Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 9/2020

16-01-2020 | Research Article-Chemical Engineering

Enhanced Removal of Eriochrome Black T Using Graphene/NiMgAl-Layered Hydroxides: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Authors: Taye Saheed Kazeem, Mukarram Zubair, Muhammad Daud, Mamdouh A. Al-Harthi

Published in: Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering | Issue 9/2020

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this study, graphene (G) was used as a substrate for NiMgAl ternary-layered hydroxide using coprecipitation technique. The pristine NiMgAl (NMA), graphene-NiMgAl (G/NMA) and their respective calcined products NMA-C and G/NMA-C were investigated as adsorbents for the removal of hazardous eriochrome black T (EBT) dye from an aqueous phase. Characterization results revealed that the incorporation of graphene nanoparticles with NMA with subsequent calcination leads to a significant improvement in surface functionalities, thermal stability, and specific surface area. This resulted in high and fast uptake of EBT molecules from the water phase. The equilibrium time for NMA, NMA-C, G/NMA, and G/NMA-C was achieved at 240 min, 180 min, 90 min, and 60 min, respectively, with optimum pH 4 and dosage of 10 mg. The Langmuir isotherm model describes the adsorption process more appropriately with maximum achievable adsorption capacities of 156.25, 263.16, 238.14, and 384.62 mg/g for NMA, G/NMA, NMA-C, and G/NMA-C, respectively. The kinetic study indicates the adequacy and fitness of the pseudo-second-order model to the experimental data for all four adsorbents. The thermodynamic evaluation substantiates the exothermic nature of the adsorption processes. The mechanism of EBT-G/NMA-C adsorption system involved surface adsorption, electrostatic, strong chemical, and ion exchange interactions along with surface reconstruction. Integration of graphene with subsequent calcination substantially improved the surface and structure characteristics of NMA which facilitated enhanced adsorption performance with sorption rate and excellent reusability performance, confirming it as a highly promising adsorbent for the efficient remediation of dye-contaminated wastewater.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
4.
go back to reference Rao, R.A.K.; Kashifuddin, M.: Kinetics and isotherm studies of Cd (II) adsorption from aqueous solution utilizing seeds of bottlebrush plant (Callistemon chisholmii). Appl. Water Sci. 4(4), 371–383 (2014)CrossRef Rao, R.A.K.; Kashifuddin, M.: Kinetics and isotherm studies of Cd (II) adsorption from aqueous solution utilizing seeds of bottlebrush plant (Callistemon chisholmii). Appl. Water Sci. 4(4), 371–383 (2014)CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Khan, M.A.; Uddin, M.K.; Bushra, R.; Ahmad, A.; Nabi, S.A.: Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline Zr(IV) molybdophosphate for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution. React. Kinet. Mech. Catal. 113(2), 499–517 (2014)CrossRef Khan, M.A.; Uddin, M.K.; Bushra, R.; Ahmad, A.; Nabi, S.A.: Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline Zr(IV) molybdophosphate for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution. React. Kinet. Mech. Catal. 113(2), 499–517 (2014)CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Goh, K.-H.; Lim, T.-T.; Dong, Z.: Application of layered double hydroxides for removal of oxyanions: a review. Water Res. 42(6–7), 1343–1368 (2008)CrossRef Goh, K.-H.; Lim, T.