Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Fire Technology 5/2019

05-03-2019

Performance of High Strength Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures: A Review

Authors: S. N. R. Shah, F. W. Akashah, P. Shafigh

Published in: Fire Technology | Issue 5/2019

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Advancement in the field of construction has given rise to the modification of conventional materials in order to utilize the full potential of their components to achieve high durability, strength, and other engineering characteristics. Construction materials should ideally be environmental friendly. These diverse requirements resulted in the invention of high strength concrete (HSC). A rapidly increasing use of HSC in most of the construction projects has encouraged researchers to identify its behavior at elevated temperatures. This has led to the recognition of an inadequate understanding of elevated temperatures’ effects on the behavior of HSC. This paper initially provides necessary information about HSC and relates its benefits. A number of different design standards for the preparation of HSC are also presented and compared. Previous research activities performed on HSC to identify the effect of elevated temperatures on the properties of HSC are reviewed. Findings showed that the mechanical properties of NSC decreases at a 10% to 20% higher rate than HSC ranging between ambient temperature and approximately 350°C, depending upon the mix proportions and initial compressive strength of the concrete. The differences become narrower at temperature above 350°C. Major failure modes are identified and future recommendations are presented.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Kodur V, Dwaikat M (2008) A numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of reinforced concrete beams. Cement Concr Compos 30(5):431–443CrossRef Kodur V, Dwaikat M (2008) A numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of reinforced concrete beams. Cement Concr Compos 30(5):431–443CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Gustaferro AH (1966) Factors influencing the fire resistance of concrete. Fire Technol 2(3):187–195CrossRef Gustaferro AH (1966) Factors influencing the fire resistance of concrete. Fire Technol 2(3):187–195CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Schneider U (1988) Concrete at high temperatures—a general review. Fire Saf J 13(1):55–68CrossRef Schneider U (1988) Concrete at high temperatures—a general review. Fire Saf J 13(1):55–68CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Forde MC (1993) High performance construction materials and systems: an essential program for America and its infrastructure technical report 93–5011. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, ISBN 0-87262-938-2, 212 pp. Forde MC (1993) High performance construction materials and systems: an essential program for America and its infrastructure technical report 93–5011. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, ISBN 0-87262-938-2, 212 pp.
5.
go back to reference Russell HG (1999) ACI defines high-performance concrete. Concr Int 21:56–57 Russell HG (1999) ACI defines high-performance concrete. Concr Int 21:56–57
6.
go back to reference Bickley JA, Mitchell D (2001) A state-of-the-art review of high performance concrete structures built in Canada: 1990–2000. Cement Association of Canada, Ottawa Bickley JA, Mitchell D (2001) A state-of-the-art review of high performance concrete structures built in Canada: 1990–2000. Cement Association of Canada, Ottawa
7.
go back to reference Cheng F-P, Kodur V, Wang T-C (2004) Stress-strain curves for high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. J Mater Civ Eng 16(1):84–90CrossRef Cheng F-P, Kodur V, Wang T-C (2004) Stress-strain curves for high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. J Mater Civ Eng 16(1):84–90CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Phan LT, Carino NJ (2003) Code provisions for high strength concrete strength-temperature relationship at elevated temperatures. Mater Struct 36(2):91–98CrossRef Phan LT, Carino NJ (2003) Code provisions for high strength concrete strength-temperature relationship at elevated temperatures. Mater Struct 36(2):91–98CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Kodur V, Mcgrath R (2003) Fire endurance of high strength concrete columns. Fire Technol 39(1):73–87CrossRef Kodur V, Mcgrath R (2003) Fire endurance of high strength concrete columns. Fire Technol 39(1):73–87CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Basheer L, Kropp J, Cleland DJ (2001) Assessment of the durability of concrete from its permeation properties: a review. Constr Build Mater 15(2):93–103CrossRef Basheer L, Kropp J, Cleland DJ (2001) Assessment of the durability of concrete from its permeation properties: a review. Constr Build Mater 15(2):93–103CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Caldarone MA (2008) High-strength concrete: a practical guide. CRC Press, Cambridge Caldarone MA (2008) High-strength concrete: a practical guide. CRC Press, Cambridge
12.
go back to reference American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 363 (1992) State-of-the-art report on high-strength concrete. Report No. ACI 363R-92. Detroit, Michigan, US American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 363 (1992) State-of-the-art report on high-strength concrete. Report No. ACI 363R-92. Detroit, Michigan, US
13.
go back to reference European Committee for Standardization (1995) Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures-Part 1-2: General rules-Structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2.Brussels, Belgium European Committee for Standardization (1995) Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures-Part 1-2: General rules-Structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2.Brussels, Belgium
14.
go back to reference Standard Australia (AS5100) (2005) Australian Bridge Design Code, Section 5: Concrete Standard Australia (AS5100) (2005) Australian Bridge Design Code, Section 5: Concrete
15.
