Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Management International Review 4/2013

01-08-2013 | Research Article

In at the Deep End of Firm Internationalization

Nationality Diversity on Top Management Teams Matters

Published in: Management International Review | Issue 4/2013

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

  • The purpose of this research is to examine the consequences of top management team (TMT) internationalization: why and under what conditions can TMT nationality diversity be beneficial?
  • On the basis of the upper echelons theory from the strategic leadership literature, the relationship between the TMT nationality diversity and firm performance in the strategic context of firm internationalization is investigated in moderated multiple regressions models (MMR) for a sample of Dutch, Swiss, and UK companies.
  • The study findings suggest that the TMT nationality diversity becomes advantageous only in firms with high degree of internationalization. Companies have to be strongly committed to foreign markets so that the benefits of the TMT nationality diversity can materialize.
  • The arising managerial implication is that the TMT nationality diversity can be a powerful tool in building a firm’s competitive advantage, provided that companies are strongly exposed to the international environment. The study also provides corroborative evidence that the search for moderating and mediating variables in the TMT demography research represents a step in the right direction.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Management International Review

MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL REVIEW is a double-blind refereed journal that aims at the advancement and dissemination of research in the fields of International Management.

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Aguinis, H. (2004). Regression analysis for categorical moderators. New York: The Guilford Press. Aguinis, H. (2004). Regression analysis for categorical moderators. New York: The Guilford Press.
go back to reference Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London: Sage. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London: Sage.
go back to reference Albert, M. (1993). Capitalism against capitalism. London: Whurr. Albert, M. (1993). Capitalism against capitalism. London: Whurr.
go back to reference Athanassiou, N., & Nigh, D. (1999). The impact of U.S. company internationalization on top management team advice networks: A tacit knowledge perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 20(1), 83–92. Athanassiou, N., & Nigh, D. (1999). The impact of U.S. company internationalization on top management team advice networks: A tacit knowledge perspective. Strategic Management Journal, 20(1), 83–92.
go back to reference Athanassiou, N., & Nigh, D. (2000). Internationalization, tacit knowledge, and the top management teams of MNCs. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3), 471–487.CrossRef Athanassiou, N., & Nigh, D. (2000). Internationalization, tacit knowledge, and the top management teams of MNCs. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3), 471–487.CrossRef
go back to reference Athanassiou N. A., & Roth, K. (2006). International experience heterogeneity effects on top management team advice networks: A hierarchical analysis. Management International Review, 46(6), 749–770.CrossRef Athanassiou N. A., & Roth, K. (2006). International experience heterogeneity effects on top management team advice networks: A hierarchical analysis. Management International Review, 46(6), 749–770.CrossRef
go back to reference Barkema, H. G., & Drogendijk, R. (2007). Internationalising in small, incremental or larger steps? Journal of International Business Studies, 38(7), 1132–1148.CrossRef Barkema, H. G., & Drogendijk, R. (2007). Internationalising in small, incremental or larger steps? Journal of International Business Studies, 38(7), 1132–1148.CrossRef
go back to reference Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.CrossRef Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.CrossRef
go back to reference Bartel-Radic, A. (2006). Intercultural learning in global teams. Management International Review, 46(6), 647–678.CrossRef Bartel-Radic, A. (2006). Intercultural learning in global teams. Management International Review, 46(6), 647–678.CrossRef
go back to reference Bartlett, C., & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Bartlett, C., & Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
go back to reference Becht, B. (2010). Building a company without borders. Harvard Business Review, 88(4), 103–106. Becht, B. (2010). Building a company without borders. Harvard Business Review, 88(4), 103–106.
go back to reference Beck, U. (2008). Reframing power in the globalized world. Organization Studies, 29(5), 793–804.CrossRef Beck, U. (2008). Reframing power in the globalized world. Organization Studies, 29(5), 793–804.CrossRef
go back to reference Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New York: Free Press. Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New York: Free Press.
go back to reference Bouquet, C. (2005). Building global mindsets: An attention-based perspective. Houndmills: MacMillan. Bouquet, C. (2005). Building global mindsets: An attention-based perspective. Houndmills: MacMillan.
