Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
Published in: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 1/2019

17-07-2017 | Original Paper

Seismic vulnerability indices of ground for Değirmendere (Kocaeli Province, Turkey)

Authors: Hamdullah Livaoğlu, T. Serkan Irmak, I. Talih Güven

Published in: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment | Issue 1/2019

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

It is well known that the mechanical and physical properties of subsoil layers as well as poor construction practices play an important role in determining the level of structural damage sustained from earthquakes. Thus, sufficient knowledge of these properties is essential for estimating the weak points of a region. The ground vulnerability index (Kg), an indicator of the weak points of a region, also has a substantial importance role in mitigating earthquake hazards in multidisciplinary studies. In this context, we have used engineering basement shear wave velocity (vs30), fundamental frequencies and peak amplitude values of the horizontal-to-vertical ratio (H/V) to calculate Kg values for the study area (Kocaeli Province, Turkey). Structural damage was investigated after the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli (Mw = 7.4) Earthquake and compared with the calculated Kg values. The results indicate that the Kg values decrease towards the southern part of the study area, which is in good agreement with damage distribution from this earthquake. Kg values of >10 appear to be indicative of the most vulnerable areas in the study area. Structures built along the coastlines in Değirmendere area were the mostly severely damaged or collapsed entirely; we found that the subsoil beneath them have high Kg values of between 10 and 25 In contrast, Kg values in the southern districts, which sustained little or no damage, are relatively low (Kg < 10). In our study, the Kg values and soil types showed good agreement. Potential vulnerable areas also have poor subsoil conditions. Therefore, it could be important to consider these results for the future planning and designing of urban areas. These results could also be used as a rapid way to detect potential vulnerable areas before the occurrence of a destructive earthquake.
previous article Evaluation of an enhanced FS method for finding the initiation time of earthquake-induced landslides
next article Shaking table test to assess seismic response differences between steep bedding and toppling rock slopes

