Top

Cellulose

Published in:

01-02-2010

Nanocomposites prepared by in situ enzymatic polymerization of phenol with TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose

Authors: Zhuo Li, Scott Renneckar, Justin R. Barone

Published in: Cellulose | Issue 1/2010

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The objective of this study was to prepare nanocomposites based on polyphenols and nanocellulose fibers using relatively benign processing. To accomplish this, phenol was polymerized using horseradish peroxidase in the presence of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose. The polyphenol-nanocellulose composite was insoluble in organic solvents but the individual components were soluble. SEM imaging of fracture surfaces of polyphenol, nanocellulose, and composite indicated brittle failure in polyphenol and nanocellulose but ductile failure in the composite pointing to a potential synergistic effect from the addition of the components. Polyphenol existed as spherical or near-spherical “clusters” that were ca. 10 μm in the absence of nanocellulose and ca. 0.1 μm in the presence of nanocellulose. The observed change in structure corresponded to changes in the thermal stability because the composite was more thermally stable than the components. FT-IR analysis of polyphenol-nanocellulose composites showed physical and chemical interactions between the fiber and matrix. This study is a significant improvement in forming nanocomposites without the intensive processing usually required for dispersion.

previous article Bending properties and cell wall structure of alkali-treated wood

next article Glucomannan composite films with cellulose nanowhiskers

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Angles MN, Dufresne A (2000) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nancomposites. 1. Structural analysis. Macromolecules 33:8344–8353CrossRef

Angles MN, Dufresne A (2001) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposite materials. 2. Mechanical behavior. Macromolecules 34:2921–2931CrossRef

Ayyagari M, Akkara JA, Kaplan DL (1996) Enzyme-mediated polymerization reactions: peroxidase-catalyzed polyphenol synthesis. Acta Polym 47:193–203CrossRef

Ayyagari M, Akkara JA, Kaplan DL (1998) Solvent-enzyme-polymer interactions in the molecular weight control of poly(m-cresol) synthesized in nonaqueous media. In: Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Swift G (eds) Enzymes in polymer synthesis. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 112–124

Azizi Samir MAS, Alloin F, Sanchez JY, Dufresne A (2004) Cellulose nanocrystals reinforced poly(oxyethylene). Polymer 45:4149–4157CrossRef

Barakat A, Winter H, Rondeau-Mouro C, Saake B, Chabbert B, Cathala B (2007) Studies of xylan interactions and cross-linking to synthetic lignins formed by bulk and end-wise polymerization: a model study of lignin carbohydrate complex formation. Planta 226:267–282CrossRef

Berglund LA (2005) Cellulose-based nanocomposites. In: Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 807–832

Cathala B, Rondeau-Mouro C, Lairez D, Bedos-Belval F, Durand H, Gorrichon L, Touzel J-P, Chabbert B, Monties B (2005) Model systems for the understanding of lignified plant cell wall formation. Plant Biosyst 139:93–97

Dubey S, Singh D, Misra RA (1998) Enzymatic synthesis and various properties of poly(catechol). Enzyme Microb Technol 23:432–437CrossRef

Dufresne A, Cavaille JY, Helbert W (1997) Thermoplastic nanocomposites filled with wheat straw cellulose whiskers. Part II: effect of processing and modeling. Polym Compos 18:198–210CrossRef

Edgar CD, Gray DG (2003) Smooth model cellulose I surfaces from nanocrystal suspensions. Cellulose 10:299–306CrossRef

Favier V, Chanzy H, Cavaille JY (1995) Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by cellulose whiskers. Macromolecules 28:6365–6367CrossRef

Felby C, Hassingboe J, Lund M (2002) Pilot-scale production of fiberboards made by laccase oxidized wood fibers: board properties and evidence for cross-linking of lignin. Enzyme Microb Technol 31:736–741CrossRef

