Introduction
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RQ1: What role does parental involvement play in shaping the school learning climate?
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RQ2: Which dimensions of parental involvement matter for educational inclusiveness?
Related work
“School climate is based on patterns of people’s experiences of school life and reflects norms, goals, values, interpersonal relationships, teaching and learning practices, and organizational structures…A sustainable, positive school climate fosters youth development and learning necessary for a productive, contributive, and satisfying life in a democratic society; Students, families, and educators work together to develop, live, and contribute to a shared school vision. Educators model and nurture an attitude that emphasizes the benefits and satisfaction from learning. Each person contributes to the operations of the school as well as the care of the physical environment.” (Thapa et al., 2013)
Unpacking the mechanism of school climate improvement process
Parental involvement and school learning climate improvement
Data and methods
Data used
Use of latent indicators
Estimation strategy
The dependent variable
The school’s learning climate
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Teachers’ ability to meet the needs of students,
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Teacher absenteeism,
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Staff resistance,
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Teachers being too strict, and
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Teachers’ preparedness.
Explanatory variable/s and controls
Parental involvement
Principal leadership
Other control variables
School autonomy
Student assessment
Other controls
CODE | Full sample | Private independent schools | Private government-dependent schools | Public schools | ||||||||||
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Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | |
SC063Q02NA | 16,096 | 0.97 | 0.17 | 0 | 1 | 1362 | 0.98 | 0.14 | 1479 | 0.99 | 0.12 | 12,279 | 0.97 | 0.16 |
SC063Q03NA | 16,089 | 0.92 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 | 1362 | 0.95 | 0.22 | 1482 | 0.95 | 0.22 | 12,268 | 0.90 | 0.29 |
SC063Q04NA | 16,044 | 0.78 | 0.41 | 0 | 1 | 1352 | 0.63 | 0.48 | 1480 | 0.71 | 0.45 | 12,239 | 0.80 | 0.40 |
SC063Q06NA | 16,046 | 0.90 | 0.30 | 0 | 1 | 1358 | 0.93 | 0.25 | 1479 | 0.91 | 0.29 | 12,239 | 0.90 | 0.30 |
SC063Q07NA | 16,011 | 0.76 | 0.43 | 0 | 1 | 1356 | 0.75 | 0.43 | 1472 | 0.78 | 0.42 | 12,222 | 0.76 | 0.43 |
SC063Q09NA | 16,000 | 0.70 | 0.46 | 0 | 1 | 1356 | 0.54 | 0.50 | 1476 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 12,216 | 0.74 | 0.44 |
Results and findings
RQ1: the role of parental involvement in improving the learning climate
Variables | Pooled 1 | Pooled 2 | Pooled 3 | Pooled 4 | Pooled 5 | Public schools only | Private schools only |
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1.SC063Q02NA | -0.158*** (0.0498) | - 0.199*** (0.0549) | - 0.195*** (0.0550) | -0.224*** (0.0603) | - 0.224*** (0.0605) | - 0.231*** (0.0715) | - 0.165 (0.107) |
