Top

Sexuality Research and Social Policy

Published in:

16-08-2022

Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Perfectionism, Negative Body Image, Anxiety, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations

Authors: Jiefeng Ying, Sihan Liu, Danrui Chen, Ziyan Xu, Qianqian Gao, Jianing You

Published in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy | Issue 4/2022

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Introduction

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a highly prevalent and serious public health concern among Chinese LGB (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) populations, and a variety of cognitive and affective factors caused by sexual minority stress is influential in the development of NSSI. This study tested a chain mediating model to examine the roles of negative body image (i.e., a cognitive factor) and anxiety (i.e., an emotional factor) in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and NSSI. Potential gender differences on these associations were also tested.

Methods

A total of 682 Chinese LGB individuals (57.8% gay men, 6.0% bisexual men, 16.0% lesbian women, and 20.2% bisexual women; mean age = 24.4 years, SD = 6.5) from across the country participated in this study in August 2020. They completed self-report measures of maladaptive perfectionism, negative body image, anxiety, and NSSI.

Results

There were significant positive correlations among maladaptive perfectionism, negative body image, anxiety, and NSSI in Chinese LGB populations. In the chain mediation analyses, maladaptive perfectionism was indirectly related to NSSI via negative body image and anxiety. In addition, negative body image was related to anxiety only in gay males, but not in sexual minority females, and anxiety was related to NSSI more strongly in sexual minority females than in gay males.

Conclusions

Findings of the study contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of NSSI in Chinese sexual minorities. Maladaptive perfectionism was related to NSSI through negative body image and anxiety. Gender differences were noteworthy.

Policy Implications

Psychological education regarding proper body image expectations may be necessary for LGB populations, and clinicians may pay special attention to gender differences when addressing related mental health problems of LGB individuals in China.

previous article Evaluation of the Transfer of Training for a Sexual Assault Resistance Program Enhanced with Sexuality Education

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Understanding bisexuality. Retrieved 26 July 2022 from https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/bisexual

Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176CrossRef

Arbuckle, J. L. (1997). Amos users guide: Version3. SmallWaters Corporation.

Barnett, M. D., & Sharp, K. J. (2016). Maladaptive perfectionism, body image satisfaction, and disordered eating behaviors among U.S. college women: The mediating role of self-compassion. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.004CrossRef

Beck, A. T. (1993). Cognitive therapy: Past, present, and future. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.2.194CrossRefPubMed

Blashill, A. J., Tomassilli, J., Biello, K., O’Cleirigh, C., Safren, S. A., & Mayer, K. H. (2016). Body dissatisfaction among sexual minority men: Psychological and sexual health outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 1241–1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0683-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Boone, L., Braet, C., Vandereycken, W., & Claes, L. (2013). Are maladaptive schema domains and perfectionism related to body image concerns in eating disorder patients? European Eating Disorders Review, 21, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2175CrossRefPubMed

Bresin, K., & Schoenleber, M. (2015). Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.009CrossRefPubMed

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005CrossRef

Chaplin, T. M., Hong, K., Bergquist, K., & Sinha, R. (2008). Gender differences in response to emotional stress: An assessment across subjective, behavioral, and physiological domains and relations to alcohol craving. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32, 1242–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00679.x

Claes, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Vandereycken, W. (2012). The scars of the inner critic: Perfectionism and nonsuicidal self-injury in eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 20, 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1158CrossRefPubMed

Cohen, J. M., Blasey, C., Taylor, C. B., Weiss, B. J., & Newman, M. G. (2016). Anxiety and related disorders and concealment in sexual minority young adults. Behavior Therapy, 47, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.09.006CrossRefPubMed

Connell, R. W. (1992). A very straight gay: Masculinity, homosexual experience, and the dynamics of gender. American Sociological Review, 57, 735–751. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096120CrossRef

Copen, C. E., Chandra, A., & Febo-Vazquez, I. (2016). Sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual orientation among adults aged 18–44 in the United States: Data from the 2011–2013 National Survey of Family Growth. National Health Statistics Reports, no. 88. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

Duggan, J. M., Toste, J. R., & Heath, N. L. (2013). An examination of the relationship between body image factors and non-suicidal self-injury in young adults: The mediating influence of emotion dysregulation. Psychiatry Research, 206, 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.016CrossRefPubMed

Dunlop, B. J., Hartley, S., Oladokun, O., & Taylor, P. J. (2020). Bisexuality and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI): A narrative synthesis of associated variables and a meta-analysis of risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.103CrossRefPubMed

Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Masheb, R. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2006a). Personal standards and evaluative concerns dimensions of “clinical” perfectionism: A reply to Shafran et al. (2002, 2003) and Hewitt et al. (2003). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.12.004CrossRefPubMed

