1 Introduction
2 Institutional background
3 Related literature and hypotheses framing
3.1 Trade credit and bank financing
3.2 Information production and benefits of relationship lending
3.3 Hypotheses
4 Data and method
4.1 Data sources
Variable | Description and source |
---|---|
Accounts Payable/Total Assets | Firm’s accounts payable divided by total assets (in the last year of the survey). Source: BvD-AIDA |
Accounts Payable/Total Loans | Firm’s accounts payable divided by total loans (in the last year of the survey). Source: BvD-AIDA |
Relationship Length | Length of the relationship with the firm’s main bank. Source: SIMF |
Financing Share | Share of the firm’s main bank financing. Source: SIMF |
Relationship Length> 5 years | Dummy variable equal to one if the relationship with the firm’s main bank is longer than 5 years, and zero otherwise. Source: SIMF |
Financing Share> 30% | Dummy variable equal to one if the share of the firm’s main bank financing is higher than 30%, and zero otherwise. Source: SIMF |
Number of Banks | Number of banks from which the firm borrows. Source: SIMF |
Sales | Firm’s total sales (average over the 3 years of the survey). Source: BvD-Aida |
Age | Number of years since firm’s inception. Source: BvD-AIDA |
Sales Growth | Growth rate of the firm’s sales (average over the 3 years of the survey). Source: BvD-Aida |
Short-term Debt Ratio | Firm’s short-term loans divided by total assets (average over the three years of the survey). Source: BvD-AIDA |
Liquidity Ratio | Firm’s current assets divided by total assets (average over the three years of the survey). Source: BvD-AIDA |
ROA | Ratio between net income and total assets (average over the three years of the survey). Source: BvD-AIDA |
Asset Tangibility | Ratio between tangible fixed assets and total assets (average over the three years of the survey). Source: BvD-AIDA |
Cashflow | Firm’s cashflow (average over the three years of the survey). Source: BvD-AIDA |
Listed | Dummy variable equal to one if the firm is listed in the stock market, and zero otherwise. Source: SIMF |
Group | Dummy variable equal to one if the firm belongs to a business group, and zero otherwise. Source: SIMF |
Financial Development | Number of bank branches in the province (per 1,000 inhabitants). Source: Bank of Italy |
Popular Bank Branches in 1936 | Number of Popular Bank branches in the province in 1936 (per 1,000 inhabitants). Source: Bank of Italy |
HHI in 1937 | Herfindahl-Hirschman index on bank loans at the province level in 1937. Source: Bank of Italy |
New Branches Incumbent | Average number of branches created by incumbents in the province in 1991-1998 (per 1,000 inhabitants). Source: Bank of Italy |
Relationship with the firm’s CEO | Variable ranging from 1 to 4 (in ascending order of importance) indicating whether the firm selected his main bank because of the existence of a relationship with the firm’s CEO. Source: SIMF |
Relationship with the firm’s Owner | Variable ranging from 1 to 4 (in ascending order of importance) indicating whether the firm selected his main bank because of the existence of a relationship with the firm’s owner. Source: SIMF |
Frequent contacts with the Loan Officer | Variable ranging from 1 to 4 (in ascending order of importance) indicating whether the firm selected his main bank because of frequent contacts with the loan officer. Source: SIMF |
Knowledge of the firm’s Industry | Variable ranging from 1 to 4 (in ascending order of importance) indicating whether the firm selected his main bank because of his knowledge of the firm’s industry. Source: SIMF |