go back to reference Brown, P., Beekes, W., & Verhoeven, P. (2011). Corporate governance, accounting and finance: A review. Accounting and Finance, 51(1), 96–172.CrossRef Brown, P., Beekes, W., & Verhoeven, P. (2011). Corporate governance, accounting and finance: A review. Accounting and Finance, 51(1), 96–172.CrossRef
go back to reference Caligiuri, P., Lazarova, M., & Zehetbauer, S. (2004). Top managers’ national diversity and boundary spanning: Attitudinal indicators of a firm’s internationalisation. Journal of Management Development, 23(9), 848–859.CrossRef Caligiuri, P., Lazarova, M., & Zehetbauer, S. (2004). Top managers’ national diversity and boundary spanning: Attitudinal indicators of a firm’s internationalisation. Journal of Management Development, 23(9), 848–859.CrossRef
go back to reference Calof, J. L. (1994). The relationship between firm size and export behaviour revisited. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2), 367–387.CrossRef Calof, J. L. (1994). The relationship between firm size and export behaviour revisited. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2), 367–387.CrossRef
go back to reference Carpenter, M. A. (2002). The implications of strategy and social context for the relationship between top management team heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23(3), 275–284.CrossRef Carpenter, M. A. (2002). The implications of strategy and social context for the relationship between top management team heterogeneity and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23(3), 275–284.CrossRef
go back to reference Carpenter, M. A., & Fredrickson, J. W. (2001). Top management teams, global strategic posture and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3), 533–545.CrossRef Carpenter, M. A., & Fredrickson, J. W. (2001). Top management teams, global strategic posture and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3), 533–545.CrossRef
go back to reference Carpenter, M. A., Sanders, W. G., & Gregersen, H. (2001). Bundling human capital with organizational context: The impact of international assignment experience on multinational firm performance and CEO pay. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3), 493–511.CrossRef Carpenter, M. A., Sanders, W. G., & Gregersen, H. (2001). Bundling human capital with organizational context: The impact of international assignment experience on multinational firm performance and CEO pay. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3), 493–511.CrossRef
go back to reference Carpenter, M. A., Pollock, T. G., & Leary, M. (2003). Governance, the experience of principals and agents, and global strategic intent: Testing a model of reasoned risk-taking. Strategic Management Journal, 24(9), 803–820.CrossRef Carpenter, M. A., Pollock, T. G., & Leary, M. (2003). Governance, the experience of principals and agents, and global strategic intent: Testing a model of reasoned risk-taking. Strategic Management Journal, 24(9), 803–820.CrossRef
go back to reference Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper echelons research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30(6), 749–778. Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper echelons research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30(6), 749–778.
go back to reference Certo, S. T., Lester, R. H., Dalton, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2006). Top management teams, strategy and financial performance: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 813–839.CrossRef Certo, S. T., Lester, R. H., Dalton, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2006). Top management teams, strategy and financial performance: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 813–839.CrossRef
go back to reference Cox, T., Lobel, S. A., & McLeod, P. L. (1991). Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34(4), 827–847.CrossRef Cox, T., Lobel, S. A., & McLeod, P. L. (1991). Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34(4), 827–847.CrossRef
go back to reference Daily, C. M., Certo, S., & Dalton, D. R. (2000). International experience in the executive suite: The path to prosperity? Strategic Management Journal, 21(4), 515–523.CrossRef Daily, C. M., Certo, S., & Dalton, D. R. (2000). International experience in the executive suite: The path to prosperity? Strategic Management Journal, 21(4), 515–523.CrossRef
go back to reference Dunning, J. H. (1988). Explaining international production. London: Unwin Hyman. Dunning, J. H. (1988). Explaining international production. London: Unwin Hyman.
