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Published in:
What is the Hardness Perceived by Tapping? Read chapter Read first chapter

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

How Attention Is Allocated When Using Haptic Touch: Shape Feature Distinction and Discrimination Strategy

Author : Torø Graven

Published in: Haptics: Perception, Devices, Control, and Applications

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This study investigated how attention is allocated by the physical distinction between tactile 2D shape features: Part 1 tested whether certain shape feature distinctions are perceived efficiently (pre-attentively), as opposed to inefficiently (attention dependent). Part 2 explored what discrimination strategies are at use, and with what level of attention (from pre to focused).
It was found (Part 1) that the straight line ↔ angle distinction and the curve ↔ straight line distinction are perceived pre-attentively; the angle ↔ curve distinction attention dependent. Furthermore (Part 2), three discrimination strategies were identified: The figure identity strategy has three levels of attention; it ranks a feature conjunction as the most important target-discriminating feature. The global characteristics strategy and the touch vision strategy have two levels of attention; both rank one separate feature as the most important target-discriminating feature. Despite this, they are equally fast, accurate, and after-decision certain.

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Footnotes
1
“(…) organized, domain-specific, nonobligatory pattern of decisions activated when confronted with (…) problems, and goal directed to attain the solution of the problem” [26, p. 12].
 
2
A pilot study, with one congenitally and two early blinded females (see footnote 3) [27], assessed the number of trials; the shape feature distinctions (e.g. size); the a priori themes [29] used for scoring Part 2.
 
3
They had no cognitive delay or impairment, and no physical disability. They had never before explored the Moon characters (see footnote 4). They were offered a remuneration to compensate for their time.
 
4
Moon were invented in 1845, to allow reading by haptic touch: Straight lines and curves form nine basic shapes, rotated to create the 26 letters of the English alphabet ([32]. Cf. Table 1, e.g. Trial 1: shape features 1, 2, 3 and 5 = Moon “m”, “l”, “y” and “e”, respectively). The Moon “h”, “n”, “o”, “z”, “8”, and the contraction for “and” all comprise more than one shape feature; however always a curve, thus were included in the test material (cf. Table 1, e.g. Trial 18).
 
5
The experiment took place in a quiet room, neutral in color. Distinct light sources, e.g. a specific lamp, were removed to minimize possible visual distractions; the general lighting of the room was lowered to minimize the color contrast between the (off-white) shape feature distinctions and the (blue) silicone mat. Before testing, the experimenter explained both the silicone mat – that it prevented the shape feature distinctions from moving around on the table – and the test itself. The test material was presented directly in front of the participant.
 
6
Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity had been violated: \( \chi_{\text{exploration time}}^{2} \left( 2\right) = 2 4.0,\,p = 0.000\,(\varepsilon = 0. 5 6) \) and \( \chi_{\text{after - decision certainty}}^{2} \left( 2\right) = 1 2. 6,\,p = 0.00 2\,(\varepsilon = 0. 6 5) \), thus the degrees of freedom were corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser estimate of sphericity.
 
7
For an example of incorrect targeting, see Table 1, Trial 11 (angle ↔ curve distinction): “Three figures with two angles and two figures with one angle”.
 
8
One was totally blinded about two years before this study and the other was congenitally blinded, with minimal visual shape perception in one eye and light perception in the other [27] until the age of 28; now totally blinded (for more than 20 years).
 
9
Leverne’s Test for Equality of Variances = 0.013.
 
10
“An angle has two lines.” “When the shape has more than two lines, then it is a curve (…).”
 
11
21 × 21 cm [25] vs. 13 × 5 cm; 11 distractors [25] vs. 4 distractors.
 
12
The touch vision strategy was not included in Graven’s [25] statistical analyses.
 
13
The figure identity strategy used (M) 17.7s [25] vs. 26.0s, and the global characteristics/touch vision strategy (M) 14.3s [25] vs. 20.9s (see footnote 12).
 
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Metadata
Title
How Attention Is Allocated When Using Haptic Touch: Shape Feature Distinction and Discrimination Strategy
Author
Torø Graven
Copyright Year
2016
Book
Haptics: Perception, Devices, Control, and Applications

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42320-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42321-0

Copyright Year: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42321-0_35