Felby C, Thygesen LG, Sanadi A, Barsberg S (2004) Native lignin for bonding of fiber boards-evaluation of bonding mechanisms in boards made from laccase-treated fibers of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Ind Crop Prod 20:181–189CrossRef

Giannelis EP, Krishnamoorti R, Manias E (1999) Polymer-silicate nanocomposites: model systems for confined polymers and polymer brushes. Adv Polym Sci 138:107–147CrossRef

Goetz L, Mathew A, Oksman K, Gatenholm P, Ragauskas AJ (2009) A novel nanocomposite film prepared from crosslinked cellulosic whiskers. Carbohydr Polym 75:85–89CrossRef

Gunzler H, Gremlich H-U (2002) IR spectroscopy. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

Iwamoto S, Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2007) Nano-fibrillation of pulp fibers for the processing of transparent nanocomposites. Appl Phys A 89:461–466CrossRef

Johnson RK, Zink-Sharp A, Renneckar S, Glasser WG (2009) A new bio-based nanocomposite: fibrillated TEMPO-oxidized celluloses in hydroxypropylcellulose matrix. Cellulose 16:227–238CrossRef

Kohler R, Nebel K (2006) Cellulose-nanocomposites: towards high performance composite materials. Macromol Symp 244:97–106CrossRef

Kumar V, Yang T (2002) HNO₃/H₃PO₄-NANO₂ mediated oxidation of cellulose-preparation and characterization of bioabsorbable oxidized celluloses in high yields and with different levels of oxidation. Carbohydr Polym 48:403–412CrossRef

Lenhart JL, Chaubal MV, Payne GF, Barbari TA (1998) Enzymatic modification of chitosan by tyrosinase. In: Gross RA, Kaplan DL, Swift G (eds) Enzymes in polymer synthesis. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 188–198

Li Q, Renneckar SH (2009) Molecularly thin nanoparticles from cellulose: isolation of sub-microfibrillar structures. Cellulose (in press)

Lu Y, Weng L, Cao X (2006) Morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of ramie crystallites-reinforced plasticized starch biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 63:198–204CrossRef

Matsumura H, Glasser WG (2000) Cellulosic nanocomposites. II. Studies by atomic force microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 78:2254–2261CrossRef

Matsumura H, Sugiyama J, Glasser WG (2000) Cellulosic nanocomposites. I. Thermally deformable cellulose hexanoates from heterogeneous reaction. J Appl Polym Sci 78:2242–2253CrossRef

Micic M, Jeremic M, Radotic K, Leblanc RM (2000a) A comparative study of enzymatically and photochemically polymerized artificial lignin supramolecular structures using environmental scanning electron microscopy. J Coll Inter Sci 231:190–194CrossRef

Micic M, Jeremic M, Radotic K, Mavers M, Leblanc RM (2000b) Visualization of artificial lignin supramolecular structures. Scan 22:288–294CrossRef

Micic M, Radotic K, Jeremic M, Leblanc RM (2003) Study of self-assembly of the lignin model compound on cellulose model substrate. Macromol Biosci 3:100–106CrossRef

Micic M, Radotic K, Jeremic M, Djikanovic D, Kammer SB (2004) Study of the lignin model compound supramolecular structure by combination of near-field scanning optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Coll Surf B Bioint 34:33–40CrossRef

Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2005) Novel high-strength biocomposites based on microfibrillated cellulose having nano-order-unit web-like network structure. Appl Phys A 80:155–159CrossRef

Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2008a) The effect of fiber content on the mechanical and thermal expansion properties of biocomposites based on microfibrillated cellulose. Cellulose 15:555–559CrossRef

Nakagaito AN, Yano H (2008b) Toughness enhancement of cellulose nanocomposites by alkali treatment of the reinforcing cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose 15:323–331CrossRef

Noishiki Y, Nishiyama Y, Wada M, Kuga S, Magoshi J (2002) Mechanical properties of silk fibroin-microcrystalline cellulose composite films. J Appl Polym Sci 86:3425–3429CrossRef

