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Summary of the Papers and Relevance of Mixed Methods for Resourcing the Commons Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

2. Getting Lost in the City and Implications for Food, Energy and Water Security: Towards Non-anthropocentric Rural-Urban Governance

Author : Janet McIntyre-Mills

Published in: Democracy and Governance for Resourcing the Commons

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The chapter discusses the overall themes of the symposium and the challenges that water, food and energy security pose for humanity and the environment on which we depend.

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previous chapter Summary of the Papers and Relevance of Mixed Methods for Resourcing the Commons
next chapter Everyday News: Living in the Anthropocene—Autoethnographic Reflections
Footnotes
1
Black, J (2016) ‘Urgings for Australia made great again: politicians need to wake up to the divisions tearing apart our society’, Weekend Australian Nov 12–13 2016, p18.
 
2
The Blue Economy approach of Gunter Pauli (2010) outlines more than 100 ways to create opportunities through environmental thinking that does not privilege the environment at the expense of people; instead his approach is to find ways to enable the unemployed to benefit through working on environmental challenges; his motto is: ‘There is no unemployment in eco-systems’ (Gunter Pauli 2016) (https://​www.​speakersassociat​es.​com/​speaker/​gunter-pauli).
 
3
Langton, M and Longbottom, J 2012 Community futures, legal architecture. Oxon Routledge. She defines indigenous as: ‘applied to territorially based ethnic groups that were culturally distinct from the majority population of the nation states in which they find themselves, that were politically marginalized and who identified as indigenous’ (Simpson 1997). Simpson, T. 1997 Indigenous heritage and self-determination: the cultural and intellectual property rights of Indigenous people. Copenhagen Denmark. IUCN.
 
4
https://​meanjin.​com.​au/​essays/​the-question-of-constitutional-recognition: ‘The Question of Constitutional Recognition: Marcia Langton talks to David Leyonhjelm’.
 
8
The notion of virtuous living needs to be explored in terms of:
  • A priori norms are guided by accepted rules of behaviour.
  • A posteriori indicators and measures of performance. Both are needed in order to guide practices and to hold people and their elected government representatives to account.
 
11
We aimed to ask West Java Gov, SA government, Wirasoft and Indonesian Diaspora network (coffee and bamboo growers and Aid2 Nature group) to join with us. This collection can be considered as a source of ideas for policy makers and those engaged in strategic thinking to protect living systems of which we are a part and regeneration not merely sustaining so-called wellbeing stocks (Stiglitz et al. 2010: 15) to refer to a multidimensional measure of wellbeing. The aim of the concept is to enable people to reevaluate economics and to become more aware of the way in which we neglect social and environmental aspects of life.
 
12
The Max-Neef (1991) Human Development Index (HDI) and Resilience Score Card have been applied in pilots funded by the Local Government Grant (McIntyre-Mills and de Vries 2011, 2012; McIntyre-Mills et al. 2014) and Attorney General’s Department (Gebbie et al. 2012) to promote wellbeing and better management of resource consumption to address sustainable development goals. McIntyre has led or co-researched these projects on which the DP builds to create a new Stewardship and Resilience Index (SRI). Social, economic and environmental deterioration for the majority is understood ‘as consuming the planet to excess’ according to Urry (2010). There is little doubt that accelerated climate change will adversely affect sustainability and its impact on wellbeing in Australia (Flannery 2005; Stigltiz et al. 2010; Pretty 2013)—particularly if we continue to consume at current rates (Davies and World Institute 2008; Rees and Wakernagel 2008; Rockström et al. 2009). It has been argued that after a certain point, increased consumption does not lead to more happiness (Pretty 2013). Thus, increased economic growth, driven by increased consumption, does not make people happier. Indeed, in more egalitarian societies, all people consume less and are less status conscious. Thus, the link between greater equality or wellbeing and the prevention of global warming appears to involve ‘limiting consumerism’ (Wilkinson and Pickett 2009: 221). It is assumed that greater social and economic equality will provide the key to reducing the cultural pressure to consume at the expense of the majority in this generation and the next. The research seeks to establish whether participatory democracy and engagement to address the UN Sustainable Development Goals enable participants to consider the consequences of socio-economic decisions for long-term sustainable wellbeing versus short-term livability and coping strategies (McIntyre-Mills et al. 2014).
 
