1 Introduction
The multiple advances that have taken place in fields such as Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) or Agile Manufacturing [1], as well as the democratization of the creative process and its approach to non-specialized users [2], have resulted in an increase in prosumer users. These types of users, according to the original definition of Alvin Toffler, are those who are involved in the design, assembly or manufacturing process of the products they finally consume [3]. That is, they are consumers of what they produce.
This emerging trend, closely related to the maker culture, without being the same, has made increasingly users decide to design or manufacture their own products. However, its intervention is not restricted only to the previous phases of the product's life cycle. An example of this is hacker users, who also make modifications to make the product grow and obtain new functionalities that they did not have before [4]. For this reason, the number of both physical and digital tools set aside for this purpose has increased exponentially in recent years [5, 6], causing many users to use them frequently unconsciously. These tools are not only intended for individual use, as we can also find tools such as consumer-based coopetition, crowdsourcing and value co-creation [7].
Advertisement
However, despite the number of tools available, there is a lack in the definition of design and manufacturing methodologies focused on prosumer or maker users. Although there are co-design methods that include the participation of experts and end users, their application is only carried out in the phases of product design and development and they are not adapted to each particular user, but they take into account the opinion global to implement improvements. In addition, it has been detected that, in actual practice, there are a number of consolidated methods that are frequently used by prosumers to intervene at different levels in the design or manufacture of their products [8]. For these reasons, this article aims to clarify which methods specifically focused on this type of users currently exist, both in the academic and practical fields.
2 Methodological Description
The main objective of this study is to collect and analyze the design and manufacturing product methods focused on prosumer users that have been developed until now. To achieve this, the study is divided into two parts: a bibliographic analysis and a field study. The bibliographic analysis shows works published in the academic field that deal directly with this type of methods, while the field study is based on real cases that prove the existence of consolidated methods frequently used by prosumers.
To perform the bibliographic analysis, a search was carried out in various databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct) by combining two keywords: first, about prosumer user (end user, co-design, maker, lead user, design manufacturer); and, second, in reference to the design or manufacturing method (method, methodology, tool, guideline + product design, manufacturing). Due to different definitions of prosumer, the search was skewed, discarding the results related to professional consumers or self-consumption, especially in relation to the production of electricity. Methods that are focused only on specialized profiles (as designers) or co-creation processes where the users involved are not those who finally consume the product or service created, were also ruled out.
On the other hand, the field study is based on a previous work carried out within this line of research that compiles real cases of prosumer users [9]. This study shows various real cases in industrial fields such as furniture, textile and electronic, among others, where it is detected that we can define methods based on the use of common tools and processes between them.
Advertisement
Final results have been synthesized and compared in tables, that includes a description of each method, as well as its objective and main data. A total of 15 methods have been identified: 9 corresponding to the bibliographic search and 6 to the case analysis. Finally, this work offers a series of conclusions about the current design and manufacturing methods for the prosumer, including the opportunity to any new prosumer or maker to have enough information to join this trend.
3 Results
The results have been divided into two parts: methodologies and real cases. The basic information necessary to understand each methodology separately has been included in Table 1 (bibliographic analysis) and Table 2 (real cases). In the field study we find several examples for each methodology. However, only one representative case has been cited in each one in order to serve as an example of application to facilitate its understanding to the reader.
To facilitate the visualization and comparison of academic methodologies, these are grouped and summarized in the same table that shows the name of each methodology, the author and year of creation, a brief description and what is its main objective: Product Design (PD), Manufacturing (M) or Assembly (A).
Table 1.
Summary of academic methodologies.
