Top

Rare Metals

Published in:

04-09-2023 | Review

Synthesis methods and applications of high entropy nanoparticles

Authors: Yi-Bo Lu, Guang-Xun Zhang, Fei-Yu Yang, Meng-Qi Yao, Li-Ye Liu, Huan Pang

Published in: Rare Metals | Issue 10/2023

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are an important research direction in the materials science field and engineering field. Different from traditional alloys which usually contain only one basic element and infrequently two, HEAs are made up of many major elements in much larger numbers. With impressive mechanical properties, impressive corrosion resistance and superior thermal stability, HEAs offer overwhelming advantages over conventional alloys. HEAs have received a lot of attention due to its unique concept and performance. In recent years, many researchers have prepared HEAs at the nanometer level, and the obtained high-entropy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) have been extensively used in multifarious fields. This paper reviews the main characteristics, core effects, conventional synthesis methods and their applications in various fields of HEA-NPs. Furthermore, the vast space to be explored is discussed and the future development direction and outlook are outlined productively.

Graphical abstract

previous article Two-dimensional MoS2/diamond based heterojunctions for excellent optoelectronic devices: current situation and new perspectives

next article Superfunctional high-entropy alloys and ceramics by severe plastic deformation

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

[1]

Ogawa Y, Ando D, Sutou Y, Koike J. A lightweight shape-memory magnesium alloy. Science. 2016;353(6297):368. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6524.CrossRef

[2]

George EP, Raabe D, Ritchie RO. High-entropy alloys. Nat Rev Mater. 2019;4:515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0121-4.CrossRef

[3]

Liu J, Shao G, Liu D, Chen K, Wang K, Ma B, Ren K, Wang Y. Design and synthesis of chemically complex ceramics from the perspective of entropy. Mater Today Adv. 2020;8:100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2020.100114.CrossRef

[4]

Pickering EJ, Jones NG. High-entropy alloys: a critical assessment of their founding principles and future prospects. Int Mater Rev. 2016;61(3):183. https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2016.1180020.CrossRef

[5]

Yeh JW, Chen SY, Lin SJ, Gan JY, Chin TS, Shun TT, Tsau CH, Chang SY. Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Adv Eng Mater. 2004;6(5):299. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200300567.CrossRef

[6]

Cui K, Liaw PK, Zhang Y. Cryogenic-mechanical properties and applications of multiple-basis-element alloys. Metals. 2022;12(12):2075. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12122075.CrossRef

[7]

Miracle DB, Senkov ON. A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts. Acta Mater. 2017;122:448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.081.CrossRef

[8]

Ying T, Yu T, Qi Y, Chen X, Hosono H. High entropy van der waals materials. Adv Sci. 2022;9(30):2203219. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202203219.CrossRef

[9]

Cong L, Zhang S, Gu S, Li W. Thermophysical properties of a novel high entropy hafnate ceramic. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;85(20):152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.005.CrossRef

[10]

Zhao YJ, Qiao JW, Ma SG, Gao MC, Yang HJ, Chen MW, Zhang Y. A hexagonal close-packed high-entropy alloy: the effect of entropy. Mater Des. 2016;96(15):10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.149.CrossRef

[11]

Zhang RZ, Reece MJ. Review of high entropy ceramics: design, synthesis, structure and properties. J Mater Chem A. 2019;7:22148. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta05698j.CrossRef

[12]

Joo SH, Bae JW, Park WY, Shimada Y, Wada T, Kim HS, Takeuchi A, Konno TJ, Kato H, Okulov IV. Nanoporous materials: beating thermal coarsening in nanoporous materials via high-entropy design. Adv Mater. 2020;32(6):2070044. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070044.CrossRef

[13]

Zhi WC, Li X, Zachary G, Xue Y, Chandra S. High-throughput and machine-learning accelerated design of high entropy alloy catalysts. Trends Chem. 2022;4(7):577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2022.03.010.CrossRef

[14]

Ma Z, Xu T, Li W, Cheng Y, Li J, Zhang D, Jiang Q, Luo Y, Yang J. High entropy semiconductor AgMnGeSbTe₄ with desirable thermoelectric performance. Adv Funct Mater. 2021;31(30):2103197. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202103197.CrossRef

[15]

Chaudhary V, Mantri SA, Ramanujan RV, Banerjee R. Additive manufacturing of magnetic materials. Progress Mater Sci. 2020;114:100688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100688.CrossRef

[16]

Kim JH, Hidayati R, Jung SG, Salawu YA, Kim HJ, Yun JH, Rhyee JS. Enhancement of critical current density and strong vortex pinning in high entropy alloy superconductor Ta_1/6Nb_2/6Hf_1/6Zr_1/6Ti_1/6 synthesized by spark plasma sintering. Acta Mater. 2022;232(15):117971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117971.CrossRef

[17]

Wang X, Dong Q, Qiao H, Huang Z, Saray MT, Zhong G, Lin Z, Cui M, Brozena A, Hong M, Xia Q, Gao J, Chen G, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Wang D, Hu L. Catalytic materials: continuous synthesis of hollow high-entropy nanoparticles for energy and catalysis applications. Adv Mater. 2020;32(46):2070341. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202070341.CrossRef

[18]

Chaudhary V, Chaudhary R, Banerjee R, Ramanujan RV. Accelerated and conventional development of magnetic high entropy alloys. Mater Today. 2021;49:231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.018.CrossRef

[19]