1.SC063Q03NA | -0.197*** (0.0254) | - 0.176*** (0.0277) | - 0.154*** (0.0304) | -0.180*** (0.0380) | - 0.182*** (0.0380) | - 0.204*** (0.0398) | - 0.0347 (0.0854) |
1.SC063Q04NA | -0.0132 (0.0168) | -0.0224 (0.0150) | - 0.0229 (0.0153) | -0.00646 (0.0187) | - 0.00486 (0.0192) | -0.0329 (0.0229) | 0.0478 (0.0480) |
1.SC063Q06NA | -0.106*** (0.0245) | - 0.101*** (0.0283) | - 0.0906*** (0.0294) | - 0.0886** (0.0356) | - 0.0872** (0.0356) | -0.0988*** (0.0372) | 0.00243 (0.0806) |
1.SC063Q07NA | -0.0730*** (0.0141) | - 0.0819*** (0.0158) | -0.0728*** (0.0169) | - 0.0773*** (0.0183) | -0.0767*** (0.0182) | - 0.0621*** (0.0198) | -0.0942*** (0.0333) |
1.SC063Q09NA | 0.0555*** (0.0194) | 0.0174 (0.0181) | 0.0239 (0.0184) | 0.0211 (0.0201) | 0.0195 (0.0202) | 0.0241 (0.0223) | -0.0175 (0.0396) |
LEADCOM | -0.0624*** (0.0162) | -0.0681*** (0.0161) | - 0.0680*** (0.0161) | -0.0491*** (0.0145) | - 0.107** (0.0495) | ||
LEADINST | 0.00974 (0.0128) | 0.0120 (0.0128) | 0.0117 (0.0129) | 0.0100 (0.0137) | -0.0114 (0.0251) | ||
LEADPD | -0.00133 (0.0111) | -0.00393 (0.0120) | - 0.00402 (0.0120) | -0.00917 (0.0117) | 0.0140 (0.0193) | ||
LEADTCH | 0.00249 (0.0121) | 0.00638 (0.0110) | 0.00658 (0.0109) | -0.00401 (0.0120) | 0.0430 (0.0317) | ||
XSTANTEST1 | 0.0379 (0.0282) | 0.0387 (0.0281) | 0.0455 (0.0304) | 0.0145 (0.0478) | |||
XSTANTEST2 | -0.0728*** (0.0230) | -0.0725*** (0.0230) | -0.0640** (0.0264) | -0.120*** (0.0394) | |||
RESPCUR | -0.0139 (0.0102) | -0.0100 (0.0123) | -0.0351* (0.0200) | ||||
RESPRES | 0.00562 (0.0146) | 0.00690 (0.0112) | 0.0136 (0.0308) | ||||
SCHAUT | -0.0162 (0.0595) | -0.0164 (0.0623) | -0.0214 (0.0643) | -0.0153 (0.0705) | 0.0693 (0.0663) | -0.137 (0.188) | |
TEACHPART | 0.00424 (0.00481) | 0.00395 (0.00457) | 0.00305 (0.00458) | 0.00385 (0.00481) | -0.00631 (0.00545) | 0.0186* (0.00965) | |
EDUSHORT | 0.111*** (0.0121) | 0.111*** (0.0123) | 0.107*** (0.0139) | 0.107*** (0.0139) | 0.100*** (0.0155) | 0.121*** (0.0213) | |
PROATCE | -0.0313 (0.0317) | -0.0163 (0.0325) | 0.00128 (0.0337) | 0.000525 (0.0337) | -0.0135 (0.0401) | 0.0808 (0.0546) | |
2.SCHLTYPE | 0.0569 (0.0490) | 0.0407 (0.0512) | 0.0487 (0.0460) | 0.0493 (0.0441) | 0.0553 (0.0426) | ||
3.SCHLTYPE | 0.177*** (0.0433) | 0.157*** (0.0453) | 0.148*** (0.0429) | 0.150*** (0.0449) | |||
CLSIZE | 0.00412*** (0.00133) | 0.00451*** (0.00125) | 0.00519*** (0.00144) | 0.00529*** (0.00142) | 0.00594*** (0.00134) | 0.00197 (0.00394) | |
STRATIO | 0.00234** (0.00115) | 0.00242** (0.00114) | 0.00264** (0.00128) | 0.00264** (0.00126) | 0.00197 (0.00135) | 0.00141 (0.00203) | |
Constant | 2.325*** (0.0703) | 2.112*** (0.106) | 2.070*** (0.102) | 2.099*** (0.110) | 2.085*** (0.108) | 2.264*** (0.102) | 1.906*** (0.213) |
Observations | 15,708 | 12,572 | 12,109 | 10,516 | 10,505 | 8520 | 1985 |
Number of countries | 69 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 |
RQ2: the role of parental involvement in fostering socially inclusive learning environments in public schools
