Top

Published in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Incense Materials

Author : Johannes Niebler

Published in: Springer Handbook of Odor

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

Incense burning is probably the oldest perfuming method known to mankind. This chapter presents an overview of incense materials from different cultures and times, such as frankincense, myrrh, agarwood, palo santo, copal, and many more. Their botanical sources are given, and their chemical composition and odor properties are discussed. The methods of producing incense preparations are also briefly summarized. Incense use may pose certain health risks in the case of prolonged or repeated exposure, but may also have potential in medical applications. Incense use represents a special challenge to aroma research, as odorants can be newly formed during the process of burning.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

previous chapter Natural Fragrant Raw Materials

next chapter Mechanistic Pathways of Non-Enzymatic Flavor Formation

[1]

H.L. Kaster: Die Weihrauchstraße – Handelswege im alten Orient, 1st edn. (Umschau, Frankfurt 1986)

[2]

J.H. Langenheim: Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany (Timber Press, Portland 2003)

[3]

S. Fischer-Rizzi: The Complete Incense Book (Sterling Publishing Company, New York 1998)

[4]

F.N. Hepper: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Bible Plants: Flowers and Trees, Fruits and Vegetables, Ecology (Inter Varsity Press, London 1992)

[5]

P. Staub, M. Geck, C. Weckerle: Incense and ritual plant use in Southwest China: A case study among the Bai in Shaxi, J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 7(1), 43 (2011)CrossRef

[6]

H. Sangat-Roemantyo: Ethnobotany of the Javanese incense, Econ. Bot. 44(3), 413–416 (1990)CrossRef

[7]

K. Morita: The Book of Incense: Enjoying Traditional Art of Japanese Scents (Kodansha International, Tokyo 1992)

[8]

S.A. Bedini: The scent of time. A study of the use of fire and incense for time measurement in oriental countries, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 53(5), 1–51 (1963)CrossRef

[9]

F.R. Dannaway: Strange fires, weird smokes and psychoactive combustibles: Entheogens and incense in ancient traditions, J. Psychoact. Drugs 42(4), 485–497 (2010)CrossRef

[10]

A. Mohagheghzadeh, P. Faridi, M. Shams-Ardakani, Y. Ghasemi: Medicinal smokes, J. Ethnopharmacol. 108(2), 161–184 (2006)CrossRef

[11]

H.P.T. Ammon: Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases, Planta Medica 72(12), 1100–1116 (2006)CrossRef

[12]

C. Rätsch: Räucherstoffe: der Atem des Drachen, 72 Pflanzenporträts; Ethnobotanik, Rituale und praktische Anwendungen (AT Verlag, Aarau 2007)

[13]

R.R. Baker, L.J. Bishop: The pyrolysis of non-volatile tobacco ingredients using a system that simulates cigarette combustion conditions, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 74(1/2), 145–170 (2005)CrossRef

[14]

X. Fernandez, L. Lizzani-Cuvelier, A.-M. Loiseau, C. Périchet, C. Delbecque: Volatile constituents of benzoin gums: Siam and Sumatra. Part 1, Flavour Fragr. J. 18(4), 328–333 (2003)CrossRef

[15]

M.R. Kanani, M.R. Rahiminejad, A. Sonboli, V. Mozaffarian, S. Kazempour Osaloo, S. Nejad Ebrahimi: Chemotaxonomic significance of the essential oils of 18 Ferula species (Apiaceae) from Iran, Chem. Biodivers. 8(3), 503–517 (2011)CrossRef

[16]

P. Weyerstahl, H. Marschall, M. Weirauch, K. Thefeld, H. Surburg: Constituents of commercial Labdanum oil, Flavour Fragr. J. 13(5), 295–318 (1998)CrossRef

[17]

K.H.C. Başer, B. Demirci, A. Dekebo, E. Dagne: Essential oils of some Boswellia spp., Myrrh and Opopanax, Flavour Fragr. J. 18(2), 153–156 (2003)CrossRef

[18]

S. Hamm, J. Bleton, J. Connan, A. Tchapla: A chemical investigation by headspace SPME and GC–MS of volatile and semi-volatile terpenes in various olibanum samples, Phytochemistry 66(12), 1499–1514 (2005)CrossRef

[19]