go back to reference Noumowe A (2005) Mechanical properties and microstructure of high strength concrete containing polypropylene fibres exposed to temperatures up to 200°C. Cem Concr Res 35(11):2192–2198CrossRef Noumowe A (2005) Mechanical properties and microstructure of high strength concrete containing polypropylene fibres exposed to temperatures up to 200°C. Cem Concr Res 35(11):2192–2198CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Hameed AH (2009) The effect of curing condition on compressive strength in high strength concrete. Diyala J Eng Sci 2:35–48CrossRef Hameed AH (2009) The effect of curing condition on compressive strength in high strength concrete. Diyala J Eng Sci 2:35–48CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Islam MN, Mohd Zain MF, Jamil M (2012) Prediction of strength and slump of rice husk ash incorporated high-performance concrete. J Civ Eng Manag 18(3):310–317CrossRef Islam MN, Mohd Zain MF, Jamil M (2012) Prediction of strength and slump of rice husk ash incorporated high-performance concrete. J Civ Eng Manag 18(3):310–317CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Usmani A, Chung Y, Torero JL (2003) How did the WTC towers collapse: a new theory. Fire Saf J 38(6):501–533CrossRef Usmani A, Chung Y, Torero JL (2003) How did the WTC towers collapse: a new theory. Fire Saf J 38(6):501–533CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Anand N, Arulraj GP (2014) Effect of grade of concrete on the performance of self-compacting concrete beams subjected to elevated temperatures. Fire Technol 50(5):1269–1284CrossRef Anand N, Arulraj GP (2014) Effect of grade of concrete on the performance of self-compacting concrete beams subjected to elevated temperatures. Fire Technol 50(5):1269–1284CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Diederichs U, Jumppanen U, Schneider U (1995) High temperature properties and spalling behaviour of high strength concrete. In: Proceedings of fourth Weimar workshop on high performance concrete. HAB Weimar, Germany, pp 219–235 Diederichs U, Jumppanen U, Schneider U (1995) High temperature properties and spalling behaviour of high strength concrete. In: Proceedings of fourth Weimar workshop on high performance concrete. HAB Weimar, Germany, pp 219–235
21.
go back to reference Gibbons Jr AT (1971) Some aspects of structural fire endurance of concrete. Fire Technol 7(1):61–68CrossRef Gibbons Jr AT (1971) Some aspects of structural fire endurance of concrete. Fire Technol 7(1):61–68CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Kodur V (2014) Properties of concrete at elevated temperatures. ISRN Civil Engineering 2014 Kodur V (2014) Properties of concrete at elevated temperatures. ISRN Civil Engineering 2014
23.
go back to reference Kodur V, Raut N (2010) Performance of concrete structures under fire hazard: emerging trends. Indian Concr J 84(2):23–31 Kodur V, Raut N (2010) Performance of concrete structures under fire hazard: emerging trends. Indian Concr J 84(2):23–31
24.
go back to reference Malhotra H (1956) The effect of temperature on the compressive strength of concrete. Mag Concr Res 8(23):85–94CrossRef Malhotra H (1956) The effect of temperature on the compressive strength of concrete. Mag Concr Res 8(23):85–94CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Harada T, Takeda J, Yamane S, Furumura F (1972) Strength, elasticity and thermal properties of concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Spec Publ 34:377–406 Harada T, Takeda J, Yamane S, Furumura F (1972) Strength, elasticity and thermal properties of concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Spec Publ 34:377–406
26.
go back to reference Arioz O (2007) Effects of elevated temperatures on properties of concrete. Fire Saf J 42(8):516–522CrossRef Arioz O (2007) Effects of elevated temperatures on properties of concrete. Fire Saf J 42(8):516–522CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Netinger I, Kesegic I, Guljas I (2011) The effect of high temperatures on the mechanical properties of concrete made with different types of aggregates. Fire Saf J 46 (7):425–430CrossRef Netinger I, Kesegic I, Guljas I (2011) The effect of high temperatures on the mechanical properties of concrete made with different types of aggregates. Fire Saf J 46 (7):425–430CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Katz A, Berman N, Bank LC (1999) Effect of high temperature on bond strength of FRP rebars. J Compos Constr 3(2):73–81CrossRef Katz A, Berman N, Bank LC (1999) Effect of high temperature on bond strength of FRP rebars. J Compos Constr 3(2):73–81CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Aköz F, Yüzer N, Koral S (1995) The influence of high temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of ordinary Portland cement and silica fume mortar. Teknik Dergi-Tmmob Insaat Muhendisleri Odasi 6:287–292 Aköz F, Yüzer N, Koral S (1995) The influence of high temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of ordinary Portland cement and silica fume mortar. Teknik Dergi-Tmmob Insaat Muhendisleri Odasi 6:287–292
30.
go back to reference Husem M (2006) The effects of high temperature on compressive and flexural strengths of ordinary and high-performance concrete. Fire Saf J 41(2):155–163CrossRef Husem M (2006) The effects of high temperature on compressive and flexural strengths of ordinary and high-performance concrete. Fire Saf J 41(2):155–163CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Aydın S, Yazıcı H, Baradan B (2008) High temperature resistance of normal strength and autoclaved high strength mortars incorporated polypropylene and steel fibers. Constr Build Mater 22(4):504–512CrossRef Aydın S, Yazıcı H, Baradan B (2008) High temperature resistance of normal strength and autoclaved high strength mortars incorporated polypropylene and steel fibers. Constr Build Mater 22(4):504–512CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Malhotra V, Wilson H, Painter K (1989) Performance of gravelstone concrete incorporating silica fume at elevated temperatures. Spec Publ 114:1051–1076 Malhotra V, Wilson H, Painter K (1989) Performance of gravelstone concrete incorporating silica fume at elevated temperatures. Spec Publ 114:1051–1076
33.