Dunkley, D. M., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., & McGlashan, T. H. (2006b). Perfectionism and depressive symptoms 3 years later: Negative social interactions, avoidant coping, and perceived social support as mediators. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.06.003CrossRefPubMed

Ellis, A. (1991). The revised ABC’s of Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET). Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 9, 139–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061227CrossRef

Engeln-Maddox, R., Miller, S. A., & Doyle, D. M. (2011). Tests of objectification theory in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual community samples: Mixed evidence for proposed pathways. Sex Roles, 65, 518–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9958-8CrossRef

Flett, G. L., Nepon, T., & Hewitt, P. L. (2016). Perfectionism, worry, and rumination in health and mental health: A review and a conceptual framework for a cognitive theory of perfectionism. In F. Sirois & D. Molnar (Eds.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (pp. 121–155). Springer.CrossRef

Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.xCrossRef

Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 14, 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967CrossRef

Grammas, D. L., & Schwartz, J. P. (2009). Internalization of messages from society and perfectionism as predictors of male body image. Body Image, 6, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.10.002CrossRefPubMed

Gratz, K. L. (2001). Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the deliberate self-harm inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012779403943CrossRef

Gyori, D., & Balazs, J. (2021). Nonsuicidal self-injury and perfectionism: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 691147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.691147CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 707–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Haase, A. M., Prapavessis, H., & Owens, R. G. (2002). Perfectionism, social physique anxiety and disordered eating: A comparison of male and female elite athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00018-8CrossRef

Hartmann, A. S., Rieger, E., & Vocks, S. (2019). Editorial: Sex and gender differences in body image. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01696

He, J., Sun, S., Lin, Z., & Fan, X. (2020). Body dissatisfaction and sexual orientations: A quantitative synthesis of 30 years research findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101896

Herek, G. M. (2002). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552150CrossRefPubMed

Hoff, E. R., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-injury in college students: The role of perfectionism and rumination. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39, 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2009.39.6.576CrossRefPubMed

Hooley, J. M., & Franklin, J. C. (2018). Why do people hurt themselves? A new conceptual model of nonsuicidal self-Injury. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(3), 428–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617745641CrossRef

Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118CrossRef

International Society for the Study of Self-Injury. (2022). What is nonsuicidal self-injury? Retrieved 26 July 2022 from https://itriples.org/about-self-injury/what-is-self-injury

Jackman, K., Honig, J., & Bockting, W. (2016). Nonsuicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations: An integrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 3438–3453. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13236CrossRefPubMed

Jones, L. R., Fries, E., & Danish, S. J. (2007). Gender and ethnic differences in body image and opposite sex figure preferences of rural adolescents. Body Image, 4, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.11.005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kawamura, K. Y., Hunt, S. L., Frost, R. O., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2001). Perfectionism, anxiety, and depression: Are the relationships independent? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010736529013CrossRef

Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.

Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2014). Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037215CrossRefPubMed

Kurdziel, G., Flores, L. Y., & Macfie, J. (2018). The role of sexual and gender identity in long-term psychodynamic therapy for comorbid social anxiety and depression in an adolescent female. Clinical Case Studies, 17, 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650118788668CrossRef

Liu, F. S., Chui, H., & Chung, M. C. (2021). Reciprocal/authoritarian filial piety and mental well-being in the Chinese LGB population: The roles of LGB-specific and general interpersonal factors. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02130-5CrossRefPubMed

Liu, R. T., Sheehan, A. E., Walsh, R. F. L., Sanzari, C. M., Cheek, S. M., & Hernandez, E. M. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 74, 17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101783CrossRef

Lu, A., LeBlanc, A. J., & Frost, D. M. (2019). Masculinity and minority stress among men in same-sex relationships. Society and Mental Health, 9, 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869318773425CrossRefPubMed

Mantey, D. S., Yockey, A., & Barroso, C. S. (2021). Role of sex on the relationship between sexual minority status and misperceptions of body weight among high school students. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 68, 342–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.051CrossRefPubMed

Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., Thoma, B. C., Murray, P. J., D’Augelli, A. R., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.005CrossRef

Mason, T. B., & Lewis, R. J. (2016). Minority stress, body shame, and binge eating among lesbian women: Social anxiety as a linking mechanism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 428–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316635529CrossRef

Maxwell, S. E., Cole, D. A., & Mitchell, M. A. (2011). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation: Partial and complete mediation under an autoregressive model. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46, 816–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.606716CrossRefPubMed

Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mo, J., Wang, C., Niu, X., Jia, X., Liu, T., & Lin, L. (2019). The relationship between impulsivity and self-injury in Chinese undergraduates: The chain mediating role of stressful life events and negative affect. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.074CrossRefPubMed

Morgan-Sowada, H., & Gamboni, C. (2021). Needing to be “perfect” to be loved: The intersection of body dysmorphic disorder, sexual identity, and gay culture in gay men. A qualitative study. Sexual and Relationship Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2021.1975672

Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Brausch, A. M. (2012). Body image as a mediator of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.06.010CrossRefPubMed

Nelson, A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2012). Body attitudes and objectification in non-suicidal self-injury: Comparing males and females. Archives of Suicide Research, 16, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2012.640578CrossRefPubMed

Nichols, T. E., Damiano, S. R., Gregg, K., Wertheim, E. H., & Paxton, S. J. (2018). Psychological predictors of body image attitudes and concerns in young children. Body Image, 27, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.005CrossRefPubMed

Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves?: New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339–363. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258CrossRefPubMed

Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 61–87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109CrossRef

Orbach, I. (1996). The role of the body experience in self-destruction. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104596014012CrossRef

Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Kopper, B. A., Gutierrez, P. M., Williams, J. E., & Bailey, J. (2006). The body influence assessment inventory (BIAI): Development and initial validation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 923–942. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20273CrossRefPubMed

Pachankis, J. E., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2013). The social development of contingent self-worth in sexual minority young men: An empirical investigation of the “Best Little Boy in the World” hypothesis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35, 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.764304CrossRef

Ploderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27, 367–385. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949CrossRefPubMed

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879CrossRefPubMed

Reisner, S. L., Biello, K., Perry, N. S., Gamarel, K. E., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2014). A compensatory model of risk and resilience applied to adolescent sexual orientation disparities in nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 545–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000008CrossRefPubMed

Ren, Y., Lin, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Wu, J. Y., Hu, W., & You, J. (2018). The mediating role of coping strategy in the association between family functioning and nonsuicidal self-injury among Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74, 1246–1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22587CrossRefPubMed

Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Shenkman, G., & Toussia-Cohen, Y. (2020). Physical self-concept and its association with depressive symptoms among gay men and lesbian women and their heterosexual counterparts. Sex Roles, 83, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01092-2CrossRef

Smith, M. M., Vidovic, V., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., & Saklofske, D. H. (2018). Are perfectionism dimensions risk factors for anxiety symptoms? A meta-analysis of 11 longitudinal studies. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 31, 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1384466CrossRef

Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2017). Nonsuicidal self-injury and suicidality among sexual minority youth: Risk factors and protective connectedness factors. Academic Pediatrics, 17, 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2016.11.002CrossRefPubMed

Taouk, M., Lovibond, P. F., & Laube, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the short depression anxiety stress scales (DASS21). Paper presented at the Transcultural Mental Health Centre, Cumberland Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Tiggemann, M., Martins, Y., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Oh to be lean and muscular: Body image ideals in gay and heterosexual men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.8.1.15CrossRef

Tobias, A. (1976). The best little boy in the world. New York, NY: Ballantine.

Vannucci, A., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2018). Body image dissatisfaction and anxiety trajectories during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 47, 785–795. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1390755CrossRefPubMed

Wang, Q., & Liu, X. (2020). Peer victimization and nonsuicidal self-injury among Chinese left-behind children: The moderating roles of subjective socioeconomic status and social support. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, in Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519897346CrossRef

Ying, J., You, J., & Guo, J. (2020). The protective effects of youth assets on the associations among academic stress, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, and suicidal risk: A moderated mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105660CrossRef

You, J., Lin, M. P., & Leung, F. (2013). Functions of nonsuicidal self-injury among Chinese community adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.007CrossRefPubMed

You, J., Lin, M., Xu, S., & Hu, W. (2016). Big five personality traits in the occurrence and repetition of nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents: The mediating effects of depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 227–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.057CrossRef

Zi, F., & Zhou, X. (2006). The Chinese frost multidimensional perfectionism scale: An examination of its reliability and validity. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 560–563.

Title: Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Maladaptive Perfectionism, Negative Body Image, Anxiety, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Chinese Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations
Authors: Jiefeng Ying
Sihan Liu
Danrui Chen
Ziyan Xu
Qianqian Gao
Jianing You
Publication date: 16-08-2022
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Sexuality Research and Social Policy / Issue 4/2022
Print ISSN: 1868-9884
Electronic ISSN: 1553-6610
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00755-2

Springer Professional

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Policy Implications

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Other articles of this Issue 4/2022

Barriers and Facilitators for Formulation and Implementation of a Sex Education Programme in Saudi Arabia: Stakeholders’ Perspective

Homophobic Violence in Ghana: When and Where It Counts

High School Sex Education in the Context of State Mandates and Policies in New Jersey: a Qualitative Retrospective Study of Student Experiences

Towards a Transnational Sexual Health Research and Policy Agenda: the European Sexual Medicine Network Delphi Study

Putting the “Comprehensive” in Comprehensive Sexuality Education: a Review Exploring Young Adult Literature as a School-based Intervention

The Nature and Impact of Informal Mental Health Support in an LGBTQ Context: Exploring Peer Roles and Their Challenges