueous solution. Appl Surf Sci 256(6):1619–1623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.10.010CrossRef

Yuna Z (2016) Review of the natural, modified, and synthetic zeolites for heavy metals removal from wastewater. Environ Eng Sci 33(7):443–454. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2015.0166CrossRef

Zhu J, Zheng J, Liu C, Zhang S (2016) Ionic complexing induced fabrication of highly permeable and selective polyacrylic acid complexed poly (arylene ether sulfone) nanofiltration membranes for water purification. J Membr Sci 520:130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.07.059CrossRef

Title: Electroanalytical Techniques for the Remediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
Authors: Muhammad Altaf
Naila Yamin
Gulzar Muhammad
Muhammad Arshad Raza
Munazza Shahid
Raja Shahid Ashraf
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Water Pollution and Remediation: Heavy Metals
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52420-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-52421-0

Copyright Year: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52421-0_14