go back to reference Noumowe A, Clastres P, Debicki G, Costaz J (1995) High performance concrete for severe thermal conditions. In: Proceedings of the international conference on concrete under severe conditions, CONSEC, pp 1129–1140 Noumowe A, Clastres P, Debicki G, Costaz J (1995) High performance concrete for severe thermal conditions. In: Proceedings of the international conference on concrete under severe conditions, CONSEC, pp 1129–1140
34.
go back to reference Phan LT, Carino NJ (1998) Review of mechanical properties of HSC at elevated temperature. J Mater Civ Eng 10(1):58–65CrossRef Phan LT, Carino NJ (1998) Review of mechanical properties of HSC at elevated temperature. J Mater Civ Eng 10(1):58–65CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Chan SY, Peng G-f, Chan JK (1996) Comparison between high strength concrete and normal strength concrete subjected to high temperature. Mater Struct 29(10):616–619CrossRef Chan SY, Peng G-f, Chan JK (1996) Comparison between high strength concrete and normal strength concrete subjected to high temperature. Mater Struct 29(10):616–619CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Dwaikat M, Kodur V (2010) Fire induced spalling in high strength concrete beams. Fire Technol 46(1):251–274CrossRef Dwaikat M, Kodur V (2010) Fire induced spalling in high strength concrete beams. Fire Technol 46(1):251–274CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Iwankiw N (2007) Fire resistant design. Pract Period Struct Des Constr 12(1):3–8CrossRef Iwankiw N (2007) Fire resistant design. Pract Period Struct Des Constr 12(1):3–8CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Mehta PK (1986) Concrete. Structure, properties and materials. Prentice-Hall Publication, New Delhi Mehta PK (1986) Concrete. Structure, properties and materials. Prentice-Hall Publication, New Delhi
39.
go back to reference Aïtcin P-C, Mehta PK (1990) Effect of coarse aggregate characteristics on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Mater J 87(2):103–107 Aïtcin P-C, Mehta PK (1990) Effect of coarse aggregate characteristics on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Mater J 87(2):103–107
40.
go back to reference de Larrard F, Belloc A (1997) The influence of aggregate on the compressive strength of normal and high-strength concrete. ACI Mater J 94(5):417–426 de Larrard F, Belloc A (1997) The influence of aggregate on the compressive strength of normal and high-strength concrete. ACI Mater J 94(5):417–426
41.
go back to reference Yan H, Sun W, Chen H (1999) The effect of silica fume and steel fiber on the dynamic mechanical performance of high-strength concrete. Cem Concr Res 29(3):423–426CrossRef Yan H, Sun W, Chen H (1999) The effect of silica fume and steel fiber on the dynamic mechanical performance of high-strength concrete. Cem Concr Res 29(3):423–426CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Gopalan MK, Haque M (1990) Fly ash in high-strength concrete. Spec Publ 121:331–350 Gopalan MK, Haque M (1990) Fly ash in high-strength concrete. Spec Publ 121:331–350
43.
go back to reference Chan Y, Peng G, Anson M (1999) Residual strength and pore structure of high-strength concrete and normal strength concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Cem Concr Compos 21(1):23–27CrossRef Chan Y, Peng G, Anson M (1999) Residual strength and pore structure of high-strength concrete and normal strength concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Cem Concr Compos 21(1):23–27CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Wu W, Zhang W, Ma G (2010) Optimum content of copper slag as a fine aggregate in high strength concrete. Mater Des 31(6):2878–2883CrossRef Wu W, Zhang W, Ma G (2010) Optimum content of copper slag as a fine aggregate in high strength concrete. Mater Des 31(6):2878–2883CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Jianyong L, Pei T (1997) Effect of slag and silica fume on mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Cem Concr Res 27(6):833–837CrossRef Jianyong L, Pei T (1997) Effect of slag and silica fume on mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Cem Concr Res 27(6):833–837CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Aıtcin P (2003) The durability characteristics of high performance concrete: a review. Cement Concr Compos 25(4):409–420CrossRef Aıtcin P (2003) The durability characteristics of high performance concrete: a review. Cement Concr Compos 25(4):409–420CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Burg RG, Ost BW (1994) Engineering properties of commercially available high-strength concretes (including three year data), PCA Research and Development Bulletin RD104T. Portland Cement Association, Skokie Burg RG, Ost BW (1994) Engineering properties of commercially available high-strength concretes (including three year data), PCA Research and Development Bulletin RD104T. Portland Cement Association, Skokie
48.
go back to reference Kodur VKR, Sultan MA (1998) Structural behaviour of high strength concrete columns exposed to fire. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on high performance and reactive powder concrete, vol 4. Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, pp 217–32 Kodur VKR, Sultan MA (1998) Structural behaviour of high strength concrete columns exposed to fire. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on high performance and reactive powder concrete, vol 4. Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, pp 217–32
49.
go back to reference Phan LT (1996) Fire performance of high-strength concrete: A report of the state-of-the art. US Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Applied Economics, Building and Fire Research Laboratory Phan LT (1996) Fire performance of high-strength concrete: A report of the state-of-the art. US Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Applied Economics, Building and Fire Research Laboratory
50.