-T.; Dong, Z.: Application of layered double hydroxides for removal of oxyanions: a review. Water Res. 42(6–7), 1343–1368 (2008)CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Daud, M.; Kamal, M.S.; Shehzad, F.; Al-Harthi, M.A.: Graphene/layered double hydroxides nanocomposites: a review of recent progress in synthesis and applications. Carbon 104, 241–252 (2016)CrossRef Daud, M.; Kamal, M.S.; Shehzad, F.; Al-Harthi, M.A.: Graphene/layered double hydroxides nanocomposites: a review of recent progress in synthesis and applications. Carbon 104, 241–252 (2016)CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Li, J.; Zhang, N.; Ng, D.H.: Synthesis of a 3D hierarchical structure of γ-AlO (OH)/Mg–Al-LDH/C and its performance in organic dyes and antibiotics adsorption. J. Mater. Chem. A 3(42), 21106–21115 (2015)CrossRef Li, J.; Zhang, N.; Ng, D.H.: Synthesis of a 3D hierarchical structure of γ-AlO (OH)/Mg–Al-LDH/C and its performance in organic dyes and antibiotics adsorption. J. Mater. Chem. A 3(42), 21106–21115 (2015)CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Khodam, F.; Rezvani, Z.; Amani-Ghadim, A.R.: Enhanced adsorption of acid red 14 by co-assembled LDH/MWCNTs nanohybrid: optimization, kinetic and isotherm. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, 1286–1294 (2015)CrossRef Khodam, F.; Rezvani, Z.; Amani-Ghadim, A.R.: Enhanced adsorption of acid red 14 by co-assembled LDH/MWCNTs nanohybrid: optimization, kinetic and isotherm. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, 1286–1294 (2015)CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Garcia-Gallastegui, A.; Iruretagoyena, D.; Mokhtar, M.; Asiri, A.M.; Basahel, S.N.; Al-Thabaiti, S.A.; Alyoubi, A.O.; Chadwick, D.; Shaffer, M.S.: Layered double hydroxides supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes: preparation and CO2 adsorption characteristics. J. Mater. Chem. 22(28), 13932–13940 (2012)CrossRef Garcia-Gallastegui, A.; Iruretagoyena, D.; Mokhtar, M.; Asiri, A.M.; Basahel, S.N.; Al-Thabaiti, S.A.; Alyoubi, A.O.; Chadwick, D.; Shaffer, M.S.: Layered double hydroxides supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes: preparation and CO2 adsorption characteristics. J. Mater. Chem. 22(28), 13932–13940 (2012)CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Zhang, M.; Yao, Q.; Lu, C.; Li, Z.; Wang, W.: Layered double hydroxide–carbon dot composite: high-performance adsorbent for removal of anionic organic dye. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(22), 20225–20233 (2014)CrossRef Zhang, M.; Yao, Q.; Lu, C.; Li, Z.; Wang, W.: Layered double hydroxide–carbon dot composite: high-performance adsorbent for removal of anionic organic dye. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(22), 20225–20233 (2014)CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Wang, J.; Mei, X.; Huang, L.; Zheng, Q.; Qiao, Y.; Zang, K.; Mao, S.; Yang, R.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, Y.: Synthesis of layered double hydroxides/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a novel high-temperature CO2 adsorbent. J. Energy Chem. 24(2), 127–137 (2015)CrossRef Wang, J.; Mei, X.; Huang, L.; Zheng, Q.; Qiao, Y.; Zang, K.; Mao, S.; Yang, R.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, Y.: Synthesis of layered double hydroxides/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a novel high-temperature CO2 adsorbent. J. Energy Chem. 24(2), 127–137 (2015)CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Cao, Y.; Li, G.; Li, X.: Graphene/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite: properties, synthesis, and applications. Chem. Eng. J. 292, 207–223 (2016)CrossRef Cao, Y.; Li, G.; Li, X.: Graphene/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite: properties, synthesis, and applications. Chem. Eng. J. 292, 207–223 (2016)CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Chowdhury, P.R.; Bhattacharyya, K.G.: Ni/Co/Ti layered double hydroxide for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B and Acid Red G: a comparative study. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 16(6), 835–839 (2017)CrossRef Chowdhury, P.R.; Bhattacharyya, K.G.: Ni/Co/Ti layered double hydroxide for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B and Acid Red G: a comparative study. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 16(6), 835–839 (2017)CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Pan, D.; Ge, S.; Zhao, J.; Shao, Q.; Guo, L.; Zhang, X.; Lin, J.; Xu, G.; Guo, Z.: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of mixed-metal oxides derived from NiCoFe ternary layered double hydroxides. Dalton Trans. 