Structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of lead free Gd-modified BiFeO₃–BaTiO₃ solid solution

Due to the high Curie temperature the rare-earth-modified bismuth ferrite (BiFeO₃ or BFO) and/or its derivatives have uncomplicated lead-free chemistries and simple perovskite structures have attracted the materials community. So, in this report, structural, micro-structural, ferroelectric and electrical characteristics of a rare-earth (Gd)-modified perovskite BiFeO₃–BaTiO₃ solid solution, fabricated by a cost effective solid-state reaction technique, have been presented. The structural analysis using X-ray diffraction pattern and data indicates the evolution of a mono-phase distorted perovskite structure with the existence of rhombohedral structure. The ambient temperature scanning electron micrograph of Gd modified BiFeO₃–BaTiO₃ solid solution exhibits uniform grain distribution over the surface. The dielectric parameters are found to be frequency and temperature dependent. The well defined polarization–electric field hysteresis loop of the samples at room temperature suggest that Gd substitution at the Bismuth site of the solid solution strongly affects remnant and saturated polarization of the materials. The ac conductivity spectra obeys the Jonscher’s power law. Based on the derived parameters of Gd modified BiFeO₃–BaTiO₃ solid solution, it is expected to fabricate a functional device.