go back to reference Jahren P (1989) Fire resistance of high strength/dense concrete with particular reference to the use of condensed silica fume—a review. Spec Publ 114:1013–1050 Jahren P (1989) Fire resistance of high strength/dense concrete with particular reference to the use of condensed silica fume—a review. Spec Publ 114:1013–1050
51.
go back to reference Castillo C (1987) Effect of transient high temperature on high-strength concrete. Doctoral dissertation, Rice University, Texas, US Castillo C (1987) Effect of transient high temperature on high-strength concrete. Doctoral dissertation, Rice University, Texas, US
52.
go back to reference Lea F (1920) The effect of temperature on some of the properties of materials. Engineering 110(2852):293 Lea F (1920) The effect of temperature on some of the properties of materials. Engineering 110(2852):293
53.
go back to reference Lea F (1922) The resistance to fire of concrete and reinforced concrete. J Soc Chem Ind 41(18):395R–396RCrossRef Lea F (1922) The resistance to fire of concrete and reinforced concrete. J Soc Chem Ind 41(18):395R–396RCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Franssen J-M, Dotreppe J-C (2003) Fire tests and calculation methods for circular concrete columns. Fire Technol 39(1):89–97CrossRef Franssen J-M, Dotreppe J-C (2003) Fire tests and calculation methods for circular concrete columns. Fire Technol 39(1):89–97CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Saemann J, Washa G (1957) Variation of mortar and concrete properties with temperature. J Am Concr Inst 29(5):385–395 Saemann J, Washa G (1957) Variation of mortar and concrete properties with temperature. J Am Concr Inst 29(5):385–395
56.
go back to reference Zoldners N (1960) Effect of high temperatures on concretes incorporating different aggregates. Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Mines Branch, OttawaCrossRef Zoldners N (1960) Effect of high temperatures on concretes incorporating different aggregates. Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Mines Branch, OttawaCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Hannant D (1964) Effects of heat on concrete strength. Engineering (London) 203(21):302 Hannant D (1964) Effects of heat on concrete strength. Engineering (London) 203(21):302
58.
go back to reference Abrams MS (1971) Compressive strength of concrete at temperatures to 1600F. Spec Publ 25:33–58 Abrams MS (1971) Compressive strength of concrete at temperatures to 1600F. Spec Publ 25:33–58
59.
go back to reference Lankard DR, Birkimer DL, Fondriest FF, Snyder MJ (1971) Effects of moisture content on the structural properties of portland cement concrete exposed to temperatures up to 500F. Spec Publ 25:59–102 Lankard DR, Birkimer DL, Fondriest FF, Snyder MJ (1971) Effects of moisture content on the structural properties of portland cement concrete exposed to temperatures up to 500F. Spec Publ 25:59–102
60.
go back to reference Schneider U (1976) Behaviour of concrete under thermal steady state and non-steady state conditions. Fire Mater 1(3):103–115CrossRef Schneider U (1976) Behaviour of concrete under thermal steady state and non-steady state conditions. Fire Mater 1(3):103–115CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Zoldners NG (1971) Thermal properties of concrete under sustained elevated temperatures. Spec Publ 25:1–32 Zoldners NG (1971) Thermal properties of concrete under sustained elevated temperatures. Spec Publ 25:1–32
62.
go back to reference Lie T, Kodur V (1996) Thermal and mechanical properties of steel-fibre-reinforced concrete at elevated temperatures. Can J Civ Eng 23(2):511–517CrossRef Lie T, Kodur V (1996) Thermal and mechanical properties of steel-fibre-reinforced concrete at elevated temperatures. Can J Civ Eng 23(2):511–517CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Poon C-S, Azhar S, Anson M, Wong Y-L (2003) Performance of metakaolin concrete at elevated temperatures. Cem Concr Compos 25(1):83–89CrossRef Poon C-S, Azhar S, Anson M, Wong Y-L (2003) Performance of metakaolin concrete at elevated temperatures. Cem Concr Compos 25(1):83–89CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Shin K-Y, Kim S-B, Kim J-H, Chung M, Jung P-S (2002) Thermo-physical properties and transient heat transfer of concrete at elevated temperatures. Nucl Eng Des 212(1):233–241CrossRef Shin K-Y, Kim S-B, Kim J-H, Chung M, Jung P-S (2002) Thermo-physical properties and transient heat transfer of concrete at elevated temperatures. Nucl Eng Des 212(1):233–241CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Khaliq W, Kodur V (2011) Thermal and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced high performance self-consolidating concrete at elevated temperatures. Cem Concr Res 41(11):1112–1122CrossRef Khaliq W, Kodur V (2011) Thermal and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced high performance self-consolidating concrete at elevated temperatures. Cem Concr Res 41(11):1112–1122CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Diederichs U, Jumppanen U, Penttala V (1988) Material properties of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. In: Proceedings of 13th congress of IABSE. Zurich, pp 489-494. Diederichs U, Jumppanen U, Penttala V (1988) Material properties of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. In: Proceedings of 13th congress of IABSE. Zurich, pp 489-494.