Knowledge of the firm’s Local Community | Variable ranging from 1 to 4 (in ascending order of importance) indicating whether the firm selected his main bank because of his knowledge of the firm’s local community. Source: SIMF |
Knowledge of the firm’s Market | Variable ranging from 1 to 4 (in ascending order of importance) indicating whether the firm selected his main bank because of his knowledge of the firm’s market. Source: SIMF |
Number of Employees | Number of firm’s employees. Source: SIMF |
Nunn Index | Indicator of product information complexity. Source: Nunn (2007) |
Family Firm | Dummy variable equal to one if the firm is family owned, and zero otherwise. Source: SIMF |
Collaboration Agreements | Dummy variable equal to one if the firm has collaboration agreements with other firms, and zero otherwise. Source: SIMF |
Credit Rationing | Dummy variable equal to one if the firm is credit rationed, and zero otherwise. Source: SIMF |
Obs. | Mean | Median | Std. Dev. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables: | ||||
Accounts Payable/Total Assets | 15,331 | 0.196 | 0.193 | 0.168 |
Accounts Payable/Total Loans | 15,331 | 0.312 | 0.316 | 0.254 |
Relationship lending variables: | ||||
Relationship Length | 16,005 | 16.65 | 15.00 | 11.94 |
Financing Share | 10,856 | 0.391 | 0.300 | 0.234 |
Relationship Length> 5 years | 16,005 | 0.881 | 1.000 | 0.323 |
Financing Share> 30% | 10,856 | 0.659 | 1.000 | 0.474 |
Number of Banks | 17,262 | 5.445 | 5.000 | 3.638 |
Control variables: | ||||
Sales (thousands €) | 15,747 | 11,456 | 1,587 | 64,793 |
Number of Employees | 15,129 | 80.76 | 34.67 | 108.28 |
Total Assets (thousands €) | 15,331 | 33,682 | 6,672 | 176,134 |
Age | 17,405 | 26.61 | 22.00 | 20.72 |
Sales Growth | 15,692 | 0.072 | 0.053 | 0.214 |
Short-term Debt Ratio | 15,747 | 0.281 | 0.228 | 0.254 |
Liquidity Ratio | 15,747 | 0.712 | 0.732 | 0.166 |
ROA | 15,747 | 0.054 | 0.054 | 1.169 |
Asset Tangibility | 15,747 | 0.283 | 0.263 | 0.166 |
Cashflow (thousands €) | 15,743 | 127,887 | 963 | 281,038 |
Listed | 17,541 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.109 |
Group | 17,647 | 0.234 | 0.000 | 0.424 |
Financial Development | 17,119 | 0.559 | 0.573 | 0.175 |
Instrumental variables: | ||||
Popular Bank Branches in 1936 | 17,690 | 0.698 | 0.586 | 0.499 |
HHI in 1937 | 17,307 | 0.252 | 0.206 | 0.144 |
New Branches Incumbent | 17,690 | 23.87 | 16.31 | 25.09 |
Other variables: | ||||
Relationship with the firm’s CEO | 1541 | 2.833 | 3.000 | 1.072 |
Relationship with the firm’s Owner | 1541 | 2.624 | 3.000 | 0.992 |
Frequent contacts with the Loan Officer | 1541 | 2.641 | 3.000 | 0.978 |
Knowledge of the firm’s Industry | 1541 | 2.619 | 3.000 | 0.951 |
Knowledge of the firm’s Local Community | 1541 | 2.530 | 3.000 | 0.945 |
Knowledge of the firm’s Market | 1541 | 2.628 | 3.000 | 0.984 |
Nunn Index | 13,991 | 0.663 | 0.716 | 0.216 |
Family Firm | 17,153 | 0.733 | 1.000 | 0.442 |
Collaboration Agreements | 12,417 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.227 |
Credit Rationing | 16,571 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 0.190 |
Geographical areas: | ||||
North | 17,474 | 0.683 | 1.000 | 0.465 |
Center | 17,474 | 0.182 | 0.000 | 0.386 |
South | 17,474 | 0.135 | 0.000 | 0.342 |
4.2 Variable definitions
4.2.1 The use of trade credit
4.2.2 Relationship lending
4.2.3 Control variables
4.3 Econometric specification
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | Accounts Payable/Total Assets | 1.000 | ||||||||||||||
(2) | Accounts Payable/Total Loans | 0.874 | 1.000 | |||||||||||||
(3) | Relationship Length (log) | -0.002 | 0.049 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
(4) | Financing Share | -0.053 | -0.002 | -0.043 | 1.000 | |||||||||||
(5) | Sales (log) | 0.314 | 0.335 | 0.022 | -0.152 | 1.000 | ||||||||||