Name | Author and year | Description | Objective |
|---|---|---|---|
Method to work with end users to create personalized products by CAD modelling | Campbell and Bernabei, 2017 [10] | To increase product emotional attachment through custom design of additively manufactured products | PD + M |
Lead-User Method | Franke, Von Hippel, and Schreier, 2006 [11] | Theory upgrade to exploit the value of user innovations | PD + M |
User-centered translation method | Gardan, 2017 [12] | It includes the user in the design process by basing on their perception of the product | PD |
Guidelines for Finding Lead User for Latent Need Discovery | Hölttä-Otto and Raviselvam, 2016 [13] | To find Lead-Users to express latent needs that are not found in regular users | PD |
Mixed reality tool for end-users participation in early design tasks | Maurya, Arai, Moriya, Arrighi, and Mougenot, 2019 [14] | It allows end-users to be immersed in a virtual environment, to interact with a virtual prototype and to modify it | PD |
New Service Development Method for Prosumer Environments | Alcarria, R., Robles, T., Dominques, A.M., Conzales-Miranda, 2012 [15] | To develop prosumer services by providing creation tools, used by prosumers to create final services | PD (Service Design) |
Method to optimize assemblability of industrial product in early design phase | Favi and Germani, 2012 [16] | To create adaptable and customizable products by improving manual assembly through modular design | PD + A |
Using elderly as lead users for universal engineering design | Raviselvam, Noonan, and Hölttä-Otto, 2014 [17] | The main idea is that, the elderly may be able to articulate more needs compared to general population | PD + M |
Design Evaluation and Assessment System | Morita, 2007 [18] | It allows makers (designers, technicians), providers and end-users to evaluate products using the same criteria | PD |
In the following table (Table 2), a series of methodologies based on the study and analysis of real cases are cited. Each methodology is based primarily on the use of a digital or physical tool that allows users to intervene in the design or manufacturing phase of the products that they subsequently consume.
Table 2.
Summary of methodologies based on real cases.
Name | Case | Description | Objective |
|---|---|---|---|
Online Platform to interchange ideas | Ikea Hackers [19] | Users contribute new ideas and modifications on designs that they then share and manufacture | PD + M |
Design Software, 3D and CAD software | Vectary [20] | It allows to visualize and materialize a design by using tools such as 3D modeling | PD + M |
Tutorials and instructions | Instructables [21] | These are steps to copy, manufacture and assemble the product, although the user can also influence its design including modifications | M + A |
Open Source, Cloud and Co-design | Ordermade WholeGarment [22] | Free access tools where users share files on which other users can intervene (co-design) | PD |
Vote System and crowdfunding | LEGO Ideas [23] | Collective participations to take design or market decisions about a product before its manufacture and commercialization | PD |
Observation, analysis, trial and error | Maker Faire [24] | Extended method in the maker culture based on observing and analyzing a product, to modify it by trial and error | PD + M + A |
4 Conclusions
The bibliographic analysis shows nine methods focused on the prosumer with different objectives: to increase the attachment of the product, to exploit the value of users’ innovations, to take into account the user's perception, to discover latent needs, to improve the prototype, to evaluate the product and to create adaptable and customizable results. Most of them look for product improvement to obtain a greater final acceptance in the market, only two take into account the real interests of the prosumer: the search for latent needs and the creation of adaptable and customizable products. Furthermore, the nine methods focus on product design and only four of them also focus on manufacturing (3) and assembly (1).
The analysis of cases has allowed to identify a series of methods based on tools because, although the prosumers and makers do not recognize the use of any specific method, the use of tools among them is highly agreed. Therefore, six methodologies can be clearly defined: exchange of ideas on online platforms; 3D and CAD design software; tutorials and instructions; co-design and open source resources; voting and crowdfunding systems; and, finally, the process based on observation, analysis, trial and error. On the other hand, the academic methodologies have not yet been sufficiently extended in practice. However, its evolution and development highlights the growing academic interest in prosumer users and their involvement in product design and manufacturing.
Regarding the main objective of the methods analyzed, we can see that most are focused on product design (14/15) and half of them on manufacturing (7/15), while only 3 are also focused on assembly. This is due to the widespread presence of digital tools before physical ones, a fact that can be verified in the methods analyzed in Table 2. In addition, despite the fact that in most cases prosumers are able to intervene in the phase of product design, only half of them also take care of its manufacture, since in the rest of the cases it is a third person who takes care of it.
About the differences between academic and real cases methods, we find that the objectives of the academic methods don’t take into account the real interests of prosumers, who look for unique products made by themselves that respond to their wishes and needs, as has checked in the field study. Furthermore, academic methods only focus on product design, while the cases study shows that users are looking to get involved in assembly and manufacturing as well. This shows that what the user wants (field study) is not the same as what is offered (bibliographic analysis), giving rise to a niche in this field of research.
Given the need to include prosumers in the process of creating their own products by focusing on their true interests and taking into account not only design, but also assembly and manufacturing, finally two potential lines of future research are identified. Firstly, the development of a method specifically aimed at new non-specialized prosumer or maker users who are not yet familiar with the practice. And, secondly, a methodological evolution that includes new design tools that can enrich and facilitate user intervention, such as modular design.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.