Lei Z, Liu X, Wu Y, Wang H, Jiang S, Wang S, Hui X, Wu Y, Gault B, Kontis P, Raabe D, Gu L, Zhang Q, Chen H, Wang H, Liu J, An K, Zeng Q, Nieh TG, Lu Z. Enhanced strength and ductility in a high-entropy alloy via ordered oxygen complexes. Nature. 2018;563(7732):546. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0685-y.CrossRef

[20]

Shi P, Ren W, Zheng T, Ren Z, Hou X, Peng J, Hu P, Gao Y, Zhong Y, Liaw PK. Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in ultrafine-grained eutectic high-entropy alloys by inheriting microstructural lamellae. Nat Commun. 2019;10:489. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08460-2.CrossRef

[21]

Jinming X, Jiao M, Yi P, Shuai C, Songtao Z, Huan P. Applications of metal nanoparticles/metal-organic frameworks composites in sensing field. Chin Chem Lett. 2022;34(4):107527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.041.CrossRef

[22]

Geng P, Du M, Wu C, Luo T, Zhang Y, Pang H. PPy-constructed core–shell structures from MOFs for confining lithium polysulfides. Inorg Chem Front. 2022;9:2389. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2qi00392a.CrossRef

[23]

Zheng S, Zhou H, Xue H, Braunstein P, Pang H. Pillared-layer Ni-MOF nanosheets anchored on Ti₃C₂ MXene for enhanced electrochemical energy storage. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;614(15):130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.094.CrossRef

[24]

Tang Y, Zheng S, Cao S, Yang F, Guo X, Zhang S, Xue H, Pang H. Hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres space-confining ultrathin nanosheets superstructures for efficient capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;626(15):1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.034.CrossRef

[25]

Yang F, Du M, Yin K, Qiu Z, Zhao J, Liu C, Zhang G, Gao Y, Pang H. Applications of metal-organic frameworks in water treatment: a review. Small. 2021;18(11):2105715. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202105715.CrossRef

[26]

Zhou H, Cao W, Sun N, Jiang L, Liu Y, Pang H. Formation mechanism and properties of NiCoFeLDH@ZIF-67 composites. Chin Chem Lett. 2021;32(10):3123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.050.CrossRef

[27]

Geng P, Wang L, Du M, Bai Y, Li W, Liu Y, Chen S, Braunstein P, Xu Q, Pang H. MIL-96-Al for Li–S batteries: shape or size? Adv Mater. 2021;34(4):2107836. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202107836.CrossRef

[28]

Zhang G, Li Y, Xiao X, Shan Y, Bai Y, Xue H, Pang H, Tian Z, Xu Q. In situ anchoring polymetallic phosphide nanoparticles within porous Prussian Blue analogue nanocages for boosting oxygen evolution catalysis. Nano Lett. 2021;21(7):3016. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00179.CrossRef

[29]

Shan Y, Zhang G, Yin W, Pang H, Xu Q. Recent progress in Prussian Blue/Prussian Blue analogue-derived metallic compounds. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 2021;92(2):230. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20210324.CrossRef

[30]

Du M, Geng P, Pei C, Jiang X, Shan Y, Hu W, Ni L, Pang H. High-entropy prussian blue analogues and their oxide family as sulfur hosts for lithium-sulfur batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2022;61(41):e202209350. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202209350.CrossRef

[31]

Yao Y, Huang Z, Xie P, Lacey SD, Jacob RJ, Xie H, Chen F, Nie A, Pu T, Rehwoldt M, Yu D, Zachariah MR, Wang C, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Li J, Hu L. Carbothermal shock synthesis of high-entropy-alloy nanoparticles. Science. 2018;359(6383):1489. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5412.CrossRef

[32]

Cantor B. Multicomponent and high entropy alloys. Entropy. 2014;16(9):4749. https://doi.org/10.3390/e16094749.CrossRef

[33]

Joo SH, Bae TJ, Park W, Shimada Y, Wada T, Kim HS, Takeuchi A, Konno TJ, Kato H, Okulov IV. Beating thermal coarsening in nanoporous materials via high-entropy design. Adv Mater. 2020;32(6):1906160. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906160.CrossRef

[34]

Mazza AR, Skoropata E, Sharma Y, Lapano J, Heitmann TW, Musico BL, Keppens V, Gai Z, Freeland JW, Charlton TR, Brahlek M, Moreo A, Dagotto E, Ward TZ. Designing magnetism in high entropy oxides. Adv Sci. 2022;9(10):2270062. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202270062.CrossRef

[35]

Ying HQ, Liu SN, Wu ZD, Dong WX, Ge JC, Hahn H, Provenzano V, Wang XL, Lan S. Phase selection rule of high-entropy metallic glasses with different short-to-medium-range orders. Rare Met. 2022;41(6):2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-01973-8.CrossRef

[36]

Shen L, Du Z, Zhang Y, Dong X, Zhao H. Medium-entropy perovskites Sr(Fe_αTi_βCo_γMn_ζ)O_3-δ as promising cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell. Appl Catal B: Environ. 2021;295(15):120264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120264.CrossRef

[37]

Qiao H, Saray T, Wang X, Xu S, Chen G, Huang Z, Chen C, Zhong G, Dong Q, Hong M, Xie H, Shahbazian R, Hu L. Scalable synthesis of high entropy alloy nanoparticles by microwave heating. ACS Nano. 2021;15(9):14928. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c05113.CrossRef

[38]

Wang JJ, Kou ZD, Fu S, Wu SS, Liu SN, Yan MY, Wang D, Lan S, Hahn H, Feng T. Microstructure and magnetic properties evolution of Al/CoCrFeNi nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy composite. Rare Met. 2022;41(6):2038. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01931-w.CrossRef