(6) | Age (log) | 0.026 | 0.100 | 0.482 | -0.029 | 0.169 | 1.000 | |||||||||
(7) | Sales Growth | 0.069 | 0.019 | -0.051 | -0.011 | -0.009 | -0.072 | 1.000 | ||||||||
(8) | Short-term Debt Ratio | 0.023 | -0.118 | -0.023 | -0.137 | -0.046 | -0.048 | 0.092 | 1.000 | |||||||
(9) | Liquidity Ratio | 0.155 | 0.114 | 0.014 | -0.026 | -0.062 | -0.042 | -0.014 | 0.104 | 1.000 | ||||||
(10) | ROA | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.026 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.024 | -0.031 | 0.022 | 1.000 | |||||
(11) | Asset Tangibility | -0.146 | -0.105 | -0.012 | 0.029 | 0.073 | 0.046 | 0.009 | -0.136 | -0.995 | -0.022 | 1.000 | ||||
(12) | Cashflow (Log) | -0.050 | 0.009 | 0.026 | -0.080 | 0.261 | 0.092 | 0.088 | 0.658 | -0.103 | -0.011 | 0.071 | 1.000 | |||
(13) | Listed | -0.002 | 0.027 | -0.006 | 0.003 | 0.169 | 0.035 | 0.004 | -0.014 | -0.037 | 0.000 | 0.039 | 0.081 | 1.000 | ||
(14) | Group | 0.084 | 0.103 | -0.071 | -0.043 | 0.440 | 0.002 | 0.013 | -0.040 | -0.101 | 0.000 | 0.108 | 0.121 | 0.161 | 1.000 | |
(15) | Financial Development | 0.010 | -0.001 | 0.034 | -0.035 | 0.015 | 0.071 | -0.001 | 0.143 | 0.073 | -0.006 | -0.079 | 0.142 | -0.005 | 0.030 | 1.000 |
5 Main results
5.1 Relationship lending and the use of trade credit
Baseline results | Robustness checks | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alternative measure of trade credit | Alternative measures of rel. lending | ||||||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Loans | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.002* | 0.008*** | |||||
(0.001) | (0.003) | ||||||
Financing Share | 0.013* | 0.043*** | |||||
(0.008) | (0.011) | ||||||
Relationship Length > 5 years | 0.008* | ||||||
(0.005) | |||||||
Financing Share > 30% | 0.010*** | ||||||
(0.003) | |||||||
Number of Banks | -0.002*** | ||||||
(0.000) | |||||||
Sales (Log) | 0.049*** | 0.046*** | 0.055*** | 0.051*** | 0.048*** | 0.046*** | 0.053*** |
(0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | |
Age (Log) | -0.005* | -0.006** | 0.006* | 0.009** | -0.004** | -0.006** | -0.002 |
(0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.002) | |
Sales Growth | 0.069*** | 0.083*** | 0.049*** | 0.073*** | 0.069*** | 0.083*** | 0.071*** |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.012) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.007) | |
Short-term Debt Ratio | 0.152*** | 0.168*** | -0.093*** | -0.016 | 0.151*** | 0.169*** | 0.158*** |
(0.020) | (0.012) | (0.015) | (0.018) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.010) | |
Liquidity Ratio | 0.451*** | 0.482*** | 0.642*** | 0.550*** | 0.463*** | 0.480*** | 0.393*** |
(0.084) | (0.122) | (0.170) | (0.187) | (0.104) | (0.123) | (0.096) | |
ROA | -0.059** | -0.049 | 0.055 | 0.080 | -0.061*** | -0.047 | 0.001*** |
(0.025) | (0.031) | (0.041) | (0.050) | (0.023) | (0.031) | (0.000) | |
Asset Tangibility | 0.295*** | 0.318*** | 0.379** | 0.307 | 0.304*** | 0.317*** | 0.251*** |
(0.084) | (0.122) | (0.170) | (0.188) | (0.104) | (0.123) | (0.096) | |
Cashflow (Log) | -0.006** | -0.005** | 0.018*** | 0.015*** | -0.006*** | -0.005** | -0.007*** |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
Listed | -0.062*** | -0.071*** | -0.062*** | -0.075*** | -0.064*** | -0.071*** | -0.056*** |
(0.007) | (0.013) | (0.019) | (0.021) | (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.011) | |
Group | -0.022*** | -0.023*** | -0.026*** | -0.029*** | -0.022*** | -0.023*** | -0.020*** |
(0.007) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | |
Financial Development | 0.008 | 0.062 | 0.131 | 0.183* | 0.005 | 0.059 | 0.022 |
(0.047) | (0.068) | (0.087) | (0.099) | (0.057) | (0.068) | (0.055) | |