N. Baldovini, C. Delasalle, D. Joulain: Phytochemistry of the heartwood from fragrant Santalum species: A review, Flavour Fragr. J. 26(1), 7–26 (2011)CrossRef

[20]

I. Gurbuz, E. Yesilada, B. Demirci, E. Sezik, F. Demirci, K.H.C. Baser: Characterization of volatiles and anti-ulcerogenic effect of Turkish sweetgum balsam (Styrax liquidus), J. Ethnopharmacol. 148(1), 332–336 (2013)CrossRef

[21]

Y. Liu, H. Chen, Y. Yang, Z. Zhang, J. Wei, H. Meng, W. Chen, J. Feng, B. Gan, X. Chen, Z. Gao, J. Huang, B. Chen, H. Chen: Whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique: An efficient novel technique for producing high-quality agarwood in cultivated Aquilaria sinensis trees, Molecules 18(3), 3086–3106 (2013)CrossRef

[22]

R. Naef: The volatile and semi-volatile constituents of agarwood, the infected heartwood of Aquilaria species: A review, Flavour Fragr. J. 26(2), 73–87 (2011)CrossRef

[23]

M. Ishihara, T. Kitaura: Method of Preparation of Optically Active Karanone, JP 2004-231519 (2004)

[24]

M. Ishihara, T. Kitaura: Preparation of (\(+\))- or (\(-\))-Dihydrokaranone Using Optically-Active Tartaric Acid Derivatives, JP 2004-189643 (2004)

[25]

P. Pripdeevech, K. Weeraya, P. Seung-Kook: Identification of odor-active components of agarwood essential oils from Thailand by solid phase microextraction-GC/MS and GC-O, J. Essent. Oil Res. 23(4), 46–53 (2011)CrossRef

[26]

K. Hashimoto, S. Nakahara, T. Inoue, Y. Sumida, M. Takahashi, Y. Masada: A new chromone from agarwood and pyrolysis products of chromone derivatives, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33(11), 5088–5091 (1985)CrossRef

[27]

R. Kaiser: Meaningful Scents Around the World: Olfactory, Chemical, Biological, and Cultural Considerations (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2006)

[28]

C. Castel, X. Fernandez, L. Lizzani-Cuvelier, A.-M. Loiseau, C. Perichet, C. Delbecque, F. Jean-Arnaudo: Volatile constituents of benzoin gums: Siam and Sumatra, Part 2. Study of headspace sampling methods, Flavour Fragr. J. 21(1), 59–67 (2006)CrossRef

[29]

X. Fernandez, C. Castel, L. Lizzani-Cuvelier, C. Delbecque, S.P. Venzal: Volatile constituents of benzoin gums: Siam and Sumatra, Part 3. Fast characterization with an electronic nose, Flavour Fragr. J. 21(3), 439–446 (2006)CrossRef

[30]

H.M. Boelens, D. De Rijke, H.G. Haring: Studies of some balsamics in perfumery, Perfum. Flavorist 6(6), 7–8 (1982)

[31]

H.M. Boelens, D. De Rijke, H.G. Haring: Studies of some balsamics in perfumery, Perfum. Flavorist 6(6), 10–14 (1982)

[32]

C.L. Mantell: The natural hard resins – Their botany, sources and utilization, Econ. Bot. 4(3), 203–242 (1950)CrossRef

[33]

A.F. Suter: East Indian copals and damars, J. R. Soc. Arts 77(3987), 577–598 (1929)

[34]

R.J. Stacey, C.R. Cartwright, C. McEwan: Chemical characterization of ancient mesoamerican ’copal’ resins: Preliminary results, Archaeometry 48(2), 323–340 (2006)CrossRef

[35]

R. Case, A. Tucker, M. Maciarello, K. Wheeler: Chemistry and ethnobotany of commercial incense copals copal blanco, copal oro, and copal negro, of North America, Econ. Botany 57(2), 189–202 (2003)CrossRef

[36]

A. Messer: Traditional and chemical techniques for stimulation of Shorea javanica (Dipterocarpaceae) resin exudation in Sumatra, Econ. Bot. 44(4), 463–469 (1990)CrossRef

[37]