15
Around 40% of the world population has an Internet connection today (view all on a page). In 1995, it was less than 1%.
The number of internet users has increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013.estimate for July 1, 2016 Source: Internet Live Stats (www.​InternetLiveStat​s.​com).
 
16
https://​www.​techinasia.​com/​indonesia-web-mobile-statistics-we-are-social, estimate for July 1, 2016 Source: Internet Live Stats (www.​InternetLiveStat​s.​com) Elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Bank, and United Nations Population Division.http://​www.​internetlivestat​s.​com/​internet-users/​; https://​www.​techinasia.​com/​indonesia-web-mobile-statistics-we-are-social. Around 40% of the world population has an internet connection today (view all on a page). In 1995, it was less than 1%. The number of internet users has increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013.
 
17
28,580,290, Internet Users in South Africa (2016*) Share of South Africa Population: 52% (penetration) Total Population: 54,978,907, Share of World Internet Users: 0.8%.
Internet Users in the World: 3,424,971,237, Source: Internet Live Stats (www.​InternetLiveStat​s.​com) Elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Bank, and United Nations Population Division.
 
18
8153.0—Internet Activity, Australia, December 2016 www.​abs.​gov.​au/​ausstats/​abs@.​nsf/​mf/​8153.​0 Apr 5, 2017—Fibre continues to be the fastest growing type of internet connection in both percentage terms and subscriber numbers.
 
19
Australia http://​theconversation.​com/​australias-digital-divide-is-narrowing-but-getting-deeper-55232: ‘Those living in major cities are more likely to have access than those in rural and remote Australia; 88% of households in our major cities have access. This falls to 82% for those living inner regional and 79% for those in outer regional and remote, or very remote, areas. While two thirds of low-income households have access, 98% of the highest-income households have an internet connection. And it’s not just access that is affected by income of the lowest-income households, 44% have a tablet in the home, compared to 76% of the highest-income households. The mean number of devices used to access the internet in the lowest-income households is four compared to seven in the highest. This is important because these devices enable individuals in the household to access the internet simultaneously. Homework can be done while someone else plays games while that night’s cook looks up recipes online’.
 
21
https://​www.​techinasia.​com/​indonesia-web-mobile-statistics-we-are-social, estimate for July 1, 2016 Source: Internet Live Stats (www.​InternetLiveStat​s.​com) Elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Bank, and United Nations Population Division.http://​www.​internetlivestat​s.​com/​internet-users/​; https://​www.​techinasia.​com/​indonesia-web-mobile-statistics-we-are-social. Around 40% of the world population has an internet connection today (view all on a page). In 1995, it was less than 1%. The number of internet users has increased tenfold from 1999 to 2013.
 
22
To cite Constitutional Recognition: Since 2010 there have been two expert committees, the Expert Panel and the Referendum Council, which have consulted and reported on constitutional recognition and the process to the Parliament.
The Expert Panel—which included Indigenous and community leaders, constitutional experts and parliamentarians—consulted extensively across the nation and reported to the Prime Minister in January 2012.
The Panel recommended that Australians should vote in a referendum to:
  • Remove Section 25—which says the States can ban people from voting based on their race.
  • Remove section 51(xxvi)—which can be used to pass laws that discriminate against people based on their race.
  • Insert a new section 51A—to recognise Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and to preserve the Australian Government’s ability to pass laws for the benefit of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
  • Insert a new section 116A, banning racial discrimination by government.
  • Insert a new section 127A, recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages were this country’s first tongues, while confirming that English is Australia’s national language.
 