67.
go back to reference Morita T, Saito H, Kumagai H (1992) Residual mechanical properties of high strength concrete members exposed to high temperature-Part 1: Test on material properties. In: Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting, architectural institute of Japan, Niigata Morita T, Saito H, Kumagai H (1992) Residual mechanical properties of high strength concrete members exposed to high temperature-Part 1: Test on material properties. In: Summaries of technical papers of annual meeting, architectural institute of Japan, Niigata
68.
go back to reference Sullivan P, Sharshar R (1992) The performance of concrete at elevated temperatures (as measured by the reduction in compressive strength). Fire Technol 28(3):240–250CrossRef Sullivan P, Sharshar R (1992) The performance of concrete at elevated temperatures (as measured by the reduction in compressive strength). Fire Technol 28(3):240–250CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Furumura F, Ave T, Shinohara Y, Abe T (1995) Mechanical properties of high strength concrete at high temperatures. In: Proceedings of the fourth Weimar workshop on high performance concrete, pp 237–252 Furumura F, Ave T, Shinohara Y, Abe T (1995) Mechanical properties of high strength concrete at high temperatures. In: Proceedings of the fourth Weimar workshop on high performance concrete, pp 237–252
70.
go back to reference Noumowe A, Clastres P, Debicki G, Costaz J (1996) Thermal stresses and water vapor pressure of high performance concrete at high temperature. In: Proceedings, 4th international symposium on utilization of high-strength/high-performance concrete, Paris, France Noumowe A, Clastres P, Debicki G, Costaz J (1996) Thermal stresses and water vapor pressure of high performance concrete at high temperature. In: Proceedings, 4th international symposium on utilization of high-strength/high-performance concrete, Paris, France
71.
go back to reference Hertz K (1984) Heat induced explosion of dense concretes. Report 166. CIB W14/84/33 (DK). Institute of Building Design (now Department of Civil Engineering), Technical University of Denmark Hertz K (1984) Heat induced explosion of dense concretes. Report 166. CIB W14/84/33 (DK). Institute of Building Design (now Department of Civil Engineering), Technical University of Denmark
72.
go back to reference Hertz KD (1992) Danish investigations on silica fume concretes at elevated temperatures. Mater J 89(4):345–347 Hertz KD (1992) Danish investigations on silica fume concretes at elevated temperatures. Mater J 89(4):345–347
73.
go back to reference Sanjayan G, Stocks L (1993) Spalling of high-strength silica fume concrete in fire. Mater J 90(2):170–173 Sanjayan G, Stocks L (1993) Spalling of high-strength silica fume concrete in fire. Mater J 90(2):170–173
74.
go back to reference Sarshar R, Khoury G (1993) Material and environmental factors influencing the compressive strength of unsealed cement paste and concrete at high temperatures. Mag Concr Res 45(162):51–61CrossRef Sarshar R, Khoury G (1993) Material and environmental factors influencing the compressive strength of unsealed cement paste and concrete at high temperatures. Mag Concr Res 45(162):51–61CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Hammer T (1995) High-strength concrete phase, compressive strength and E-modulus at elevated temperatures (SP6 fire resistance, report 6.1). SINTEF Structures and Concrete Hammer T (1995) High-strength concrete phase, compressive strength and E-modulus at elevated temperatures (SP6 fire resistance, report 6.1). SINTEF Structures and Concrete
76.
go back to reference Felicetti R, Gambarova PG (1998) Effects of high temperature on the residual compressive strength of high-strength siliceous concretes. ACI Mater J 95:395–406 Felicetti R, Gambarova PG (1998) Effects of high temperature on the residual compressive strength of high-strength siliceous concretes. ACI Mater J 95:395–406
77.
go back to reference Balendran R, Nadeem A, Maqsood T, Leung H (2003) Flexural and split cylinder strengths of HSC at elevated temperatures. Fire Technol 39(1):47–61CrossRef Balendran R, Nadeem A, Maqsood T, Leung H (2003) Flexural and split cylinder strengths of HSC at elevated temperatures. Fire Technol 39(1):47–61CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Chan Y, Luo X, Sun W (2000) Compressive strength and pore structure of high-performance concrete after exposure to high temperature up to 800°C. Cem Concr Res 30(2):247–251CrossRef Chan Y, Luo X, Sun W (2000) Compressive strength and pore structure of high-performance concrete after exposure to high temperature up to 800°C. Cem Concr Res 30(2):247–251CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Hsu LS, Hsu CT (1994) Stress-strain behavior of steel-fiber high-strength concrete under compression. Struct J 91(4):448–457MathSciNet Hsu LS, Hsu CT (1994) Stress-strain behavior of steel-fiber high-strength concrete under compression. Struct J 91(4):448–457MathSciNet
80.
go back to reference Khoury G (1992) Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: a reassessment. Mag Concr Res 44(161):291–309CrossRef Khoury G (1992) Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: a reassessment. Mag Concr Res 44(161):291–309CrossRef
81.
go back to reference Noumowe AN, Siddique R, Debicki G (2009) Permeability of high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperature (600°C). Constr Build Mater 23(5):1855–1861CrossRef Noumowe AN, Siddique R, Debicki G (2009) Permeability of high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperature (600°C). Constr Build Mater 23(5):1855–1861CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Poon C-S, Azhar S, Anson M, Wong Y-L (2001) Comparison of the strength and durability performance of normal-and high-strength pozzolanic concretes at elevated temperatures. Cem Concr Res 31(9):1291–1300CrossRef Poon C-S, Azhar S, Anson M, Wong Y-L (2001) Comparison of the strength and durability performance of normal-and high-strength pozzolanic concretes at elevated temperatures. Cem Concr Res 31(9):1291–1300CrossRef
83.