go back to reference Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 26–49.CrossRef Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 26–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (1990). Organizational growth: linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures (1978–1988). Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3), 504–529.CrossRef Eisenhardt, K. M., & Schoonhoven, C. B. (1990). Organizational growth: linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures (1978–1988). Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3), 504–529.CrossRef
go back to reference Ely, R. J. (1994). The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 203–238.CrossRef Ely, R. J. (1994). The effects of organizational demographics and social identity on relationships among professional women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 203–238.CrossRef
go back to reference Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301–325.CrossRef Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301–325.CrossRef
go back to reference Fich, E. M., & Shivdasani, A. (2006). Are busy boards effective monitors? Journal of Finance, 61(2), 689–724.CrossRef Fich, E. M., & Shivdasani, A. (2006). Are busy boards effective monitors? Journal of Finance, 61(2), 689–724.CrossRef
go back to reference Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. A. (2008). Strategic Leadership: Theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. New York: Oxford University Press. Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. A. (2008). Strategic Leadership: Theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Gong, Y. (2006). The impact of subsidiary top management team national diversity on subsidiary performance: Knowledge and legitimacy perspectives. Management International Review, 46(6), 771–790.CrossRef Gong, Y. (2006). The impact of subsidiary top management team national diversity on subsidiary performance: Knowledge and legitimacy perspectives. Management International Review, 46(6), 771–790.CrossRef
go back to reference Greve, P., & Ruigrok, W. (2008). The rise of an international market for executive labour. In L. Oxelheim (Ed.), Markets and compensation for executives in Europe (pp. 53–78). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Greve, P., & Ruigrok, W. (2008). The rise of an international market for executive labour. In L. Oxelheim (Ed.), Markets and compensation for executives in Europe (pp. 53–78). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
go back to reference Greve, P., Nielsen, S., & Ruigrok, W. (2009). Transcending borders with international top management teams: A study of European financial multinational corporations. European Management Journal, 27(3), 213–224.CrossRef Greve, P., Nielsen, S., & Ruigrok, W. (2009). Transcending borders with international top management teams: A study of European financial multinational corporations. European Management Journal, 27(3), 213–224.CrossRef
go back to reference Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (1984). Business unit strategy, managerial characteristics, and business unit effectiveness at strategy implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 27(1), 25–41.CrossRef Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (1984). Business unit strategy, managerial characteristics, and business unit effectiveness at strategy implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 27(1), 25–41.CrossRef
go back to reference Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1),116–126.CrossRef Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1),116–126.CrossRef
go back to reference Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334–343.CrossRef Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334–343.CrossRef
go back to reference Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193–206. Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193–206.
go back to reference Hambrick, D. C., Cho T., & Chen, M. (1996). The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms’ competitive moves. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 659–684.CrossRef Hambrick, D. C., Cho T., & Chen, M. (1996). The influence of top management team heterogeneity on firms’ competitive moves. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 659–684.CrossRef
go back to reference Hambrick, D. C., Davison, S. C., Snell, S. A., & Snow, C. C. (1998). When groups consist of multiple nationalities: Towards a new understanding of the implications. Organization Studies, 19(2), 181–205.CrossRef Hambrick, D. C., Davison, S. C., Snell, S. A., & Snow, C. C. (1998). When groups consist of multiple nationalities: Towards a new understanding of the implications. Organization Studies, 19(2), 181–205.CrossRef
go back to reference Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1199–1228.CrossRef Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1199–1228.CrossRef
go back to reference Haslam, S. A., Ryan, M. K., Kulich, C., Trojanowski, G., & Atkins, C. (2010). Investing with prejudice: The relationship between women’s presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 484–497. Haslam, S. A., Ryan, M. K., Kulich, C., Trojanowski, G., & Atkins, C. (2010). Investing with prejudice: The relationship between women’s presence on company boards and objective and subjective measures of company performance. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 484–497.
go back to reference Heijltjes, M., Olie, R., & Glunk, U. (2003). Internationalisation of top management teams in Europe. European Management Journal, 21(1), 89–97.CrossRef Heijltjes, M., Olie, R., & Glunk, U. (2003). Internationalisation of top management teams in Europe. European Management Journal, 21(1), 89–97.CrossRef
go back to reference Hitt, M., Hoskisson, R., & Kim, H. (1997). International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 767–798.CrossRef Hitt, M., Hoskisson, R., & Kim, H. (1997). International diversification: Effects on innovation and firm performance in product-diversified firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 767–798.CrossRef
go back to reference Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Johanson, J. & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32.CrossRef Johanson, J. & Vahlne, J. E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32.CrossRef
go back to reference Kilduff, M., Angelmar, R., & Mehra, A. (2000). Top management team diversity and firm performance: Examining the role of cognitions. Organization Science, 11(1), 21–34.CrossRef Kilduff, M., Angelmar, R., & Mehra, A. (2000). Top management team diversity and firm performance: Examining the role of cognitions. Organization Science, 11(1), 21–34.CrossRef
go back to reference Kobrin, S. J. (1994). Is there a relationship between a geocentric mind-set and multinational strategy? Journal of International Business Studies, 25(3), 493–511.CrossRef Kobrin, S. J. (1994). Is there a relationship between a geocentric mind-set and multinational strategy? Journal of International Business Studies, 25(3), 493–511.CrossRef
go back to reference Kostova, T., & Zaheer, S. (1999). Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity: The case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 64–81. Kostova, T., & Zaheer, S. (1999). Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity: The case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 64–81.