47(29), 9765–9778 (2018)CrossRef Pan, D.; Ge, S.; Zhao, J.; Shao, Q.; Guo, L.; Zhang, X.; Lin, J.; Xu, G.; Guo, Z.: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of mixed-metal oxides derived from NiCoFe ternary layered double hydroxides. Dalton Trans. 47(29), 9765–9778 (2018)CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Yuan, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhou, C.; Tang, Q.; Rao, X.: Calcined graphene/MgAl-layered double hydroxides for enhanced Cr(VI) removal. Chem. Eng. J. 221, 204–213 (2013)CrossRef Yuan, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhou, C.; Tang, Q.; Rao, X.: Calcined graphene/MgAl-layered double hydroxides for enhanced Cr(VI) removal. Chem. Eng. J. 221, 204–213 (2013)CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Newman, S.P.; Jones, W.: Synthesis, characterization and applications of layered double hydroxides containing organic guests. New J. Chem. 22(2), 105–115 (1998)CrossRef Newman, S.P.; Jones, W.: Synthesis, characterization and applications of layered double hydroxides containing organic guests. New J. Chem. 22(2), 105–115 (1998)CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Kazeem, T.S.; Lateef, S.A.; Ganiyu, S.A.; Qamaruddin, M.; Tanimu, A.; Sulaiman, K.O.; Jillani, S.M.S.; Alhooshani, K.: Aluminium-modified activated carbon as efficient adsorbent for cleaning of cationic dye in wastewater. J. Clean. Prod. 205, 303–312 (2018)CrossRef Kazeem, T.S.; Lateef, S.A.; Ganiyu, S.A.; Qamaruddin, M.; Tanimu, A.; Sulaiman, K.O.; Jillani, S.M.S.; Alhooshani, K.: Aluminium-modified activated carbon as efficient adsorbent for cleaning of cationic dye in wastewater. J. Clean. Prod. 205, 303–312 (2018)CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Monash, P.; Pugazhenthi, G.: Utilization of calcined Ni–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) as an Adsorbent for removal of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution. Environ. Progress Sustain. Energy 33(1), 154–159 (2014)CrossRef Monash, P.; Pugazhenthi, G.: Utilization of calcined Ni–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) as an Adsorbent for removal of methyl orange dye from aqueous solution. Environ. Progress Sustain. Energy 33(1), 154–159 (2014)CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Vimonses, V.; Lei, S.; Jin, B.; Chow, C.W.; Saint, C.: Kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analysis of Congo Red adsorption by clay materials. Chem. Eng. J. 148(2), 354–364 (2009)CrossRef Vimonses, V.; Lei, S.; Jin, B.; Chow, C.W.; Saint, C.: Kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analysis of Congo Red adsorption by clay materials. Chem. Eng. J. 148(2), 354–364 (2009)CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Lafi, R.; Charradi, K.; Djebbi, M.A.; Amara, A.B.H.; Hafiane, A.: Adsorption study of Congo red dye from aqueous solution to Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide. Adv. Powder Technol. 27(1), 232–237 (2016)CrossRef Lafi, R.; Charradi, K.; Djebbi, M.A.; Amara, A.B.H.; Hafiane, A.: Adsorption study of Congo red dye from aqueous solution to Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide. Adv. Powder Technol. 27(1), 232–237 (2016)CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Ahmed, I.; Gasser, M.: Adsorption study of anionic reactive dye from aqueous solution to Mg–Fe–CO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH). Appl. Surf. Sci. 259, 650–656 (2012)CrossRef Ahmed, I.; Gasser, M.: Adsorption study of anionic reactive dye from aqueous solution to Mg–Fe–CO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH). Appl. Surf. Sci. 259, 650–656 (2012)CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Zandipak, R.; Sobhanardakani, S.: Synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution. Desalin. Water Treat. 