Constant | -0.640*** | -0.863*** | -0.999*** | -1.163*** | -0.650*** | -0.867*** | -0.614*** |
(0.081) | (0.126) | (0.178) | (0.193) | (0.109) | (0.126) | (0.102) | |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Survey Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 12,105 | 8332 | 12,105 | 8332 | 12,362 | 8332 | 13,411 |
R-squared | 0.197 | 0.207 | 0.177 | 0.175 | 0.196 | 0.208 | 0.201 |
5.2 Addressing endogeneity concerns
Panel A: Matched sample | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline estimations | Robustness checks | ||||||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Loans | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.005* | 0.008** | |||||
(0.002) | (0.003) | ||||||
Financing Share | 0.028*** | 0.043*** | |||||
(0.010) | (0.014) | ||||||
Relationship Length > 5 years | 0.010 | ||||||
(0.006) | |||||||
Financing Share > 30% | 0.013*** | ||||||
(0.004) | |||||||
Number of Banks | -0.002** | ||||||
(0.001) | |||||||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 2263 | 5458 | 2263 | 5458 | 2517 | 5458 | 7130 |
R-squared | 0.215 | 0.214 | 0.198 | 0.191 | 0.213 | 0.214 | 0.194 |
Panel B: IV Approach | |||||||
Baseline estimations | Robustness checks | ||||||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Loans | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.136* | 0.241* | |||||
(0.082) | (0.138) | ||||||
Financing Share | 0.468** | 1.066** | |||||
(0.235) | (0.460) | ||||||
Relationship Length > 5 years | 0.470 | ||||||
(0.366) | |||||||
Financing Share > 30% | 0.326** | ||||||
(0.159) | |||||||
Number of Banks | -0.021** | ||||||
(0.009) | |||||||
Instrumental variables | |||||||
Popular Bank Branches in 1936 | -0.043*** | -0.013* | -0.043*** | -0.013** | -0.002 | -0.019 | 0.250*** |
(0.017) | (0.007) | (0.015) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.067) | |
HHI in 1937 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.039* | ||||
(0.052) | (0.049) | (0.021) | |||||
New Branches Incumbent | 0.000** | 0.000* | 0.000* | -0.005*** | |||
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | ||||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 11,819 | 8332 | 11,819 | 8332 | 12,070 | 8332 | 13,411 |
F instruments | 3.542 | 6.007 | 4.458 | 4.675 | 1.785 | 3.908 | 16.41 |
Overid p value | 0.497 | 0.607 | 0.0189 | 0.492 | 0.301 | 0.633 | 0.766 |
6 Disentangling the channels of influence
6.1 The multidimensional nature of lending relationships
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
Relationship with the firm’s CEO | 0.014*** | |||||
(0.005) | ||||||
Relationship with the firm’s Owner | 0.014*** | |||||
(0.005) | ||||||
Frequent contacts with the Loan Officer | 0.011** | |||||
(0.005) | ||||||
Knowledge of the firm’s Industry | 0.012** | |||||
(0.005) | ||||||
Knowledge of the firm’s Local Community | 0.010** | |||||
(0.005) | ||||||
Knowledge of the firm’s Market | 0.008 | |||||
(0.005) | ||||||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 1188 | 1188 | 1188 | 1188 | 1188 | 1188 |
R-squared | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.104 | 0.105 | 0.103 | 0.102 |
6.2 The role of private information and firms’ relational capital
Panel A: Firm size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Employees < 250 | Number of Employees ≥ 250 | |||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.002* | 0.004 | ||
(0.001) | (0.004) | |||
Financing Share | 0.022*** | -0.023 | ||
(0.008) | (0.017) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Survey Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 10,586 | 7321 | 1539 | 1011 |
R-squared | 0.217 | 0.229 | 0.452 | 0.534 |