[39]

Tsai KY, Tsai MH, Yeh JW. Sluggish diffusion in Co–Cr–Fe–Mn–Ni high-entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 2013;61(13):4887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.04.058.CrossRef

[40]

Wang P, Bu Y, Liu J, Li Q, Wang H, Yang W. Atomic deformation mechanism and interface toughening in metastable high entropy alloy. Mater Today. 2020;37:64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.02.017.CrossRef

[41]

Su L, Huyan H, Sarkar A, Gao W, Yan X, Addiego C, Kruk R, Hahn H, Pan X. Direct observation of elemental fluctuation and oxygen octahedral distortion-dependent charge distribution in high entropy oxides. Nat Commun. 2022;13:2358. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30018-y.CrossRef

[42]

Yeh JW. Alloy design strategies and future trends in high-entropy alloys. JOM. 2013;65:1759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0761-6.CrossRef

[43]

Lee C, Chou Y, Kim G, Gao MC, An K, Brechtl J, Zhang C, Chen W, Poplawsky JD, Song G, Ren Y, Chou YC, Liaw PK. Lattice-distortion-enhanced yield strength in a refractory high-entropy alloy. Adv Mater. 2020;32(49):2004029. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202004029.CrossRef

[44]

Jiang S, Tian K, Li X, Duan C, Wang D, Wang Z, Sun H, Zheng R, Liu Y. Amorphous high-entropy non-precious metal oxides with surface reconstruction toward highly efficient and durable catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2021;606:635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.060.CrossRef

[45]

Zhou A, Lin C, Li B, Cheng W, Guo Z, Hou Z, Yuan F, Chai GL. Ba₆In₆Zn₄Se₁₉: a high performance infrared nonlinear optical crystal with [InSe₃]³⁻ trigonal planar functional motifs. J Mater Chem C. 2020;8:7947. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tc01282c.CrossRef

[46]

Ahn M, Park Y, Lee SH, Chae S, Lee J, Heron JT, Kioupakis E, Lu WD, Phillips JD. Memristors based on (Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W) high-entropy oxides. Adv Electron Mater. 2021;7(5):2001258. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202001258.CrossRef

[47]

Wang B, Yao Y, Yu X, Wang C, Wu C, Zou Z. Understanding the enhanced catalytic activity of high entropy alloys: from theory to experiment. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9:19410. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta02718b.CrossRef

[48]

Li H, Zhang X, Sun Z, Ma W. Rapid screening of bimetallic electrocatalysts using single nanoparticle collision electrochemistry. J Am Chem Soc. 2022;144(36):16480. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c05299.CrossRef

[49]

Du M, Li Q, Pang H. Oxalate-derived porous prismatic nickel/nickel oxide nanocomposites toward lithium-ion battery. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2020;580(15):614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.009.CrossRef

[50]

Liu Y, Peng N, Yao Y, Zhang X, Peng X, Zhao L, Wang J, Peng L, Wang Z, Mochizuki K, Yue M, Yang S. Breaking the nanoparticle’s dispersible limit via rotatable surface ligands. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3581. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31275-7.CrossRef

[51]

Godeffroy L, Ciocci P, Nsabimana A, Miranda Vieira M, Noël JM, Combellas C, Lemineur JF, Kanoufi F. Deciphering competitive routes for nickel-based nanoparticle electrodeposition by an operando optical monitoring. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2021;60(31):16980. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202106420.CrossRef

[52]

Sure J, Vishnu DSM, Schwandt C. Direct electrochemical synthesis of high-entropy alloys from metal oxides. Appl Mater Today. 2017;9:111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.05.009.CrossRef

[53]

Sure J, Sri Maha Vishnu M, Kim HK, Schwandt C. Facile electrochemical synthesis of nanoscale (TiNbTaZrHf)C high-entropy carbide powder. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2020;59(29):11830. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202003530.CrossRef

[54]

Kim C, Song JY, Choi C, Ha JP, Lee W, Nam YT, Lee DM, Kim G, Gereige I, Jung WB, Lee H, Jung Y, Jeong H, Jung HT. Atomic-scale homogeneous RuCu alloy nanoparticles for highly efficient electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction. Adv Mater. 2022;34(40):2205270. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202205270.CrossRef

[55]

Abdelhafiz A, Wang B, Harutyunyan AR, Li J. Carbothermal shock synthesis of high entropy oxide catalysts: dynamic structural and chemical reconstruction boosting the catalytic activity and stability toward oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Energy Mater. 2022;12(35):2200742. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202200742.CrossRef

[56]

Xu X, Guo Y, Bloom BP, Wei J, Li H, Li H, Du Y, Zeng Z, Li L, Waldeck DH. Elemental core level shift in high entropy alloy nanoparticles via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and first-principles calculation. ACS Nano. 2020;14(12):17704. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c09470.CrossRef

[57]

Gild J, Wright A, Quiambao-Tomko K, Qin M, Tomko JA, Shafkat Bin Hoque M, Braun JL, Bloomfield B, Martinez D, Harrington T, Vecchio K, Hopkins PE, Luo J. Thermal conductivity and hardness of three single-phase high-entropy metal diborides fabricated by borocarbothermal reduction and spark plasma sintering. Ceram Int. 2020;46(5):6906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.186.CrossRef

[58]