go back to reference ASTM (1990) E119-88: Standard methods of fire test of building construction and materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia ASTM (1990) E119-88: Standard methods of fire test of building construction and materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
84.
go back to reference CAN/ULC-S101-M89 (1989) Standard Methods of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada, Scarborough, Canada CAN/ULC-S101-M89 (1989) Standard Methods of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction and Materials. Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada, Scarborough, Canada
85.
go back to reference Kodur V, Cheng F-P, Wang T-C, Sultan M (2003) Effect of strength and fiber reinforcement on fire resistance of high-strength concrete columns. J Struct Eng 129(2):253–259CrossRef Kodur V, Cheng F-P, Wang T-C, Sultan M (2003) Effect of strength and fiber reinforcement on fire resistance of high-strength concrete columns. J Struct Eng 129(2):253–259CrossRef
86.
go back to reference Finland CAo (1991) High strength concrete supplementary rules and fire design. RakMKB4 Finland CAo (1991) High strength concrete supplementary rules and fire design. RakMKB4
87.
go back to reference Hernández-Olivares F, Barluenga G (2004) Fire performance of recycled rubber-filled high-strength concrete. Cem Concr Res 34(1):109–117CrossRef Hernández-Olivares F, Barluenga G (2004) Fire performance of recycled rubber-filled high-strength concrete. Cem Concr Res 34(1):109–117CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Xiao J, Xie Q, Li Z, Wang W (2017) Fire resistance and post-fire seismic behavior of high strength concrete shear walls. Fire Technol 53(1):65–86CrossRef Xiao J, Xie Q, Li Z, Wang W (2017) Fire resistance and post-fire seismic behavior of high strength concrete shear walls. Fire Technol 53(1):65–86CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Gales J, Parker T, Cree D, Green M (2016) Fire performance of sustainable recycled concrete aggregates: mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and current research needs. Fire Technol 52(3):817–845CrossRef Gales J, Parker T, Cree D, Green M (2016) Fire performance of sustainable recycled concrete aggregates: mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and current research needs. Fire Technol 52(3):817–845CrossRef
90.
go back to reference Li M, Qian C, Sun W (2004) Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete after fire. Cem Concr Res 34(6):1001–1005CrossRef Li M, Qian C, Sun W (2004) Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete after fire. Cem Concr Res 34(6):1001–1005CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Behnood A, Ghandehari M (2009) Comparison of compressive and splitting tensile strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene fibers heated to high temperatures. Fire Saf J 44(8):1015–1022CrossRef Behnood A, Ghandehari M (2009) Comparison of compressive and splitting tensile strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene fibers heated to high temperatures. Fire Saf J 44(8):1015–1022CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Aslani F, Samali B (2014) High strength polypropylene fibre reinforcement concrete at high temperature. Fire Technol 50(5):1229–1247CrossRef Aslani F, Samali B (2014) High strength polypropylene fibre reinforcement concrete at high temperature. Fire Technol 50(5):1229–1247CrossRef
93.
go back to reference Min L, Xiang QC, Wei S (2004) Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete after fire. Cem Concr Res 34(6):1001–1005CrossRef Min L, Xiang QC, Wei S (2004) Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete after fire. Cem Concr Res 34(6):1001–1005CrossRef
94.
go back to reference Xiong Y, Deng S, Wu D (2016) Experimental study on compressive strength recovery effect of fire-damaged high strength concrete after realkalisation treatment. Procedia Eng 135:475–480CrossRef Xiong Y, Deng S, Wu D (2016) Experimental study on compressive strength recovery effect of fire-damaged high strength concrete after realkalisation treatment. Procedia Eng 135:475–480CrossRef
95.
go back to reference Nazari A, Riahi S (2011) The effects of SiO 2 nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties of high strength compacting concrete. Compos Part B Eng 42(3):570–578CrossRef Nazari A, Riahi S (2011) The effects of SiO 2 nanoparticles on physical and mechanical properties of high strength compacting concrete. Compos Part B Eng 42(3):570–578CrossRef
96.
go back to reference Lie T (1992) Structural fire protection: manual of practice. ASCE Manuals and Reports of Engineering Practice Lie T (1992) Structural fire protection: manual of practice. ASCE Manuals and Reports of Engineering Practice
97.
go back to reference Malhotra HL (1982) Design of fire-resisting structures. Surrey University Press, Guildford Malhotra HL (1982) Design of fire-resisting structures. Surrey University Press, Guildford
98.
go back to reference Purkiss JA, Li L-Y (2013) Fire safety engineering design of structures. CRC Press, CambridgeCrossRef Purkiss JA, Li L-Y (2013) Fire safety engineering design of structures. CRC Press, CambridgeCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Anderberg Y, Thelandersson S (1976) Stress and deformation characteristics of concrete at high temperatures. 2. Experimental investigation and material behaviour model. Bull Div Struct Mech Concr Constr Bull 54:1–84 Anderberg Y, Thelandersson S (1976) Stress and deformation characteristics of concrete at high temperatures. 2. Experimental investigation and material behaviour model. Bull Div Struct Mech Concr Constr Bull 54:1–84
100.
go back to reference Xiao J, König G (2004) Study on concrete at high temperature in China—an overview. Fire Saf J 39(1):89–103CrossRef Xiao J, König G (2004) Study on concrete at high temperature in China—an overview. Fire Saf J 39(1):89–103CrossRef
101.