VARIABLES | Public with the proportion of different language > 20% | Public with the proportion of different language > 50% | Public with students with special needs > 20% | Public with students with special needs > 50% | Public with students from socio-economically disadvantaged homes > 20% | Public with students from socio-economically disadvantaged homes > 50% |
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1.SC063Q02NA | - 0.242*** (0.0795) | - 0.271** (0.114) | - 0.265 (0.180) | - 0.401*** (0.146) | - 0.217*** (0.0528) | - 0.275*** (0.0988) |
1.SC063Q03NA | -0.170*** (0.0461) | - 0.179*** (0.0478) | - 0.242*** (0.0596) | - 0.124* (0.0696) | - 0.147*** (0.0388) | -0.182*** (0.0519) |
1.SC063Q04NA | -0.0580* (0.0337) | - 0.0561 (0.0407) | -0.0259 (0.0491) | - 0.0308 (0.0529) | -0.0851*** (0.0265) | - 0.0883** (0.0387) |
1.SC063Q06NA | - 0.0648 (0.0475) | - 0.0852 (0.0575) | - 0.181** (0.0846) | - 0.116 (0.0717) | - 0.0749** (0.0327) | - 0.0846 (0.0616) |
1.SC063Q07NA | -0.0538* (0.0310) | - 0.0543 (0.0350) | - 0.0967*** (0.0323) | -0.0811* (0.0449) | - 0.0574*** (0.0216) | -0.0606* (0.0312) |
1.SC063Q09NA | 0.0772*** (0.0293) | 0.0789*** (0.0253) | 0.0517 (0.0440) | 0.0654 (0.0490) | 0.0652** (0.0294) | 0.0627* (0.0362) |
LEADCOM | -0.0636*** (0.0221) | -0.0489* (0.0274) | -0.0467 (0.0290) | -0.0602 (0.0396) | - 0.0424** (0.0207) | -0.0545* (0.0299) |
LEADINST | -0.00163 (0.0243) | - 0.0202 (0.0269) | 0.0114 (0.0276) | 0.000366 (0.0335) | 0.00733 (0.0160) | 0.0217 (0.0240) |
LEADPD | -0.0253 (0.0199) | -0.0187 (0.0211) | -0.0519* (0.0267) | - 0.0253 (0.0313) | -0.0133 (0.0172) | - 0.00109 (0.0226) |
LEADTCH | 0.00409 (0.0171) | 0.0189 (0.0187) | -0.00203 (0.0243) | -0.0213 (0.0357) | - 0.0101 (0.0156) | -0.00430 (0.0188) |
XSTANTEST1 | 0.0889 (0.0568) | 0.119* (0.0628) | 0.0911 (0.0587) | 0.108 (0.0700) | 0.0102 (0.0391) | 0.0378 (0.0572) |
XSTANTEST2 | -0.0510 (0.0491) | -0.0832* (0.0466) | -0.0303 (0.0697) | 0.0478 (0.0986) | -0.0557 (0.0354) | -0.0193 (0.0435) |
RESPCUR | -0.0321** (0.0160) | -0.0279* (0.0163) | - 0.0123 (0.0243) | 0.0333 (0.0323) | - 0.0249 (0.0188) | -0.0177 (0.0259) |
RESPRES | 0.0201 (0.0211) | 0.0200 (0.0172) | 0.0188 (0.0197) | 0.0429 (0.0265) | 0.0119 (0.0147) | 0.0352 (0.0247) |
SCHAUT | 0.135 (0.117) | 0.219* (0.131) | -0.0429 (0.163) | -0.0666 (0.207) | 0.111 (0.0917) | -0.0783 (0.121) |
TEACHPART | -0.00623 (0.00877) | -0.00744 (0.00863) | - 0.000916 (0.0135) | 0.00717 (0.0165) | - 0.00851 (0.00754) | -0.00885 (0.00984) |
EDUSHORT | 0.0967*** (0.0204) | 0.0963*** (0.0216) | 0.119*** (0.0270) | 0.127*** (0.0382) | 0.0745*** (0.0151) | 0.0665*** (0.0179) |
PROATCE | -0.0441 (0.0431) | -0.0368 (0.0524) | -0.0102 (0.0731) | -0.0660 (0.0930) | - 0.0157 (0.0523) | -0.0509 (0.0681) |
CLSIZE | 0.00640*** (0.00153) | 0.00608*** (0.00156) | 0.00759*** (0.00178) | 0.00345 (0.00210) | 0.00550*** (0.00145) | 0.00676*** (0.00173) |
STRATIO | 0.00115 (0.00178) | 0.000798 (0.00217) | 0.00264 (0.00272) | 0.00623* (0.00337) | 0.00225 (0.00153) | 0.00173 (0.00187) |
Constant | 2.142*** (0.126) | 2.137*** (0.156) | 2.383*** (0.169) | 2.333*** (0.214) | 2.211*** (0.132) | 2.380*** (0.183) |
Observations | 3338 | 2629 | 2052 | 1130 | 4816 | 2348 |
Number of groups | 62 | 62 | 61 | 60 | 63 | 62 |