Zhang Y, Jiang ZB, Sun SK, Guo WM, Chen QS, Qiu JX, Plucknett K, Lin HT. Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-entropy borides derived from boro/carbothermal reduction. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2019;39(13):3920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.05.017.CrossRef

[59]

Zhang Y, Sun SK, Zhang W, You Y, Guo WM, Chen ZW, Yuan JH, Lin HT. Improved densification and hardness of high-entropy diboride ceramics from fine powders synthesized via borothermal reduction process. Ceram Int. 2020;46(9):14299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.02.214.CrossRef

[60]

Zhang G, Jin L, Zhang R, Bai Y, Zhu R, Pang H. Recent advances in the development of electronically and ionically conductive metal-organic frameworks. Coord Chem Rev. 2021;439:213915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213915.CrossRef

[61]

Gild J, Kaufmann K, Vecchio K, Luo J. Reactive flash spark plasma sintering of high-entropy ultrahigh temperature ceramics. Scripta Mater. 2019;170:106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.05.039.CrossRef

[62]

Lu Y, Dong Y, Jiang H, Wang Z, Cao Z, Guo S, Wang T, Li T, Liaw PK. Promising properties and future trend of eutectic high entropy alloys. Scripta Mater. 2020;187:202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.06.022.CrossRef

[63]

Wang X, Peng Q, Zhang X, Lv X, Wang X, Fu Y. Carbonaceous-assisted confinement synthesis of refractory high-entropy alloy nanocomposites and their application for seawater electrolysis. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;607:1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.201.CrossRef

[64]

Waseem OA, Lee J, Lee HM, Ryu HJ. The effect of Ti on the sintering and mechanical properties of refractory high-entropy alloy Ti_xWTaVCr fabricated via spark plasma sintering for fusion plasma-facing materials. Mater Chem Phys. 2018;210:87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.06.054.CrossRef

[65]

Wei XF, Qin Y, Liu JX, Li F, Liang YC, Zhang GJ. Gradient microstructure development and grain growth inhibition in high-entropy carbide ceramics prepared by reactive spark plasma sintering. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2020;40(4):935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.12.034.CrossRef

[66]

Roy R, Agrawal D, Cheng J, Gedevanishvili S. Erratum: full sintering of powdered-metal bodies in a microwave field. Nature. 1999;401:304. https://doi.org/10.1038/45853.CrossRef

[67]

Veronesi P, Rosa R, Colombini E, Leonelli C. Microwave-assisted preparation of high entropy alloys. Technologies. 2015;3(4):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies3040182.CrossRef

[68]

Shuang S, Yu Q, Gao X, He QF, Zhang JY, Shi SQ, Yang Y. Tuning the microstructure for superb corrosion resistance in eutectic high entropy alloy. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;109(20):197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.08.069.CrossRef

[69]

Qiao H, Saray MT, Wang X, Xu S, Chen G, Huang Z, Chen C, Zhong G, Dong Q, Hong M, Xie H, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Hu L. Scalable synthesis of high entropy alloy nanoparticles by microwave heating. ACS Nano. 2021;15(9):14928. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c05113.CrossRef

[70]

Kheradmandfard M, Minouei H, Tsvetkov N, Vayghan AK, Kashani-Bozorg SF, Kim G, Hong SI, Kim DE. Ultrafast green microwave-assisted synthesis of high-entropy oxide nanoparticles for Li-ion battery applications. Mater Chem Phys. 2021;262:124265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124265.CrossRef

[71]

Veronesi P, Colombini E, Rosa R, Leonelli C, Garuti M. Microwave processing of high entropy alloys: a powder metallurgy approach. Chem Eng Process. 2017;122:397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2017.02.016.CrossRef

[72]

Veronesi P, Colombini E, Rosa R, Leonelli C, Rosi F. Microwave assisted synthesis of Si-modified Mn₂₅Fe_xNi₂₅Cu_(50–_x₎ high entropy alloys. Mater Lett. 2016;162:277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2015.10.035.CrossRef

[73]

Mao A, Xiang HZ, Zhang ZG, Kuramoto K, Zhang H, Jia Y. A new class of spinel high-entropy oxides with controllable magnetic properties. J Magnet Magnet Mater. 2020;497:165884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165884.CrossRef

[74]

Zhang K, Li W, Zeng J, Deng T, Luo B, Zhang H, Huang X. Preparation of (La_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Gd_0.2Yb_0.2)₂Zr₂O₇ high-entropy transparent ceramic using combustion synthesized nanopowder. J Alloys Compound. 2020;817:153328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153328.CrossRef

[75]

Park JM, Choe J, Kim JG, Bae JW, Moon J, Yang S, Kim KT, Yu JH, Kim HS. Superior tensile properties of 1%C-CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy additively manufactured by selective laser melting. Mater Res Lett. 2019;8(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2019.1638844.CrossRef

[76]

Li B, Zhang L, Yang B. Grain refinement and localized amorphization of additively manufactured high-entropy alloy matrix composites reinforced by nano ceramic particles via selective-laser-melting/remelting. Composites Commun. 2020;19:56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.03.001.CrossRef

[77]

Johny J, Li Y, Kamp M, Prymak O, Liang SX, Krekeler T, Ritter M, Kienle L, Rehbock C, Barcikowski S, Reichenberger S. Laser-generated high entropy metallic glass nanoparticles as bifunctional electrocatalysts. Nano Res. 2021;15:4807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3804-2.CrossRef

[78]