go back to reference Kwee, Z., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2011). The influence of top management team’s corporate governance orientation on strategic renewal trajectories: A longitudinal analysis of Royal Dutch Shell plc, 1907–2004. Journal of Management Studies, 48(5), 984–1014.CrossRef Kwee, Z., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2011). The influence of top management team’s corporate governance orientation on strategic renewal trajectories: A longitudinal analysis of Royal Dutch Shell plc, 1907–2004. Journal of Management Studies, 48(5), 984–1014.CrossRef
go back to reference La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 1113–1154.CrossRef La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 1113–1154.CrossRef
go back to reference Letza, S., Sun, X., & Kirkbride, J. (2004). Shareholding versus stakeholding: A critical review of corporate governance. Corporate Governance, 12(3), 242–262.CrossRef Letza, S., Sun, X., & Kirkbride, J. (2004). Shareholding versus stakeholding: A critical review of corporate governance. Corporate Governance, 12(3), 242–262.CrossRef
go back to reference Linck, J., Netter, J., & Yang, T. (2008). The determinants of board structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 87(2), 308–328.CrossRef Linck, J., Netter, J., & Yang, T. (2008). The determinants of board structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 87(2), 308–328.CrossRef
go back to reference Luo, Y. (2005). How does globalization affect corporate governance and accountability? A perspective from MNEs. Journal of International Management, 11(1), 19–41.CrossRef Luo, Y. (2005). How does globalization affect corporate governance and accountability? A perspective from MNEs. Journal of International Management, 11(1), 19–41.CrossRef
go back to reference Martin, J. D., & Sayrak, A. (2003). Corporate diversification and shareholder value: A survey of recent literature. Journal of Corporate Finance, 9(1), 37–57.CrossRef Martin, J. D., & Sayrak, A. (2003). Corporate diversification and shareholder value: A survey of recent literature. Journal of Corporate Finance, 9(1), 37–57.CrossRef
go back to reference Martins, L. L., Milliken, F. J., Wiesenfeld, B. M., & Salgado, S. R. (2003). Racioethnic diversity and group members’ experiences: The role of the racioethnic diversity of the organizational context. Group & Organization Management, 28(1), 75–106.CrossRef Martins, L. L., Milliken, F. J., Wiesenfeld, B. M., & Salgado, S. R. (2003). Racioethnic diversity and group members’ experiences: The role of the racioethnic diversity of the organizational context. Group & Organization Management, 28(1), 75–106.CrossRef
go back to reference Maznevski, M. L., & Athanassiou, N. A. (2006). Guest editors’ introduction to the focused issue: A new direction for global teams research. Management International Review, 46(6), 631–646.CrossRef Maznevski, M. L., & Athanassiou, N. A. (2006). Guest editors’ introduction to the focused issue: A new direction for global teams research. Management International Review, 46(6), 631–646.CrossRef
go back to reference Mellahi, K., & Collings, D. G. (2010). The barriers to effective global talent management: The example of corporate élites in MNEs. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 143–149.CrossRef Mellahi, K., & Collings, D. G. (2010). The barriers to effective global talent management: The example of corporate élites in MNEs. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 143–149.CrossRef
go back to reference Michel, J. & Hambrick, D. (1992). Diversification posture and top management team characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 9–37.CrossRef Michel, J. & Hambrick, D. (1992). Diversification posture and top management team characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 9–37.CrossRef
go back to reference Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 402–433. Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Journal, 21(2), 402–433.