57(24), 11348–11360 (2016)CrossRef Zandipak, R.; Sobhanardakani, S.: Synthesis of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution. Desalin. Water Treat. 57(24), 11348–11360 (2016)CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Iruretagoyena, D.; Shaffer, M.S.P.; Chadwick, D.: Layered double oxides supported on graphene oxide for CO2 adsorption: effect of support and residual sodium. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 6781–6792 (2015)CrossRef Iruretagoyena, D.; Shaffer, M.S.P.; Chadwick, D.: Layered double oxides supported on graphene oxide for CO2 adsorption: effect of support and residual sodium. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 6781–6792 (2015)CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Sumari, S.M.; Hamzah, Z.; Kantasamy, N.: Adsorption of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions by calcined and uncalcined Mg/Al layered double hydroxidE. Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 20(4), 777–792 (2016)CrossRef Sumari, S.M.; Hamzah, Z.; Kantasamy, N.: Adsorption of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions by calcined and uncalcined Mg/Al layered double hydroxidE. Malays. J. Anal. Sci. 20(4), 777–792 (2016)CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Kazeem, T.S.; Zubair, M.; Daud, M.; Mu’azu, N.D.; Al-Harthi, M.A.: Graphene/ternary layered double hydroxide composites: efficient removal of anionic dye from aqueous phase. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 36(7), 1057–1068 (2019)CrossRef Kazeem, T.S.; Zubair, M.; Daud, M.; Mu’azu, N.D.; Al-Harthi, M.A.: Graphene/ternary layered double hydroxide composites: efficient removal of anionic dye from aqueous phase. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 36(7), 1057–1068 (2019)CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Liu, J.; Li, X.; Luo, J.; Duan, C.; Hu, H.; Qian, G.: Enhanced decolourisation of methylene blue by LDH-bacteria aggregates with bioregeneration. Chem. Eng. J. 242, 187–194 (2014)CrossRef Liu, J.; Li, X.; Luo, J.; Duan, C.; Hu, H.; Qian, G.: Enhanced decolourisation of methylene blue by LDH-bacteria aggregates with bioregeneration. Chem. Eng. J. 242, 187–194 (2014)CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Deng, L.; Shi, Z.; Peng, X.; Zhou, S.: Magnetic calcinated cobalt ferrite/magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite composite for enhanced adsorption of methyl orange. J. Alloys Compd. 688, 101–112 (2016)CrossRef Deng, L.; Shi, Z.; Peng, X.; Zhou, S.: Magnetic calcinated cobalt ferrite/magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite composite for enhanced adsorption of methyl orange. J. Alloys Compd. 688, 101–112 (2016)CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Bakr, A.; Mostafa, M.; Sultan, E.: Mn(II) removal from aqueous solutions by Co/Mo layered double hydroxide: kinetics and thermodynamics. Egypt. J. Petrol. 25(2), 171–181 (2016)CrossRef Bakr, A.; Mostafa, M.; Sultan, E.: Mn(II) removal from aqueous solutions by Co/Mo layered double hydroxide: kinetics and thermodynamics. Egypt. J. Petrol. 25(2), 171–181 (2016)CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Ahmed, M.; Mohamed, A.: An efficient adsorption of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solution on mesoporous Mg/Fe layered double hydroxide nanoparticles prepared by controlled sol-gel route. Chemosphere 174, 280–288 (2017)CrossRef Ahmed, M.; Mohamed, A.: An efficient adsorption of indigo carmine dye from aqueous solution on mesoporous Mg/Fe layered double hydroxide nanoparticles prepared by controlled sol-gel route. Chemosphere 174, 280–288 (2017)CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Flores, L.H.C.; Debut, A.; Stael, C.: Synthesis of multicomponent nanoparticles for immobilization of heavy metals in aqueous phase. NanoWorld J. 1, 105–111 (2015) Flores, L.H.C.; Debut, A.; Stael, C.: Synthesis of multicomponent nanoparticles for immobilization of heavy metals in aqueous phase. NanoWorld J. 1, 105–111 (2015)
40.