Wen X, Cui X, Jin G, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Fang Y. In-situ synthesis of nano-lamellar Ni_1.5CrCoFe_0.5Mo_0.1Nb_x eutectic high-entropy alloy coatings by laser cladding: alloy design and microstructure evolution. Surface Coatings Technol. 2021;405:126728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126728.CrossRef

[79]

Tomboc GM, Kwon T, Joo J, Lee K. High entropy alloy electrocatalysts: a critical assessment of fabrication and performance. J Mater Chem A. 2020;8(30):14844. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05176d.CrossRef

[80]

Yao H, Tan Z, He D, Zhou Z, Zhou Z, Xue Y, Cui L, Chen L, Wang G, Yang Y. High strength and ductility AlCrFeNiV high entropy alloy with hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure prepared by selective laser melting. J Alloys Comp. 2020;813:152196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152196.CrossRef

[81]

Fan Y, Li W, Zhi W, Qing W, Ke Z, Xin L, Wei H. Ultra strong and ductile eutectic high entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;106(20):128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.08.015.CrossRef

[82]

Wang J, Wu S, Fu S, Liu S, Ren Z, Yan M, Chen S, Lan S, Hahn H, Feng T. Nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy with tunable ferromagnetic properties. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;77:126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.060.CrossRef

[83]

Waag F, Li Y, Ziefuss AR, Bertin E, Kamp M, Duppel V, Marzun G, Kienle L, Barcikowski S, Gokce B. Kinetically-controlled laser-synthesis of colloidal high-entropy alloy nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2019;9(32):18547. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03254a.CrossRef

[84]

Zhang LT, Duan YJ, Wada T, Kato H, Pelletier JM, Crespo D, Pineda E, Qiao JC. Dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of Zr_3.5Hf_17.5Ti_5.5Al_12.5Co_7.5Ni₁₂Cu₁₀ high entropy bulk metallic glass. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;83(30):248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.11.074.CrossRef

[85]

He S, Somayaji V, Wang M, Lee SH, Geng Z, Zhu S, Novello P, Varanasi CV, Liu J. High entropy spinel oxide for efficient electrochemical oxidation of ammonia. Nano Res. 2021;15:4785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3665-8.CrossRef

[86]

Tian Y, Lu C, Shen Y, Feng X. Microstructure and corrosion property of CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy coating on Q235 substrate via mechanical alloying method. Surfaces and Interfaces. 2019;15:135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2019.02.004.CrossRef

[87]

Sang L, Xu Y. Amorphous behavior of Zr_xFeNiSi_0.4B_0.6 high entropy alloys synthesized by mechanical alloying. J Non-Crystall Solids. 2020;530:119854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119854.CrossRef

[88]

Velo IL, Gotor FJ, Alcalá MD, Real C, Córdoba JM. Fabrication and characterization of WC-HEA cemented carbide based on the CoCrFeNiMn high entropy alloy. J Alloy Compd. 2018;746:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.292.CrossRef

[89]

Liang X, Wei G, Ji Z, Yu Z, Hua L, Shuai Q, Hua L, Zheng F. Low-temperature densification of high entropy diboride based composites with fine grains and excellent mechanical properties. Compos Part B: Eng. 2022;247:110331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110331.CrossRef

[90]

Kilmametov A, Kulagin R, Mazilkin A, Seils S, Boll T, Heilmaier M, Hahn H. High-pressure torsion driven mechanical alloying of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy. Scripta Mater. 2019;158:29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.08.031.CrossRef

[91]

Wang G, Liu Q, Yang J, Li X, Sui X, Gu Y, Liu Y. Synthesis and thermal stability of a nanocrystalline MoNbTaTiV refractory high-entropy alloy via mechanical alloying. Int J Refract Metals Hard Mater. 2019;84:104988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.104988.CrossRef

[92]

Rost CM, Sachet E, Borman T, Moballegh A, Dickey EC, Hou D, Jones JL, Curtarolo S, Maria JP. Entropy-stabilized oxides. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8485. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9485.CrossRef

[93]

Gracita MT, Xiandi Z, Songa C, Daekyu K, Lawrence Yoon Suk L, Kwangyeol L. Stabilization, characterization, and electrochemical applications of high-entropy oxides: critical assessment of crystal phase–properties relationship. Adv Funct Mater. 2022;32(43):2205142. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202205142.CrossRef

[94]

Wang D, Liu Z, Du S, Zhang Y, Li H, Xiao Z, Chen W, Chen R, Wang Y, Zou Y, Wang S. Low-temperature synthesis of small-sized high-entropy oxides for water oxidation. J Mater Chem A. 2019;7(42):24211. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08740k.CrossRef

[95]

Bondesgaard M, Broge NLN, Mamakhel A, Bremholm M, Iversen BB. General solvothermal synthesis method for complete solubility range bimetallic and high-entropy alloy nanocatalysts. Adv Func Mater. 2019;29(50):1905933. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905933.CrossRef

[96]

Zhao X, Xue Z, Chen W, Wang Y, Mu T. Eutectic synthesis of high-entropy metal phosphides for electrocatalytic water splitting. Chemsuschem. 2020;13(8):2038. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202000173.CrossRef

[97]

Yang Y, Song B, Ke X, Xu F, Bozhilov KN, Hu L, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Zachariah MR. Aerosol synthesis of high entropy alloy nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2020;36(8):1985. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03392.CrossRef

[98]

Su J, Raabe D, Li Z. Hierarchical microstructure design to tune the mechanical behavior of an interstitial TRIP-TWIP high-entropy alloy. Acta Mater. 2019;163:40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.017.CrossRef

[99]