T. Jost, Y. Sell, J. Foussereau: Contact allergy to Manilla resin nomenclature and physico-chemistry of Manilla, kauri, dammar and copal resins, Contact Dermat. 21(4), 228–238 (1989)CrossRef

[38]

D. Meena, N. Binaibabu, J. Doss: Future prospects for the critically endangered medicinally important species, Canarium Strictum Roxb. A review, Int. J. Conserv. Sci. 3(3), 231–237 (2012)

[39]

T. Burfield: Cedarwood Oils – Part 1, Aromather. Times 1(55), 14–15 (2002)

[40]

H.T. Dietrich: Der Periplus des erythräischen Meeres von einem Unbekannten, Griechisch und deutsch mit kritischen und erklärenden Anmerkungen nebst vollständigem Wörterverzeichnisse von B. Fabricius (Veit, Leipzig 1883)

[41]

D. Gupta, B. Bleakley, R.K. Gupta: Dragon’s blood: Botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses, J. Ethnopharmacol. 115(3), 361–380 (2008)CrossRef

[42]

M.J. Melo, M. Sousa, A.J. Parola, J.S.S. de Melo, F. Catarino, J. Marçalo, F. Pina: Identification of 7,4’-Dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavylium in ’Dragon’s Blood’: To be or not to be an anthocyanin, Chem. – A Eur. J. 13(5), 1417–1422 (2007)CrossRef

[43]

J.J.W. Coppen: Gums, Resins and Latexes of Plant Origin. Non-wood Forest Products, Vol. 6 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome 1995)

[44]

K. Jones: Review of sangre de drago (Croton lechleri) – A South American tree sap in the treatment of diarrhea, inflammation, insect bites, viral infections, and wounds: traditional uses to clinical research, J. Altern. Complement. Med. 9(6), 877–896 (2003)CrossRef

[45]

D. Rossi, A. Guerrini, S. Maietti, R. Bruni, G. Paganetto, F. Poli, L. Scalvenzi, M. Radice, K. Saro, G. Sacchetti: Chemical fingerprinting and bioactivity of Amazonian Ecuador Croton lechleri Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark essential oil: A new functional food ingredient?, Food Chem. 126(3), 837–848 (2011)CrossRef

[46]

S.L. Ford, R.R. Steiner, R. Thiericke, R. Young, W.H. Soine: Dragon’s Blood incense: Misbranded as a drug of abuse?, Forensic Sci. Int. 115(1/2), 1–8 (2001)CrossRef

[47]

D. Martinetz: Weihrauch und Myrrhe: Kulturgeschichte und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung; Botanik, Chemie, Medizin (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1989)

[48]

M. Mertens, A. Buettner, E. Kirchhoff: The volatile constituents of frankincense – A review, Flavour Fragr. J. 24(6), 279–300 (2009)CrossRef

[49]

C.L. Woolley, M.M. Suhail, B.L. Smith, K.E. Boren, L.C. Taylor, M.F. Schreuder, J.K. Chai, H. Casabianca, S. Haq, H.-K. Lin, A.A. Al-Shahri, S. Al-Hatmi, D.G. Young: Chemical differentiation of Boswellia sacra and Boswellia carterii essential oils by gas chromatography and chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 1261, 158–163 (2012)CrossRef

[50]

T. Hasegawa, A. Kikuchi, H. Saitoh, H. Yamada: Structure and properties of constituents in hexane extract of frankincense, J. Essent. Oil Res. 24(6), 593–598 (2012)CrossRef

[51]

M. Pailer, O. Scheidl, H. Gutwillinger, E. Klein, H. Obermann: Composition of pyrolyzates from ’Aden’ incense, the gum resin of Boswellia carteri Birdw. Part 1, Monatsh. Chem. 112, 341–358 (1981)CrossRef

[52]

M. Pailer, O. Scheidl, H. Gutwillinger, E. Klein, H. Obermann: Composition of pyrolytic products from the gum resin of Boswellia carteri Birdw. (incense ’Aden’). Part 3, Monatsh. Chem. 112, 987–1006 (1981)CrossRef

[53]

M. Pailer, O. Scheidl, H. Gutwillinger, E. Klein, H. Obermann: Constituents of pyrolysate from incense ’Aden’, the gum resin of Boswellia carteri Birdw. Part 2, Monatsh. Chem. 112, 595–603 (1981)CrossRef