go back to reference Moerland, P. W. (1995). Alternative disciplinary mechanisms in different corporate systems. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 26(1), 17–34.CrossRef Moerland, P. W. (1995). Alternative disciplinary mechanisms in different corporate systems. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 26(1), 17–34.CrossRef
go back to reference Nielsen, B. B., & Nielsen, S. (2011). The role of top management team international orientation in international strategic decision-making: The choice of foreign entry mode. Journal of World Business, 46(2), 185–193.CrossRef Nielsen, B. B., & Nielsen, S. (2011). The role of top management team international orientation in international strategic decision-making: The choice of foreign entry mode. Journal of World Business, 46(2), 185–193.CrossRef
go back to reference Nielsen, S. (2010a). Top management team internationalization and firm performance: The mediating role of foreign market entry. Management International Review, 50(2), 185–206.CrossRef Nielsen, S. (2010a). Top management team internationalization and firm performance: The mediating role of foreign market entry. Management International Review, 50(2), 185–206.CrossRef
go back to reference Nielsen, S. (2010b). Top management team diversity: A review of theories and methodologies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(3), 301–316. Nielsen, S. (2010b). Top management team diversity: A review of theories and methodologies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(3), 301–316.
go back to reference Oetzel, J. G. (1995). Intercultural small groups: An effective decision-making theory. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theories (pp. 247–270). Newbury Park: Sage. Oetzel, J. G. (1995). Intercultural small groups: An effective decision-making theory. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theories (pp. 247–270). Newbury Park: Sage.
go back to reference Ohmae, K. (1990). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the interlinked economy. New York: Free Press. Ohmae, K. (1990). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the interlinked economy. New York: Free Press.
go back to reference Osterhammel, J. (2005). Colonialism: A theoretical overview. Princeton: Markus Weiner. Osterhammel, J. (2005). Colonialism: A theoretical overview. Princeton: Markus Weiner.
go back to reference Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: Free Press. Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York: Free Press.
go back to reference Porter, M. (1998). On competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Porter, M. (1998). On competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
go back to reference Pye, A. J., Kaczmarek, S. P., & Kimino, S. (2012). Changing scenes in and around the boardroom: UK corporate governance in practice from 1989 to 2009. In T. Clarke & D. Branson (Eds.), The Sage handbook of corporate governance (pp. 255–284). Sage: London. Pye, A. J., Kaczmarek, S. P., & Kimino, S. (2012). Changing scenes in and around the boardroom: UK corporate governance in practice from 1989 to 2009. In T. Clarke & D. Branson (Eds.), The Sage handbook of corporate governance (pp. 255–284). Sage: London.
go back to reference Reuber, R., & Fischer, E. (1997). The influence of the management team’s international experience on the internationalization behaviours of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), 807–825.CrossRef Reuber, R., & Fischer, E. (1997). The influence of the management team’s international experience on the internationalization behaviours of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), 807–825.CrossRef
go back to reference Rugman, A. M. & Collinson, S. (2009). International business (5th ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall. Rugman, A. M. & Collinson, S. (2009). International business (5th ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall.
go back to reference Ruigrok, W., & Van Tulder, R. (1995). The logic of international restructuring. London: Routledge. Ruigrok, W., & Van Tulder, R. (1995). The logic of international restructuring. London: Routledge.