Bizhanova G, Li F, Ma Y, Gong P, Wang X. Development and crystallization kinetics of novel near-equiatomic high-entropy bulk metallic glasses. J Alloy Compd. 2019;779:474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.299.CrossRef

[100]

Sanchez JM, Vicario I, Albizuri J, Guraya T, Garcia JC. Phase prediction, microstructure and high hardness of novel light-weight high entropy alloys. J Market Res. 2019;8(1):795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.06.010.CrossRef

[101]

Ward-O’Brien B, Pickering EJ, Ahumada-Lazo R, Smith C, Zhong XL, Aboura Y, Alam F, Binks DJ, Burnett TL, Lewis DJ. Synthesis of high entropy lanthanide oxysulfides via the thermolysis of a molecular precursor cocktail. J Am Chem Soc. 2021;143(51):21560. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c08995.CrossRef

[102]

Zhao X, Xue Z, Chen W, Bai X, Shi R, Mu T. Ambient fast, large-scale synthesis of entropy-stabilized metal–organic framework nanosheets for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. J Mater Chem A. 2019;7(46):26238. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta09975a.CrossRef

[103]

Gao S, Hao S, Huang Z, Yuan Y, Han S, Lei L, Zhang X, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Lu J. Synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles on supports by the fast moving bed pyrolysis. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15934-1.CrossRef

[104]

Liu M, Zhang Z, Okejiri F, Yang S, Zhou S, Dai S. Entropy-Maximized synthesis of multimetallic nanoparticle catalysts via a ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry method under ambient conditions. Adv Mater Interfaces. 2019;6(7):1900015. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201900015.CrossRef

[105]

Moskovskikh D, Vorotilo S, Buinevich V, Sedegov A, Kuskov K, Khort A, Shuck C, Zhukovskyi M, Mukasyan A. Extremely hard and tough high entropy nitride ceramics. Sci Rep. 2020;10:19874. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76945-y.CrossRef

[106]

Liu X, Chu P, Ding C. Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2004;47:49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2004.11.001.CrossRef

[107]

Zhou H, Zheng S, Guo X, Gao Y, Li H, Pang H. Ordered porous and uniform electric-field-strength micro-supercapacitors by 3D printing based on liquid-crystal V₂O₅ nanowires compositing carbon nanomaterials. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;628:24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.043.CrossRef

[108]

Hui Z, Hui Y, Shi Y, Li J, Nuo S, Huan P. Synthesis of 3D printing materials and their electrochemical applications. Chin Chem Lett. 2021;33(8):3681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.018.CrossRef

[109]

Rong H, Shen J, Gang S. Application of atom probe tomography in understanding high entropy alloys: 3D local chemical compositions in atomic scale analysis. Progress Mater Sci. 2021;123:100854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100854.CrossRef

[110]

Velasco L, Castillo JS, Kante MV, Olaya JJ, Friederich P, Hahn H. Phase–property diagrams for multicomponent oxide systems toward materials libraries. Adv Mater. 2021;33(43):2102301. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102301.CrossRef

[111]

He G, Luo Y, Zhai Y, Wu Y, You J, Lu R, Zeng S, Wang ZL. Regulating random mechanical motion using the principle of auto-winding mechanical watch for driving TENG with constant AC output – an approach for efficient usage of high entropy energy. Nano Energy. 2021;87:106195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106195.CrossRef

[112]

Chen B, Wang ZL. Toward a new era of sustainable energy: advanced triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting high entropy energy. Small. 2022;18(43):2107034. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202107034.CrossRef

[113]

Xie P, Yao Y, Huang Z, Liu Z, Zhang J, Li T, Wang G, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Hu L, Wang C. Highly efficient decomposition of ammonia using high-entropy alloy catalysts. Nat Commun. 2019;10:4011. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11848-9.CrossRef

[114]

Yuan M, Guo X, Li N, Pang H. Silicon oxide-protected nickel nanoparticles as biomass-derived catalysts for urea electro-oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2020;589:56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.100.CrossRef

[115]

Yi P, Yang B, Chun L, Shuai C, Qing K, Huan P. Applications of metal–organic framework-derived N, P, S doped materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Coord Chem Rev. 2022;466(1):214602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214602.CrossRef

[116]

Kumar Katiyar N, Biswas K, Yeh JW, Sharma S, Sekhar TC. A perspective on the catalysis using the high entropy alloys. Nano Energy. 2021;88:106261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106261.CrossRef

[117]

Jones CW. Another nobel prize for catalysis: Frances Arnold in 2018. ACS Catal. 2018;8(11):10913. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b04266.CrossRef

[118]

Zheng S, Yong Z, Chen S, Qing N, Cheng W, Hai J. High entropy spinel-structure oxide for electrochemical application. Chem Eng J. 2021;431:133448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133448.CrossRef

[119]

Wang X, Zhang G, Yin W, Zheng S, Kong Q, Tian J, Pang H. Metal–organic framework-derived phosphide nanomaterials for electrochemical applications. Carbon Energy. 2022;4(2):246. https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.182.CrossRef

[120]

Yin W, Zhang G, Wang X, Pang H. One-dimensional metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2021;298:102562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102562.CrossRef

[121]

Wu L, Hofmann JP. Comparing the intrinsic HER activity of transition metal dichalcogenides: pitfalls and suggestions. ACS Energy Lett. 2021;6(7):2619. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00912.CrossRef

[122]