go back to reference Blaisi, N.I.; Zubair, M.; Ihsanullah, Ali, S.; Kazeem, T.S.; Manzar, M.S.; Al-Kutti, W.; Al Harthi, M.A.: Date palm ash-MgAl-layered double hydroxide composite: sustainable adsorbent for effective removal of methyl orange and eriochrome black-T from aqueous phase. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25(34), 34319–34331 (2018)CrossRef Blaisi, N.I.; Zubair, M.; Ihsanullah, Ali, S.; Kazeem, T.S.; Manzar, M.S.; Al-Kutti, W.; Al Harthi, M.A.: Date palm ash-MgAl-layered double hydroxide composite: sustainable adsorbent for effective removal of methyl orange and eriochrome black-T from aqueous phase. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25(34), 34319–34331 (2018)CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Extremera, R.; Pavlovic, I.; Pérez, M.; Barriga, C.: Removal of acid orange 10 by calcined Mg/Al layered double hydroxides from water and recovery of the adsorbed dye. Chem. Eng. J. 213, 392–400 (2012)CrossRef Extremera, R.; Pavlovic, I.; Pérez, M.; Barriga, C.: Removal of acid orange 10 by calcined Mg/Al layered double hydroxides from water and recovery of the adsorbed dye. Chem. Eng. J. 213, 392–400 (2012)CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Samuei, S.; Rezvani, Z.; Amani-Ghadim, A.R.: Comparative study of removal of reactive dye by LDHs: the effect of cation variety. Environ. Progress. Sustain. Energy 36(2), 372–381 (2017)CrossRef Samuei, S.; Rezvani, Z.; Amani-Ghadim, A.R.: Comparative study of removal of reactive dye by LDHs: the effect of cation variety. Environ. Progress. Sustain. Energy 36(2), 372–381 (2017)CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Ngwabebhoh, F.A.; Gazi, M.; Oladipo, A.A.: Adsorptive removal of multi-azo dye from aqueous phase using a semi-IPN superabsorbent chitosan-starch hydrogel. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 112, 274–288 (2016)CrossRef Ngwabebhoh, F.A.; Gazi, M.; Oladipo, A.A.: Adsorptive removal of multi-azo dye from aqueous phase using a semi-IPN superabsorbent chitosan-starch hydrogel. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 112, 274–288 (2016)CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Teixeira, T.P.F.; Aquino, S.; Pereira, S.; Dias, A.: Use of calcined layered double hydroxides for the removal of color and organic matter from textile effluents: kinetic, equilibrium and recycling studies. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 31(1), 19–26 (2014)CrossRef Teixeira, T.P.F.; Aquino, S.; Pereira, S.; Dias, A.: Use of calcined layered double hydroxides for the removal of color and organic matter from textile effluents: kinetic, equilibrium and recycling studies. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 31(1), 19–26 (2014)CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Mittal, A.; Gupta, V.K.: Adsorptive removal and recovery of the azo dye eriochrome black T. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 92(10), 1813–1823 (2010)CrossRef Mittal, A.; Gupta, V.K.: Adsorptive removal and recovery of the azo dye eriochrome black T. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 92(10), 1813–1823 (2010)CrossRef
50.
go back to reference de Luna, M.D.G.; Flores, E.D.; Genuino, D.A.D.; Futalan, C.M.; Wan, M.-W.: Adsorption of eriochrome black T (EBT) dye using activated carbon prepared from waste rice hulls—optimization, isotherm and kinetic studies. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 44(4), 646–653 (2013)CrossRef de Luna, M.D.G.; Flores, E.D.; Genuino, D.A.D.; Futalan, C.M.; Wan, M.-W.: Adsorption of eriochrome black T (EBT) dye using activated carbon prepared from waste rice hulls—optimization, isotherm and kinetic studies. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 44(4), 646–653 (2013)CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Şahin, Ö.; Saka, C.; Kutluay, S.: Cold plasma and microwave radiation applications on almond shell surface and its effects on the adsorption of eriochrome black T. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 19(5), 1617–1623 (2013)CrossRef Şahin, Ö.; Saka, C.; Kutluay, S.: Cold plasma and microwave radiation applications on almond shell surface and its effects on the adsorption of eriochrome black T. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 19(5), 1617–1623 (2013)CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Khurana, I.; Shaw, A.K.; Khurana, J.M.; Rai, P.K.: Batch and dynamic adsorption of eriochrome black T from water on magnetic graphene oxide: experimental and theoretical studies. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6(1), 468–477 (2018)CrossRef Khurana, I.; Shaw, A.K.; Khurana, J.M.; Rai, P.K.: Batch and dynamic adsorption of eriochrome black T from water on magnetic graphene oxide: experimental and theoretical studies. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6(1), 468–477 (2018)CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Enhanced Removal of Eriochrome Black T Using Graphene/NiMgAl-Layered Hydroxides: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors
Taye Saheed Kazeem
Mukarram Zubair
Muhammad Daud
Mamdouh A. Al-Harthi
Publication date
16-01-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering / Issue 9/2020
Print ISSN: 2193-567X
Electronic ISSN: 2191-4281
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04327-2

Other articles of this Issue 9/2020

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 9/2020 Go to the issue

Premium Partners