Oguchi T, Tawaki S-i, Uyama H, Kobayashi S (1999) Soluble polyphenol. Macromol Rap Comm 20:401–403CrossRef

Oguchi T, Tawaki S-i, Uyama H, Kobayashi S (2000) Enzymatic synthesis of soluble polyphenol. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 73:1389–1396CrossRef

Pkk M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H, Nyknen A, Ahola S, Sterberg M, Ruokolainen J, Laine J, Larsson PT, Ikkala O, Lindstrm T (2007) Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromol 8:1934–1941CrossRef

Qi H, Cai J, Zhang L, Kuga S (2009) Properties of films composed of cellulose nanowhiskers and a cellulose matrix regenerated from alkali/urea solution. Biomacromolecules (in press)

Radotic K, Simic-Krstic J, Jeremic M, Trifunovic M (1994) A study of lignin formation at the molecular level by scanning tunneling microscopy. Biophys J 66:1763–1767CrossRef

Reihmann M, Ritter H (2006) Synthesis of phenol polymers using peroxidases. Adv Polym Sci 194:1–49CrossRef

Roman M, Winter WT (2006) Cellulose nanocrystals for thermoplastic reinforcement: effect of filler surface chemistry on composite properties. In Oksman K, Sain M (eds) Cellulose nanocomposites: processing, characterization, and properties. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 99–113

Sakurada I, Nukushina Y, Ito T (1962) Experimental determination of the elastic modulus of crystalline regions in oriented polymers. J Polym Sci 57:651–660CrossRef

Soykeabkaew N, Sian C, Gea S, Nishino T, Peijs T (2009) All-cellulose nanocomposites by surface selective dissolution of bacterial cellulose. Cellulose 16:435–444CrossRef

Svagan AJ, Azizi Samir MAS, Berglund LA (2007) Biomimetic polysaccharide nanocomposites of high cellulose content and high toughness. Biomacromolecules 8:2556–2563CrossRef

Svagan AJ, Azizi Samir MAS, Berglund LA (2008) Biomimetic foams of high mechanical performance based on nanostructured cell walls reinforced by native cellulose nanofibrils. Advanced Materials 20:1263–1269CrossRef

Svagan AJ, Hedenqvist MS, Berglund LA (2009) Reduced water vapour sorption in cellulose nanocomposites with starch matrix. Compos Sci Technol 69:500–506CrossRef

Touzel J-P, Chabbert B, Monties B, Debeire P, Cathala B (2003) Synthesis and characterization of dehydrogenation polymers in Gluconacetobacter xylinus cellulose and cellulose/pectin composite. J Agric Food Chem 51:981–986CrossRef

Uyama H, Kobayashi S (2003) Enzymatic synthesis of polyphenols. Curr Org Chem 7:1387–1397CrossRef

Uyama H, Kurioka H, Sugihara J, Kobayashi S (1996) Enzymatic synthesis and thermal properties of a new class of polyphenol. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 69:189–193CrossRef

Varma AJ, Chavan VB (1995) A study of crystallinity changes in oxidised celluloses. Polym Degrad Stab 49:245–250CrossRef

Title: Nanocomposites prepared by in situ enzymatic polymerization of phenol with TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose
Authors: Zhuo Li
Scott Renneckar
Justin R. Barone
Publication date: 01-02-2010
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Cellulose / Issue 1/2010
Print ISSN: 0969-0239
Electronic ISSN: 1572-882X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-009-9363-4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Dissolution mechanisms of wood cellulose fibres in NaOH–water

Synthesis of water-soluble cationic cellulose derivatives with tertiary amino groups

Ligament-like tough double-network hydrogel based on bacterial cellulose

Glucomannan composite films with cellulose nanowhiskers

Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis of crystallinity changes in lyocell following continuous treatment with sodium hydroxide

A new methodology to recycle polyester from fabric blends with cellulose