[54]

S. Basar: Phytochemical Investigations on Boswellia Species, Comparative Studies on the Essential Oils, Pyrolysates and Boswellic Acids (University of Hamburg, Hamburg 2005)

[55]

M. Iranshahy, M. Iranshahi: Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin) – A review, J. Ethnopharmacol. 134(1), 1–10 (2011)CrossRef

[56]

Y.R. Naves: Essential oils. CCIII. Presence of n-undeca-1,3,5-trienes in essential oil of the gummy resin of galbanum, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 9, 3152–3154 (1967)

[57]

A.F. Bramwell, J.W.K. Burrell, G. Riezebos: Characterisation of pyrazines in galbanum oil, Tetrahedron Lett. 10(37), 3215–3216 (1969)CrossRef

[58]

N. Miyazawa, A. Nakanishi, N. Tomita, Y. Ohkubo, T. Maeda, A. Fujita: Novel key aroma components of galbanum oil, J. Agric. Food Chem. 57(4), 1433–1439 (2009)CrossRef

[59]

J.W.K. Burrell, R.A. Lucas, D.M. Michalkiewicz, G. Riezebos: Characterisation of thiol esters in galbanum oil, Tetrahedron Lett. 12(30), 2837–2838 (1971)CrossRef

[60]

R. Clery: High-impact odorants in essential oils, Flavour Fragr. J. 25(3), 117–120 (2010)CrossRef

[61]

E. Graf, M. Alexa: Über 5 neue Umbelliferonether aus Galbanumharz, Planta Med. 51(5), 428–431 (1985)CrossRef

[62]

H. Abrahams: Onycha, ingredient of the ancient jewish incense: An attempt at identification, Econ. Bot. 33(2), 233–236 (1979)CrossRef

[63]

K.-G. Fahlbusch, F.-J. Hammerschmidt, J. Panten, W. Pickenhagen, D. Schatkowski, K. Bauer, D. Garbe, H. Surburg: Flavors and fragrances. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2000)

[64]

J.P. Mariotti, F. Tomi, J. Casanova, J. Costa, A.F. Bernardini: Composition of the essential oil of Cistus ladaniferus L. cultivated in Corsica (France), Flavour Fragr. J. 12(3), 147–151 (1997)CrossRef

[65]

H. Greche, N. Mrabet, S. Zrira, M. Ismaïlli-Alaoui, B. Benjilali, A. Boukir: The volatiles of the leaf oil of Cistus ladanifer L. var. albiflorus and labdanum extracts of moroccan origin and their antimicrobial activities, J. Essent. Oil Res. 21(2), 166–173 (2009)CrossRef

[66]

M.H. Boelens, R. Jimenez: Chemical composition of the essential oils from the gum and from various parts of Pistacia lentiscus l. (mastic gum tree), Flavour Fragr. J. 6(4), 271–275 (1991)CrossRef

[67]

E.S.H. El Ashry, N. Rashed, O.M. Salama, A. Saleh: Components, therapeutic value and uses of myrrh, Pharm. – Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 58(3), 163–168 (2003)

[68]

R.A.M.B.D. Wilson: Characterization of aroma donating components of myrrh, Proc. 9th Int. Congr. Essent. Oils, Singapore (1983) pp. 1–10

[69]

A. Tucker: Frankincense and myrrh, Econ. Bot. 40(4), 425–433 (1986)CrossRef

[70]

T. Shen, G.-H. Li, X.-N. Wang, H.-X. Lou: The genus Commiphora: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology, J. Ethnopharmacol. 142(2), 319–330 (2012)CrossRef

[71]

M. Thulin, P. Claeson: The botanical origin of scented myrrh (Bissabol or Habak Hadi), Econ. Bot. 45(4), 487–494 (1991)CrossRef

[72]

R. Shah, V. Gulati, E.A. Palombo: Pharmacological properties of guggulsterones, the major active components of gum guggul, Phytother. Res. 26(11), 1594–1605 (2012)CrossRef

[73]

L.O. Hanus, T. Rezanka, V.M. Dembitsky, A. Moussaieff: Myrrh – Commiphora chemistry, Biomed. Pap. 149(1), 3–27 (2005)CrossRef

[74]