Panel B: Information complexity | ||||
Nunn Index ≥ 0.716 | Nunn Index < 0.716 | |||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||
(0.002) | (0.003) | |||
Financing Share | 0.017* | 0.008 | ||
(0.010) | (0.012) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Survey Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 7557 | 5185 | 4548 | 3147 |
R-squared | 0.202 | 0.216 | 0.219 | 0.226 |
Panel A: Firm ownership | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Family Firm = 1 | Family Firm = 0 | |||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.003* | -0.003 | ||
(0.002) | (0.003) | |||
Financing Share | 0.018* | 0.005 | ||
(0.009) | (0.012) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Survey Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 8692 | 5965 | 3166 | 2257 |
R-squared | 0.223 | 0.235 | 0.203 | 0.226 |
Panel B: Collaboration Agreements | ||||
Collaboration Agreements = 1 | Collaboration Agreements = 0 | |||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.003** | 0.001 | ||
(0.001) | (0.002) | |||
Financing Share | 0.062** | 0.005 | ||
(0.031) | (0.009) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Survey Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 474 | 375 | 8181 | 6081 |
R-squared | 0.391 | 0.296 | 0.194 | 0.203 |
7 Conclusions
8 Appendix A: Additional tables and figures
Tobit estimations | ||
---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | |
(1) | (2) | |
Relationship Length (log) | 0.002*** | |
(0.000) | ||
Financing Share | 0.021** | |
(0.010) | ||
Sales (Log) | 0.061*** | 0.060*** |
(0.000) | (0.003) | |
Age (Log) | -0.002*** | 0.001 |
(0.000) | (0.003) | |
Sales Growth | 0.080*** | 0.089*** |
(0.002) | (0.011) | |
Short-term Debt Ratio | 0.208*** | 0.272*** |
(0.003) | (0.017) | |
Liquidity Ratio | 0.645*** | 0.734*** |
(0.002) | (0.216) | |
ROA | -0.068*** | -0.063 |
(0.008) | (0.040) | |
Asset Tangibility | 0.470*** | 0.567*** |
(0.003) | (0.216) | |
Cashflow (Log) | -0.004*** | 0.000 |
(0.000) | (0.003) | |
Listed | -0.076*** | -0.078*** |
(0.001) | (0.016) | |
Group | -0.026*** | -0.026*** |
(0.001) | (0.005) | |
Financial Development | 0.025*** | 0.109 |
(0.002) | (0.087) | |
Constant | -1.819*** | -1.387*** |
(0.002) | (0.220) | |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes |
Survey Dummies | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 13,172 | 9116 |
Pseudo R-squared | 0.946 | 0.900 |
Baseline estimations | Robustness checks | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent | Relationship | Financing | Relationship | Financing | Relationship | Financing | Number of |
variables | Length (Log) | Share | Length (Log) | Share | Length > 5 years | Share > 30% | Banks |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
Popular Bank Branches in 1936 | -0.043*** | -0.013* | -0.043*** | -0.013** | -0.002 | -0.019 | 0.250*** |
(0.017) | (0.007) | (0.015) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.067) | |
HHI in 1937 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.039* | ||||
(0.052) | (0.049) | (0.021) | |||||
New Branches Incumbent | 0.000** | 0.000* | 0.000* | -0.005*** | |||
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | ||||
Sales (Log) | -0.008 | -0.036*** | -0.008 | -0.036*** | -0.004 | -0.072*** | 1.367*** |
(0.010) | (0.004) | (0.010) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.050) | |
Age (Log) | 0.543*** | -0.002 | 0.543*** | -0.002 | 0.089*** | -0.005 | 0.380*** |
(0.016) | (0.004) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.044) | |
Sales Growth | -0.078** | -0.018 | -0.078** | -0.018 | -0.024 | -0.031 | 0.356*** |
(0.033) | (0.014) | (0.034) | (0.013) | (0.015) | (0.028) | (0.133) | |