go back to reference Ruigrok, W., Peck, S., Tacheva, S., Greve, P., & Hu, Y. (2006). The determinants and effects of board nomination committees. Journal of Management and Governance, 10(2), 119–148.CrossRef Ruigrok, W., Peck, S., Tacheva, S., Greve, P., & Hu, Y. (2006). The determinants and effects of board nomination committees. Journal of Management and Governance, 10(2), 119–148.CrossRef
go back to reference Ruigrok, W., Peck, S., & Tacheva, S. (2007). Nationality and gender diversity on Swiss corporate boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(4), 546–557.CrossRef Ruigrok, W., Peck, S., & Tacheva, S. (2007). Nationality and gender diversity on Swiss corporate boards. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(4), 546–557.CrossRef
go back to reference Sambharya, R. B. (1996). Foreign experience of top management teams and international diversification strategies of U.S. multinational companies. Strategic Management Journal, 17(9), 739–746.CrossRef Sambharya, R. B. (1996). Foreign experience of top management teams and international diversification strategies of U.S. multinational companies. Strategic Management Journal, 17(9), 739–746.CrossRef
go back to reference Shieh, G. (2010). On the misconception of multicollinearity in detection of moderating effects: Multicollinearity is not always detrimental. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(3), 483–507.CrossRef Shieh, G. (2010). On the misconception of multicollinearity in detection of moderating effects: Multicollinearity is not always detrimental. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45(3), 483–507.CrossRef
go back to reference Staples, C. L. (2007). Board globalization in the world’s largest transnational corporations 1993–2005. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 311–21.CrossRef Staples, C. L. (2007). Board globalization in the world’s largest transnational corporations 1993–2005. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 311–21.CrossRef
go back to reference Sullivan, D. (1994). Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2), 325–342.CrossRef Sullivan, D. (1994). Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2), 325–342.CrossRef
go back to reference Sveiby, K. E. (1997). The new organizational wealth: Managing and measuring knowledge based assets. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Sveiby, K. E. (1997). The new organizational wealth: Managing and measuring knowledge based assets. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
go back to reference Szilagyi, A. D., & Schweiger, D. M. (1984). Matching managers to strategies: A review and suggested framework. Academy of Management Review, 9(4), 626–637. Szilagyi, A. D., & Schweiger, D. M. (1984). Matching managers to strategies: A review and suggested framework. Academy of Management Review, 9(4), 626–637.
go back to reference Tihanyi, L., Ellstrand, A. E., Daily, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2000). Composition of the top management team and firm international diversification. Journal of Management, 26(6), 1157–1177.CrossRef Tihanyi, L., Ellstrand, A. E., Daily, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. (2000). Composition of the top management team and firm international diversification. Journal of Management, 26(6), 1157–1177.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Den Bulcke, D., Verbeke, A., & Yuan, W. (2009). Handbook on small nations in the global economy: The contribution of multinational enterprises to national economic success. Cheltenham: Elgar. Van Den Bulcke, D., Verbeke, A., & Yuan, W. (2009). Handbook on small nations in the global economy: The contribution of multinational enterprises to national economic success. Cheltenham: Elgar.
go back to reference Van Veen, K., & Elbertsen, J. (2008). Governance regimes and nationality diversity in corporate boards: A comparative study of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Corporate Governance : An International Review, 16(5), 386–399.CrossRef Van Veen, K., & Elbertsen, J. (2008). Governance regimes and nationality diversity in corporate boards: A comparative study of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Corporate Governance : An International Review, 16(5), 386–399.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Veen, K., & Marsman, I. (2008). How international are executive boards of European MNCs? Nationality diversity in 15 European countries. European Management Journal, 26(3), 188–198.CrossRef Van Veen, K., & Marsman, I. (2008). How international are executive boards of European MNCs? Nationality diversity in 15 European countries. European Management Journal, 26(3), 188–198.CrossRef
go back to reference Vermeulen, F., & Barkema, H. (2002). Pace, rhythm, and scope: Process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(7), 637–653.CrossRef Vermeulen, F., & Barkema, H. (2002). Pace, rhythm, and scope: Process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(7), 637–653.CrossRef
go back to reference Watson, W. E., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1993). Cultural diversity’s impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 590–602.CrossRef Watson, W. E., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1993). Cultural diversity’s impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 590–602.CrossRef
go back to reference Wiersema, M., & Bantel, K. (1992). Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 91–121.CrossRef Wiersema, M., & Bantel, K. (1992). Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 91–121.CrossRef
go back to reference Williams, K., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 20 (pp. 77–140). Greenwich: JAI Press. Williams, K., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 20 (pp. 77–140). Greenwich: JAI Press.
Metadata
Title
In at the Deep End of Firm Internationalization
Nationality Diversity on Top Management Teams Matters
Publication date
01-08-2013
Published in
Management International Review / Issue 4/2013
Print ISSN: 0938-8249
Electronic ISSN: 1861-8901
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-012-0159-7

Other articles of this Issue 4/2013

Management International Review 4/2013 Go to the issue