C. Yukawa, Y. Imayoshi, H. Iwabuchi, S. Komemushi, A. Sawabe: Chemical composition of three extracts of Bursera graveolens, Flavour Fragr. J. 21(2), 234–238 (2006)CrossRef

[75]

D.G. Young, S. Chao, H. Casabianca, M.-C. Bertrand, D. Minga: Essential oil of Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana et Planch from Ecuador, J. Essent. Oil Res. 19(6), 525–526 (2007)CrossRef

[76]

M. Hovaneissian, P. Archier, C. Mathe, C. Vieillescazes: Contribution de la chimie analytique à l’étude des exsudats végétaux styrax, storax et benjoin, C.R. Chim. 9(9), 1192–1202 (2006)CrossRef

[77]

N. Zeybek: Liefert Styrax officinalis L. ein Harz?, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 80, 189–193 (1970)

[78]

C. Diapoulis: Le Styrax en Grèce, Mater. Veg. 1(1), 119–121 (1952)

[79]

B. Gürdal, Ş. Kültür: An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Marmaris (Muğla, Turkey), J. Ethnopharmacol. 146(1), 113–126 (2013)CrossRef

[80]

E. Simon: Ueber den flüssigen Storax (Styrax liquidus), Ann. Pharm. 31(3), 265–277 (1839)CrossRef

[81]

X. Fernandez, L. Lizzani-Cuvelier, A.-M. Loiseau, C. Perichet, C. Delbecque, J.-F. Arnaudo: Chemical composition of the essential oils from Turkish and Honduras Styrax, Flavour Fragr. J. 20(1), 70–73 (2005)CrossRef

[82]

H. Hafizoglu, M. Reunanen, A. Istek: Chemical constituents of balsam from Liquidambar orientalis, Holzforschung 50(2), 116–117 (1996)CrossRef

[83]

I. Wahlberg, M.-B. Hjelte, K. Karlsson, C.R. Enzell: Constituents of commercial tolu balsam, Acta Chem. Scand. 25, 3285–3295 (1971)CrossRef

[84]

J. Bergemann: Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. Pereirae (Royle) Baillon, der Perubalsambaum, Pharm. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 5(7), 341–347 (1950)

[85]

S. Cunningham: The Complete Book of Incense, Oils and Brews (Llewellyn Publications, St. Paul 2002)

[86]

C.H. Hsieh: Process of making joss-sticks, US Patent 5919516A (1999)

[87]

M.G. Neumann: Incense and method of making the, US Patent 2014072A (1935)

[88]

H.E. Newell: Combustible writable incense device and method of making same, US Patent 20130260060A1 (2013)

[89]

T.C. Tran, P.J. Marriott: Characterization of incense smoke by solid phase microextraction – Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC\(\times\)GC), Atmos. Env. 41(27), 5756–5768 (2007)CrossRef

[90]

P. Roveri, V. Andrisano, A.M. Di Pietra, V. Cavrini: GC–MS analysis of incenses for possible presence of allergenic nitromusks, J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 17(3), 393–398 (1998)CrossRef

[91]

H.E. Newell: Method for embodying an incense-coated template in variety of ornate and complex designs or patterns, US Patent 20100316962 (2010)

[92]

J.A. Bond: Metabolism and elimination of inhaled drugs and airborne chemicals from the lungs, Pharmacol. Toxicol. 72, 36–47 (1993)CrossRef

[93]

A. Moussaieff, R. Mechoulam: Boswellia resin: from religious ceremonies to medical uses; a review of in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical trials, J. Pharmacy Pharmacol. 61(10), 1281–1293 (2009)CrossRef

[94]

T. Hussain, O. Al-Attas, N. Al-Daghri, A. Mohammed, E. Rosas, S. Ibrahim, B. Vinodson, M. Ansari, K.A. El-Din: Induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung and liver tissues of rats exposed to incense smoke, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 391(1), 127–136 (2014)CrossRef

[95]

M. Ahmed, N. Al-Daghri, A.H. Harrath, M.S. Alokail, R.H. Aladakatti, M.A.G. Ghodesawar, S. Alwasel: Potential ultrastructural changes in rat epididymal cell types induced by Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii incense, C.R. Biol. 336(8), 392–399 (2013)CrossRef

[96]