Chang Y, Zhai P, Hou J, Zhao J, Gao J. Excellent HER and OER catalyzing performance of Se-vacancies in defects-engineered PtSe₂: from simulation to experiment. Adv Energy Mater. 2022;12:2102359. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202102359.CrossRef

[123]

Wang S, Xu B, Huo W, Feng H, Zhou X, Fang F, Xie Z, Shang JK, Jiang J. Efficient FeCoNiCuPd thin-film electrocatalyst for alkaline oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. Appl Catal B: Environ. 2022;313(15):121472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121472.CrossRef

[124]

Edalati P, Shen XF, Watanabe M, Ishihara T, Arita M, Fuji M, Edalati K. High-entropy oxynitride as a low-bandgap and stable photocatalyst for hydrogen production. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9(26):15076. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta03861c.CrossRef

[125]

Shun C, Chih C, Po C, Chun H, Shih L. Pulse electrodeposited FeCoNiMnW high entropy alloys as efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for acidic water splitting. Chem Eng J. 2022;446:137452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137452.CrossRef

[126]

Wu D, Kusada K, Yamamoto T, Toriyama T, Matsumura S, Gueye I, Seo O, Kim J, Hiroi S, Sakata O, Kawaguchi S, Kubota Y, Kitagawa H. On the electronic structure and hydrogen evolution reaction activity of platinum group metal-based high-entropy-alloy nanoparticles. Chem Sci. 2020;11(47):12731. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sc02351e.CrossRef

[127]

Feng G, Ning F, Song J, Shang H, Zhang K, Ding Z, Gao P, Chu W, Xia D. Sub-2 nm ultrasmall high-entropy alloy nanoparticles for extremely superior electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Am Chem Soc. 2021;143(41):17117. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c07643.CrossRef

[128]

Edalati P, Wang Q, Razavi-Khosroshahi H, Fuji M, Ishihara T, Edalati K. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution on a high-entropy oxide. J Mater Chem A. 2020;8(7):3814. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12846h.CrossRef

[129]

Nguyen TX, Su YH, Lin CC, Ting JM. Self-reconstruction of sulfate-containing high entropy sulfide for exceptionally high-performance oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalyst. Adv Func Mater. 2021;31(48):2106229. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106229.CrossRef

[130]

Xu Y, Sun L, Li Q, Huo LH, Zhao H. Co-prosperity of electrocatalytic activity and stability in high entropy spinel (Cr_0.2Mn_0.2Fe_0.2Ni_0.2Zn_0.2)₃O₄ for the oxygen evolution reaction. J Mater Chem A. 2022;10(34):17633. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ta01376b.CrossRef

[131]

Lalita S, Nirmal KK, Arko P, Rakesh D, Ritesh K, Chandra ST, Abhisek KS, Aditi H, Krishanu B. Low-cost high entropy alloy (HEA) for high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Nano Res. 2022;15:4799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3802-4.CrossRef

[132]

Wen H, Ming Z, Hui D, Wei Z, Ying W, Yi Z, Kun P, Huan P. Heat treatment-induced Co³⁺ enrichment in CoFePBA to enhance OER electrocatalytic performance. Chin Chem Lett. 2021;33(3):1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.025.CrossRef

[133]

Nguyen TX, Su YH, Lin CC, Ruan J, Ting JM. A new high entropy glycerate for high performance oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Sci. 2021;8(6):2002446. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202002446.CrossRef

[134]

Mei H, Changhong W, Jun Z, Jingrui H, Ning W, Ali S, Yifu Y, Yongchang L, Xuhui S, Alberto V, Hongyan L. Promoted self-construction of β-NiOOH in amorphous high entropy electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Appl Catal B: Environ. 2021;301:120764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120764.CrossRef

[135]

Tang J, Xu JL, Ye ZG, Li XB, Luo JM. Microwave sintered porous CoCrFeNiMo high entropy alloy as an efficient electrocatalyst for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction. J Mater Sci Technol. 2021;79:171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.079.CrossRef

[136]

Shi W, Wen H, Feng F, Zong X, Jian S, Jian J. High entropy alloy/C nanoparticles derived from polymetallic MOF as promising electrocatalysts for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction. Chem Eng J. 2021;429(1):132410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132410.CrossRef

[137]

Cui M, Yang C, Li B, Dong Q, Wu M, Hwang S, Xie H, Wang X, Wang G, Hu L. High-entropy metal sulfide nanoparticles promise high-performance oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Energy Mater. 2020;11(3):2002887. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202002887.CrossRef

[138]

Dai W, Lu T, Pan Y. Novel and promising electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction based on MnFeCoNi high entropy alloy. J Power Sources. 2019;430:104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.05.030.CrossRef

[139]

Thi N, Yi L, Chia L, Yen S, Jyh T. Advanced high entropy perovskite oxide electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Func Mater. 2021;31(7):2101632. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202101632.CrossRef

[140]

Ding Z, Bian J, Shuang S, Liu X, Hu Y, Sun C, Yang Y. High entropy intermetallic–oxide core–shell nanostructure as superb oxygen evolution reaction catalyst. Adv Sustain Syst. 2020;4(5):1900105. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201900105.CrossRef

[141]

Wang T, Chen H, Yang Z, Liang J, Dai S. High-entropy perovskite fluorides: a new platform for oxygen evolution catalysis. J Am Chem Soc. 2020;142(10):4550. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b12377.CrossRef

[142]

Yang JX, Dai BH, Chiang CY, Chiu IC, Pao CW, Lu SY, Tsao IY, Lin ST, Chiu CT, Yeh JW, Chang PC, Hung WH. Rapid fabrication of high-entropy ceramic nanomaterials for catalytic reactions. ACS Nano. 2021;15(7):12324. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04259.CrossRef