24
‘Aid agencies have warned that Yemen is “at the point of no return” after new figures released by the UN indicated 17 million people are facing severe food insecurity and will fall prey to famine without urgent humanitarian assistance. A total of 6.8 million people are deemed to be in a state of emergency—one step from famine on the five-pointintegrated food security phase classification(IPC), the standard international measure—with a further 10.2 million in crisis. The numbers reflect a 21% increase in hunger levels in the Arab world’s poorest state since June 2016’. Save the Children’s Yemen spokesperson Mark Kaye said, ‘for me these numbers highlight that we’re at the point of no return. If things are not done now we are going to be looking back on this and millions of children will have starved to death, and we’ll all have been aware of this for some time. That will shame us as an international community for years to come’. This follows numerous other warnings of the catastrophe in Yemen. On 31 January, UNICEF put out an urgent appeal for funds to help children in crisis zones around the world. This included about 7.5 million children facing ‘severe acute malnutrition’. They estimated that this included about half a million children in Yemen.
 
29
Molinos-Senate, M and Maziotis, A. and Sala–Garrido, R. 2017 Assessing the productivity change of water companies in England and Wales: a dynamic metafrontier approach Journal of Environmental Management 197 1–9.
 
31
The definition is as follows: ‘1. Material living standards (income, consumption and wealth), 2. Health, 3. Education, 4. Personal activities including work, 5. Political voice and governance, 6. Social connections and relationships, 7. Environment (present and future conditions), 8. Insecurity, of an economy as well as a physical nature’. This definition of wellbeing stocks fits well with the way in which both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians connect with country in Australia and elsewhere and the way in which critical systems thinkers and complexity theorists understand interrelationships. The raft of concepts is necessary for defining wellbeing as stressed in several publications by McIntyre-Mills (2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017).
 
32
Representation, accountability and sustainability challenges need to be met through addressing consumption choices that are currently very unequal. If non-anthropocentric wellbeing, rather than the economic bottom line (Boulding 1966), needs to be the focus of our attention to achieve cultural transformation in consumption patterns, then we need to develop a deeper understanding of how the intangible aspects of perceived wellbeing can be understood, and we need to measure them in relation to the links across perceived wellbeing, sustainability and resilience (Stiglitz et al. 2010). The number of interrelated factors pertaining to the consumption of food, energy and water were operationalised in terms of what people have, what they need, what they are prepared to add or discard, turning points for the better and worse, barriers to address social, economic and environmental needs at a local and community level. Then indicators of wellbeing were co-created with the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal stakeholders. Their narratives are the basis for pathways to protect wellbeing stocks using a multivariate data analysis platform https://​wellbeing.​csem.​flinders.​edu.​au. The research developed the ‘Being, doing, having and interacting’ index (Max-Neef 1991; McIntyre-Mills et al. 2017) to address capabilities to meet sustainable and regenerative living at a personal and community level. The engagement process aims to address ways that participants could strive to meet some of the goals at the individual, personal and interpersonal level. The research breaks new ground on understanding psychosocial, cultural relationships and power dynamics across diverse groups as they relate to wellbeing multispecies, habitat and environmental stewardship. To explore the wider potential of the SRI, it will be used in focus group conversations on consumption, sustainability and wellbeing. The conversations will continue and extend to others via a face to face and digital community of practice to meet the different engagement needs of residents (Wenger et al. 2009). The engagement process, prompted by the index enables people to think about the way they live in terms of what they have, what they need, what they are prepared to add or discard, the consequences of their decisions which are turning points for the better or worse in terms of perceived wellbeing, sustainability and resilience. Their responses will be used as the basis for developing indicators.
 
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Metadata
Title
Getting Lost in the City and Implications for Food, Energy and Water Security: Towards Non-anthropocentric Rural-Urban Governance
Author
Janet McIntyre-Mills
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Book
Democracy and Governance for Resourcing the Commons

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04890-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-04891-4

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04891-4_2