J.E. Frampton: Crofelemer: A review of its use in the management of non-infectious diarrhoea in adult patients with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy, Drugs 73(10), 1121–1129 (2013)CrossRef

[97]

K.-C. Chiang, C.-M. Liao: Heavy incense burning in temples promotes exposure risk from airborne PMs and carcinogenic PAHs, Sci. Total Env. 372(1), 64–75 (2006)CrossRef

[98]

H.-C. Chuang, T. Jones, K. BéruBé: Combustion particles emitted during church services: Implications for human respiratory health, Environment Int. 40(0), 137–142 (2012)CrossRef

[99]

R. Cohen, K.G. Sexton, K.B. Yeatts: Hazard assessment of United Arab Emirates (UAE) incense smoke, Sci. Total Env. 458–460, 176–186 (2013)CrossRef

[100]

J.J. Jetter, Z. Guo, J.A. McBrian, M.R. Flynn: Characterization of emissions from burning incense, Sci. Total Env. 295(1–3), 51–67 (2002)CrossRef

[101]

G. Löfroth, C. Stensman, M. Brandhorst-Satzkorn: Indoor sources of mutagenic aerosol particulate matter: Smoking, cooking and incense burning, Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. 261(1), 21–28 (1991)CrossRef

[102]

S.-C.C. Lung, S.-C. Hu: Generation rates and emission factors of particulate matter and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of incense sticks, Chemosphere 50(5), 673–679 (2003)CrossRef

[103]

S.W. See, R. Balasubramanian: Characterization of fine particle emissions from incense burning, Build. Env. 46(5), 1074–1080 (2011)CrossRef

[104]

B. Wang, S.C. Lee, K.F. Ho, Y.M. Kang: Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in temples, Hong Kong Sci. Total Env. 377(1), 52–60 (2007)CrossRef

[105]

T.-C. Lin, G. Krishnaswamy, D. Chi: Incense smoke: clinical, structural and molecular effects on airway disease, Clin. Mol. Allergy 6(1), 1–9 (2008)CrossRef

[106]

R.C. Mannix, K.P. Nguyen, E.W. Tan, E.E. Ho, R.F. Phalen: Physical characterization of incense aerosols, Sci. Total Env. 193(2), 149–158 (1996)CrossRef

[107]

C.-C. Chen, H. Lee: Genotoxicity and DNA adduct formation of incense smoke condensates: Comparison with environmental tobacco smoke condensates, Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. 367(3), 105–114 (1996)CrossRef

[108]

R.G. Harvey: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemistry and Carcinogenicity (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1991)

[109]

C.-M. Liao, K.-C. Chiang: Probabilistic risk assessment for personal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiwanese temples, Chemosphere 63(9), 1610–1619 (2006)CrossRef

[110]

T.-T. Yang, S.-T. Lin, T.-S. Lin, W.-L. Hong: Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in the particulate phase from burning incenses with various atomic hydrogen/carbon ratios, Sci. Total Env. 414, 335–342 (2012)CrossRef

[111]

M.-T. Hu, S.-J. Chen, K.-L. Huang, Y.-C. Lin, W.-J. Lee, G.-P. Chang-Chien, J.-H. Tsai, J.-T. Lee, C.-H. Chiu: Characteritization of, and health risks from, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans from incense burned in a temple, Sci. Total Env. 407(17), 4870–4875 (2009)CrossRef

[112]

IARC: Musk ambrette and musk xylene, IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 65, 477–495 (1996)

[113]

S.-C. Lee, B. Wang: Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in a large environmental chamber, Atmos. Env. 38(7), 941–951 (2004)CrossRef

[114]

A. Manoukian, E. Quivet, B. Temime-Roussel, M. Nicolas, F. Maupetit, H. Wortham: Emission characteristics of air pollutants from incense and candle burning in indoor atmospheres, Env. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20(7), 4659–4670 (2013)CrossRef

[115]

S. Dewangan, R. Chakrabarty, B. Zielinska, S. Pervez: Emission of volatile organic compounds from religious and ritual activities in India, Env. Monit. Assess. 185(11), 9279–9286 (2013)CrossRef

Title: Incense Materials
Author: Johannes Niebler
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Book: Springer Handbook of Odor
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26930-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-26932-0

Copyright Year: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Premium Partners