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Literature
Arai H, Hibino H, Okuma Y, Matsuoka M, Kubo T, Yamazaki F (2000) Estimation of ground motion characteristics and damage distribution in Golcuk, Turkey, based on microtremor measurements. In: Proc. 6th Int Conf on Seismic Zonation. Palm Springs, pp 12–15
Assimaki D, Gazetas G, Kausel E (2005) Effects of local soil conditions on the topographic aggravation of seismic motion: parametric investigation and recorded field evidence from the 1999 Athens earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95(3):1059–1089CrossRef
Athanasopoulos GA, Pelekis PC, Leonidou EA (1999) Effects of surface topography on seismic ground response in the Egion (Greece) 15 June 1995 earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 18(2):135–149CrossRef
Boulanger R, Iai S, Ansal A, Cetin KO, Idriss IM, Sunman B, Sunman K (2000) Performance of waterfront structures. In: Youd TL, Bardet J-P, Bray JD (eds) 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake reconnaissance report, supplement a to earthquake spectra, vol.16. pp 295–310
Building Seismic Safety Council (2003) NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures, Part1: provisions, FEMA 368. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC
Cara F, Cultrera G, Azzara RM, De Rubeis V, Di Giulio G, Giammarinaro MS, Rovelli A (2008) Microtremor measurements in the city of Palermo, Italy: analysis of the correlation between local geology and damage. Bull Seismol Soc Am 98(3):1354–1372CrossRef
Cetin KO, Isik N, Unutmaz B (2004) Seismically induced landslide at Değirmendere nose, Izmit Bay during Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24(3):189–197CrossRef
Delgado J, Casado CL, Estevez A, Giner J, Cuenca A, Molina S (2000) Mapping soft soils in the Segura river valley (SE Spain): a case study of microtremors as an exploration tool. J Appl Geophys 45(1):19–32
Diagourtas D, Tzanis A, Makropoulos K (2002) Comparative study of microtremor analysis methods. In: Earthquake microzoning. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp 2463–2479
Field EH, Jacob KH (1993) The theoretical response of sedimentary layers to ambient seismic noise. Geophys Res Lett 20-24:2925–2928CrossRef
Flores-Estrella H, Yussim S, Lomnitz C (2007) Seismic response of the Mexico City Basin: a review of twenty years of research. Nat Hazards 40(2):357–372CrossRef
Gallipoli MR, Mucciarelli M, Gallicchio S, Tropeano M, Lizza C (2004) Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) measurements in the area damaged by the 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake. Earthq Spectra 20(S1):S81–S93CrossRef
Guéguen P, Cornou C, Garambois S, Banton J (2007) On the limitation of the H/V spectral ratio using seismic noise as an exploration tool: application to the Grenoble valley (France), a small apex ratio basin. Pure Appl Geophys 164(1):115–134CrossRef
Irmak TS (2000) The source-rupture processes of recent large Turkey earthquakes. Individual studies. Int Inst Seismol Earthq Eng 36:131–143
Ishihara K (1982). Evaluation of soil properties for use in earthquake response analysis. In: Proc Int Symp Numerical Model in Geomechanics, pp 237–259
Ibs-von Seht M, Wohlenberg, J (1999) Microtremor measurements used to map thickness of soft sediments. Bull Seismol Soc Am 89(1):250–259
Kanai K, Tanaka T, Osada K (1954) Measurements of microtremors. Bulletin of Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University 32:199–210
Kobayashi H, Midorikawa S, Tanzawa H, Matsubara M (1987) Development of portable measurement system for ambient vibration test of building. J Struct Constr Eng 378:48–56
Konno K, Ohmachi T (1998) Ground-motion characteristics estimated from spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremors. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88:228–241
Lachetl P, Bard Y (1994) Numerical and theoretical investigations on the possibilities and limitations of Nakamura’s technique. J Phys Earth 42(5):377–397CrossRef
Lermo J, Chavez, Garcia FJ (1994) Are Microtremors useful in site response evaluation. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84(5):1350–1364
Livaoglu H, Irmak TS, Güven IT, Ozer MF (2015) An empiric relationship between sediment thickness of different data and resonance frequency which calculated by using the H/V ratio method of seismic noise for Gölcük-Değirmendere area (Turkey). EGU Gen Assembly Conf Abstr 17: 5188
Mokhberi M (2015) Vulnerability evaluation of the urban area using the H/V spectral ratio of microtremors. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 13:369–374CrossRef
Mucciarelli M, Gallipoli MR (2001) A critical review of 10 years of microtremor HVSR technique. Boll Geof Teor Appl 42(3–4):255–266
Nakamura Y (1989) A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface. Q Rep RTRI Railway Tech Res Inst 30:1
Nakamura Y (1997) Seismic vulnerability indices for ground and structures using microtremor. In: World Congress on Railway Research: Proceedings, November 1997. Florence, Italy, pp 1–7
Nakamura Y, Takizawa T (1990) The surface layer thickness and shearing wave velocity of basement and surface estimated by Microtremor measurement. Railway Tech Res Inst Rep 4(9):29–35
Nogoshi M, Igarashi T (1970) On the propagation characteristics estimations of subsurface using microtremors on the ground surface. J Seismol Soc Jpn 23:264–280
Nogoshi M, Igarashi T (1971) On the amplitude characteristics of microtremor (part 2). J. Seismol Soc. Japan 24(1):26-40
Özalaybey S, Zor E, Ergintav S, Tapırdamaz M C (2011) Investigation of 3-D basin structures in the Izmit Bay area (Turkey) by single-station microtremor and gravimetric methods. Geophys J Int 186(2):883–894
Panou A, Theodulidis N, Hatzidimitriou P, Stylianidis K, Papazachos C (2005) Ambient noise horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio in sit effects estimation and correlation with seismic damage distribution in urban environment: the case of the city of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 25(4):261–274CrossRef
Parolai S, Bormann P, Milkereit C (2002) New relationships between Vs, thickness of sediments, and resonance frequency calculated by the H/V ratio of seismic noise for the Cologne area (Germany). Bull Seismol Soc Am 92(6):2521–2527
Parolai S, Sandra M, Claus M, Bormann P (2004) Assessment of the stability of H/V spectral ratios from ambient noise and comparison with earthquake data in the cologne area (Germany). Tectonophysics 390:57–73CrossRef
Rizzitano S, Cascone E, Biondi G (2014) Coupling of topographic and stratigraphic effects on seismic response of slopes through 2D linear and equivalent linear analyses. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 67:66–84
SESAME (2004) Guidelines for the implementation of the H/V spectral ratio technique on ambient vibrations. In: Measurements, processing and interprettion. WP12 European Commission—Research General Directorate Project No. EVG1-CT-2000-00026. URL: pgueg@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
Sezen H, Whittaker AS, Elwood KJ, Mosalam KM (2003) Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey. Eng Struct 25(1):103–114CrossRef
Sumer, B. Mutlu, Abidin Kaya, Niels-Erik Ottesen Hansen (2002) Impact of liquefaction on coastal structures in the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake. In: 12th Int Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Mountain View, pp 504–511
Triwulan W, Utama D, Warnana D (2010) Sungkono vulnerability index estimation for building and ground using microtremor. In The second International Seminar on applied Technology, Science and Arts. December, Surabaya, pp.21–22
Wills CJ, Petersen M, Bryant WA, Reichle M, Saucedo GJ, Tan S, Taylor G, Treiman J (2000) A site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear-wave velocity. Bull Seismol Soc Am 90(6B):S187–S208CrossRef
Yurttaş E (2006) Gölcük ve civarının mikrobölgelemesi. MSc Thesis. Kocaeli University, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Kocaeli, Turkey (unpublished, in Turkish)
Zor E, Özalaybey S, Karaaslan A, Tapırdamaz MC, Özalaybey ÇS, Tarancıoğlu A, Erkan B (2010) Shear wave velocity structure of the ˙Izmit Bay area (Turkey) estimated from active–passive array surface wave and single-station microtremor methods. Geophys J Int 182:1603–1618CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Seismic vulnerability indices of ground for Değirmendere (Kocaeli Province, Turkey)
Authors
Hamdullah Livaoğlu
T. Serkan Irmak
I. Talih Güven
Publication date
17-07-2017
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment / Issue 1/2019
Print ISSN: 1435-9529
Electronic ISSN: 1435-9537
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1102-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 1/2019 Go to the issue

Original Article

A stability analysis of landslides based on random fields - Part I: Toe circle slope

Original Article

Optimized back analysis method for stress determination based on identification of local stress measurements and its application

Original Paper

Three-dimensional geotechnical modeling of the soils in Riyadh city, KSA

Original Paper

Potential hazards to a tunnel caused by adjacent reservoir impoundment

Original Article

A stability analysis of landslides based on random fields, part II: base circle slope

Original Paper

Application of fuzzy logic in the preparation of hazard maps of landslides triggered by the twin Ahar-Varzeghan earthquakes (2012)