go back to reference Khennane A, Baker G (1993) Uniaxial model for concrete under variable temperature and stress. J Eng Mech 119(8):1507–1525CrossRef Khennane A, Baker G (1993) Uniaxial model for concrete under variable temperature and stress. J Eng Mech 119(8):1507–1525CrossRef
102.
go back to reference Purkiss J, Dougill J (1973) Apparatus for compression tests on concrete at high temperatures. Mag Concr Res 25(83):102–108CrossRef Purkiss J, Dougill J (1973) Apparatus for compression tests on concrete at high temperatures. Mag Concr Res 25(83):102–108CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Terro MJ (1998) Numerical modeling of the behavior of concrete structures in fire. ACI Struct J 95(2):183–193 Terro MJ (1998) Numerical modeling of the behavior of concrete structures in fire. ACI Struct J 95(2):183–193
104.
go back to reference Schneider U (1986) Modelling of concrete behaviour at high temperatures. In: Anchor RO et al. (eds.), Design of structures against fire. Elsevier, London, pp 53–69 Schneider U (1986) Modelling of concrete behaviour at high temperatures. In: Anchor RO et al. (eds.), Design of structures against fire. Elsevier, London, pp 53–69
105.
go back to reference Bazant ZP, Chern J-C (1987) Stress-induced thermal and shrinkage strains in concrete. J Eng Mech 113(10):1493–1511CrossRef Bazant ZP, Chern J-C (1987) Stress-induced thermal and shrinkage strains in concrete. J Eng Mech 113(10):1493–1511CrossRef
106.
go back to reference Li L-y, Purkiss J (2005) Stress–strain constitutive equations of concrete material at elevated temperatures. Fire Saf J 40(7):669–686CrossRef Li L-y, Purkiss J (2005) Stress–strain constitutive equations of concrete material at elevated temperatures. Fire Saf J 40(7):669–686CrossRef
107.
go back to reference Carreira DJ, Chu K-H (1985) Stress-strain relationship for plain concrete in compression. J Proc 6:797–804 Carreira DJ, Chu K-H (1985) Stress-strain relationship for plain concrete in compression. J Proc 6:797–804
108.
go back to reference Chin M, Mansur M, Wee T (1997) Effects of shape, size, and casting direction of specimens on stress-strain curves of high-strength concrete. ACI Mater J 94:209–219 Chin M, Mansur M, Wee T (1997) Effects of shape, size, and casting direction of specimens on stress-strain curves of high-strength concrete. ACI Mater J 94:209–219
109.
go back to reference Fanella DA, Naaman AE (1985) Stress-strain properties of fiber reinforced mortar in compression. ACI J 82(4):475–483 Fanella DA, Naaman AE (1985) Stress-strain properties of fiber reinforced mortar in compression. ACI J 82(4):475–483
110.
go back to reference Mansur M, Wee T, Chin M (1994) Some engineering properties of locally produced high-strength concrete. In: Proceedings of 19th conference on our world in concrete and structures, Singapore, pp 97–106 Mansur M, Wee T, Chin M (1994) Some engineering properties of locally produced high-strength concrete. In: Proceedings of 19th conference on our world in concrete and structures, Singapore, pp 97–106
111.
go back to reference Mansur M, Wee T, Chin M (1995) Derivation of the complete stress–strain curves for concrete in compression. Mag Concr Res 47(173):285–290CrossRef Mansur M, Wee T, Chin M (1995) Derivation of the complete stress–strain curves for concrete in compression. Mag Concr Res 47(173):285–290CrossRef
112.
go back to reference Taerwe LR (1992) Influence of steel fibers on strain-softening of high-strength concrete. ACI Mater J 89(1):54–60 Taerwe LR (1992) Influence of steel fibers on strain-softening of high-strength concrete. ACI Mater J 89(1):54–60
113.
go back to reference Bencardino F, Rizzuti L, Spadea G, Swamy RN (2008) Stress-strain behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete in compression. J Mater Civ Eng 20(3):255–263CrossRef Bencardino F, Rizzuti L, Spadea G, Swamy RN (2008) Stress-strain behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete in compression. J Mater Civ Eng 20(3):255–263CrossRef
114.
go back to reference Wee T, Chin M, Mansur M (1996) Stress-strain relationship of high-strength concrete in compression. J Mater Civ Eng 8(2):70–76CrossRef Wee T, Chin M, Mansur M (1996) Stress-strain relationship of high-strength concrete in compression. J Mater Civ Eng 8(2):70–76CrossRef
115.
go back to reference Hertz KD (2005) Concrete strength for fire safety design. Mag Concr Res 57(8):445–453CrossRef Hertz KD (2005) Concrete strength for fire safety design. Mag Concr Res 57(8):445–453CrossRef
116.
go back to reference Khoury GA, Grainger BN, Sullivan PJ (1985) Transient thermal strain of concrete: literature review, conditions within specimen and behaviour of individual constituents. Mag Concr Res 37(132):131–144CrossRef Khoury GA, Grainger BN, Sullivan PJ (1985) Transient thermal strain of concrete: literature review, conditions within specimen and behaviour of individual constituents. Mag Concr Res 37(132):131–144CrossRef
117.