Short-term Debt Ratio | -0.079* | -0.199*** | -0.079* | -0.199*** | 0.005 | -0.272*** | 4.664*** |
(0.046) | (0.021) | (0.045) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.039) | (0.194) | |
Liquidity Ratio | 0.198 | 0.384*** | 0.198 | 0.384** | -0.271* | 0.572 | -6.130*** |
(0.522) | (0.143) | (0.518) | (0.174) | (0.159) | (0.373) | (1.908) | |
ROA | 0.379*** | 0.018 | 0.379*** | 0.018 | 0.214*** | -0.167* | 0.030*** |
(0.114) | (0.049) | (0.114) | (0.055) | (0.049) | (0.095) | (0.006) | |
Asset Tangibility | 0.097 | 0.368*** | 0.097 | 0.368** | -0.297* | 0.529 | -4.791** |
(0.507) | (0.141) | (0.519) | (0.174) | (0.159) | (0.367) | (1.916) | |
Cashflow (Log) | -0.013* | 0.009*** | -0.013 | 0.009*** | -0.012*** | 0.014** | -0.055 |
(0.007) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.035) | |
Listed | -0.062 | 0.055** | -0.062 | 0.055* | -0.018 | 0.085* | 0.383 |
(0.083) | (0.022) | (0.073) | (0.030) | (0.030) | (0.044) | (0.497) | |
Group | -0.072*** | 0.014** | -0.072*** | 0.014** | -0.020** | -0.013 | 0.021 |
(0.018) | (0.007) | (0.018) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.015) | (0.082) | |
Financial Development | 0.040 | 0.016 | 0.040 | 0.016 | 0.049*** | 0.045 | 0.093 |
(0.066) | (0.030) | (0.040) | (0.020) | (0.017) | (0.043) | (0.212) | |
Observations | 11,819 | 8332 | 11,819 | 8332 | 12,070 | 8332 | 13,411 |
Not at all (%) | Little (%) | Enough (%) | Very much (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Relationship with the firm’s CEO | 20.70 | 4.69 | 44.92 | 29.69 |
Relationship with the firm’s Owner | 22.27 | 7.88 | 54.75 | 15.10 |
Frequent contacts with the Loan Officer | 20.83 | 11.07 | 52.21 | 15.89 |
Knowledge of the firm’s Industry | 20.64 | 9.90 | 53.97 | 15.49 |
Knowledge of the firm’s Local Community | 20.25 | 10.35 | 56.45 | 12.96 |
Knowledge of the firm’s Market | 22.33 | 11.85 | 56.12 | 9.70 |
Panel A: Alternative measure of firm size (Sales) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sales < 50 million | Sales ≥ 50 million | |||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (Log) | 0.003* | -0.001 | ||
(0.001) | (0.004) | |||
Financing Share | 0.022*** | -0.007 | ||
(0.008) | (0.014) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 9972 | 7429 | 1211 | 903 |
R-squared | 0.238 | 0.248 | 0.339 | 0.373 |
Panel B: Alternative measure of firm size (Total Assets) | ||||
Total Assets < 43 million | Total Assets ≥ 43 million | |||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (log) | 0.002** | 0.000 | ||
(0.001) | (0.003) | |||
Financing Share | 0.021** | -0.017 | ||
(0.008) | (0.014) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 9870 | 7350 | 1319 | 982 |
R-squared | 0.250 | 0.257 | 0.353 | 0.397 |
Panel C: Listing status | ||||
Listed= 0 | Listed= 1 | |||
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (log) | 0.002* | 0.001 | ||
(0.001) | (0.020) | |||
Financing Share | 0.013* | -0.086 | ||
(0.008) | (0.053) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 11,963 | 8240 | 142 | 92 |
R-squared | 0.199 | 0.208 | 0.765 | 0.903 |
Credit Rationing= 1 | Credit Rationing= 0 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | Accounts Payable / Total Assets | ||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Relationship Length (log) | -0.019 | 0.003* | ||
(0.012) | (0.002) | |||
Financing Share | -0.063 | 0.012* | ||
(0.060) | (0.008) | |||
+ Control Variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Industry Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Province Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Survey Dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 397 | 348 | 11,541 | 7920 |
R-squared | 0.403 | 0.427 | 0.200 | 0.211 |