go back to reference Khoury GA, Grainger BN, Sullivan PJ (1985) Strain of concrete during first heating to 600°C under load. Mag Concr Res 37(133):195–215CrossRef Khoury GA, Grainger BN, Sullivan PJ (1985) Strain of concrete during first heating to 600°C under load. Mag Concr Res 37(133):195–215CrossRef
118.
go back to reference Kordina K, Wydra W, Ehm C (1986) Analysis of the developing damage of concrete due to heating and cooling. Spec Publ 92:87–114 Kordina K, Wydra W, Ehm C (1986) Analysis of the developing damage of concrete due to heating and cooling. Spec Publ 92:87–114
119.
go back to reference Youssef M, Moftah M (2007) General stress–strain relationship for concrete at elevated temperatures. Eng Struct 29(10):2618–2634CrossRef Youssef M, Moftah M (2007) General stress–strain relationship for concrete at elevated temperatures. Eng Struct 29(10):2618–2634CrossRef
120.
go back to reference Mansur M, Chin M, Wee T (1999) Stress-strain relationship of high-strength fiber concrete in compression. J Mater Civ Eng 11(1):21–29CrossRef Mansur M, Chin M, Wee T (1999) Stress-strain relationship of high-strength fiber concrete in compression. J Mater Civ Eng 11(1):21–29CrossRef
121.
go back to reference Candappa D, Sanjayan J, Setunge S (2001) Complete triaxial stress-strain curves of high-strength concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 13(3):209–215CrossRef Candappa D, Sanjayan J, Setunge S (2001) Complete triaxial stress-strain curves of high-strength concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 13(3):209–215CrossRef
122.
go back to reference Khoury GA (2000) Effect of fire on concrete and concrete structures. Prog Struct Mat Eng 2(4):429–447CrossRef Khoury GA (2000) Effect of fire on concrete and concrete structures. Prog Struct Mat Eng 2(4):429–447CrossRef
123.
go back to reference Kodur V, Wang T, Cheng F (2004) Predicting the fire resistance behaviour of high strength concrete columns. Cem Concr Compos 26(2):141–153CrossRef Kodur V, Wang T, Cheng F (2004) Predicting the fire resistance behaviour of high strength concrete columns. Cem Concr Compos 26(2):141–153CrossRef
124.
go back to reference Gawin D, Pesavento F, Schrefler B (2004) Modelling of deformations of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Mater Struct 37(4):218–236CrossRef Gawin D, Pesavento F, Schrefler B (2004) Modelling of deformations of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Mater Struct 37(4):218–236CrossRef
125.
go back to reference Kodur V (2000) Spalling in high strength concrete exposed to fire—concerns, causes, critical parameters and cures. In: Proceedings: ASCE structures congress, pp 1–8 Kodur V (2000) Spalling in high strength concrete exposed to fire—concerns, causes, critical parameters and cures. In: Proceedings: ASCE structures congress, pp 1–8
126.
go back to reference Aslani F, Bastami M (2011) Constitutive relationships for normal- and high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures. ACI Mater J 108(4):355–364 Aslani F, Bastami M (2011) Constitutive relationships for normal- and high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures. ACI Mater J 108(4):355–364
127.
go back to reference ACI-TMS Committee 216 (2007) Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies (ACITMS 216.1-07). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI ACI-TMS Committee 216 (2007) Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies (ACITMS 216.1-07). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI
128.
go back to reference Bastami M, Aslani F (2010) Preloaded high-temperature constitutive models and relationships for concrete. Sci Iran Trans A Civ Eng 17(1):11 Bastami M, Aslani F (2010) Preloaded high-temperature constitutive models and relationships for concrete. Sci Iran Trans A Civ Eng 17(1):11
129.
go back to reference American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-08 & commentary) (2008) Standardization of Building code requirements for structural concrete American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-08 & commentary) (2008) Standardization of Building code requirements for structural concrete
130.
go back to reference American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SFPE29 (1999) Standard Calculation Method for Structural Fire Protection, Reston, VA American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE/SFPE29 (1999) Standard Calculation Method for Structural Fire Protection, Reston, VA
131.
go back to reference European Committee for Standardization (1994). Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures -Part 1-2: General rules-Structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2. Brussels, Belgium European Committee for Standardization (1994). Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures -Part 1-2: General rules-Structural fire design. ENV 1992-1-2. Brussels, Belgium
132.
go back to reference Beton (CEB) CE-ID (1991) Fire design ofconcrete structures-in accordance with CEBIFIP model code 90 (final draft). CEB Bulletin D’lnjormation, Switzerland Beton (CEB) CE-ID (1991) Fire design ofconcrete structures-in accordance with CEBIFIP model code 90 (final draft). CEB Bulletin D’lnjormation, Switzerland
133.
go back to reference Abrams MS (1981) Guide for determining the fire endurance of concrete elements. American Concrete Institute, Report No ACI 216R-81, Concrete International, pp 13–47 Abrams MS (1981) Guide for determining the fire endurance of concrete elements. American Concrete Institute, Report No ACI 216R-81, Concrete International, pp 13–47
Metadata
Title
Performance of High Strength Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures: A Review
Authors
S. N. R. Shah
F. W. Akashah
P. Shafigh
Publication date
05-03-2019
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Fire Technology / Issue 5/2019
Print ISSN: 0015-2684
Electronic ISSN: 1572-8099
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0791-2

Other articles of this Issue 5/2019

Fire Technology 5/2019 Go to the issue