[143]

Chen Y, Zhan X, Bueno SLA, Shafei IH, Ashberry HM, Chatterjee K, Xu L, Tang Y, Skrabalak SE. Synthesis of monodisperse high entropy alloy nanocatalysts from core@shell nanoparticles. Nanoscale Horiz. 2021;6(3):231. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nh00656d.CrossRef

[144]

Qiu HJ, Fang G, Wen Y, Liu P, Xie G, Liu X, Sun S. Nanoporous high-entropy alloys for highly stable and efficient catalysts. J Mater Chem A. 2019;7(11):6499. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00505f.CrossRef

[145]

Li S, Tang X, Jia H, Li H, Xie G, Liu X, Lin X, Qiu HJ. Nanoporous high-entropy alloys with low Pt loadings for high-performance electrochemical oxygen reduction. J Catal. 2020;383:164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2020.01.024.CrossRef

[146]

Chen H, Lin W, Zhang Z, Jie K, Mullins DR, Sang X, Yang SZ, Jafta CJ, Bridges CA, Hu X, Unocic RR, Fu J, Zhang P, Dai S. Mechanochemical synthesis of high entropy oxide materials under ambient conditions: dispersion of catalysts via entropy maximization. ACS Mater Lett. 2019;1(1):83. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00064.CrossRef

[147]

Okejiri F, Zhang Z, Liu J, Liu M, Yang S, Dai S. Room-temperature synthesis of high-entropy perovskite oxide nanoparticle catalysts through ultrasonication-based method. Chemsuschem. 2020;13(1):111. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201902705.CrossRef

[148]

Nellaiappan S, Katiyar NK, Kumar R, Parui A, Malviya KD, Pradeep KG, Singh AK, Sharma S, Tiwary CS, Biswas K. High-entropy alloys as catalysts for the CO₂ and CO reduction reactions: experimental realization. ACS Catal. 2020;10(6):3658. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b04302.CrossRef

[149]

Pedersen JK, Batchelor TAA, Bagger A, Rossmeisl J. High-entropy alloys as catalysts for the CO₂ and CO reduction reactions. ACS Catal. 2020;10(3):2169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b04343.CrossRef

[150]

Sun F, Li Q, Bai Y, Zhang G, Zheng S, Peng M, Chen X, Lin N, Pang H. A controllable preparation of two-dimensional cobalt oxalate-based nanostructured sheets for electrochemical energy storage. Chin Chem Lett. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.075.CrossRef

[151]

Li N, Guo X, Tang X, Xing Y, Pang H. Three-dimensional Co₂V₂O₇·nH₂O superstructures assembled by nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage. Chin Chem Lett. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.012.CrossRef

[152]

Bai Y, Liu C, Chen T, Li W, Zheng S, Pi Y, Luo Y, Pang H. MXene-copper/cobalt hybrids via lewis acidic molten salts etching for high performance symmetric supercapacitors. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202112381.CrossRef

[153]

Zheng S, Ru Y, Xue H, Pang H. Fluorinated pillared-layer metal-organic framework microrods for improved electrochemical cycling stability. Chin Chem Lett. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.010.CrossRef

[154]

Jing Q, Li W, Wang J, Chen X, Pang H. Calcination activation of three-dimensional cobalt organic phosphate nanoflake assemblies for supercapacitors. Inorg Chem Front. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1qi00797a.CrossRef

[155]

Wu X, Ru Y, Bai Y, Zhang G, Shi Y, Pang H. PBA composites and their derivatives in energy and environmental applications. Coord Chem Rev. 2022;451:214260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214260s.CrossRef

[156]

Sure J, Sri Maha Vishnu D, Kim HK, Schwandt C. Facile electrochemical synthesis of nanoscale (TiNbTaZrHf)C high-entropy carbide powder. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2020;59(292):11830. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202003530.CrossRef

[157]

Sure J, Sri Maha Vishnu D, Kim HK, Schwandt C. Facile electrochemical synthesis of nanoscale (TiNbTaZrHf)C high-entropy carbide powder. Angew Chem. 2020;132(29):11928. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202003530.CrossRef

[158]

Liu C, Bai Y, Li W, Yang F, Zhang G, Pang H. In situ growth of three-dimensional MXene/metal–organic framework composites for high-performance supercapacitors. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202116282.CrossRef

[159]

Lal MS, Sundara R. Multifunctional high entropy oxides incorporated functionalized biowaste derived activated carbon for electrochemical energy storage and desalination. Electrochim Acta. 2022;405:139828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139828.CrossRef

[160]

Yuan Y, Xu Z, Han P, Dan Z, Qin F, Chang H. MnO₂-decorated metallic framework supercapacitors fabricated from duplex-phase FeCrCoMnNiAl0.75 Cantor high entropy alloy precursors through selective phase dissolution. J Alloys Comp. 2021;870:159523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159523.CrossRef

[161]

Lal MS, Sundara R. High entropy oxides-a cost-effective catalyst for the growth of high yield carbon nanotubes and their energy applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11(34):30846. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b08794.CrossRef

[162]

Jin T, Sang X, Unocic RR, Kinch RT, Liu X, Hu J, Liu H, Dai S. Mechanochemical-assisted synthesis of high-entropy metal nitride via a soft urea strategy. Adv Mater. 2018;30(23):1707512. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201707512.CrossRef

[163]

Kong K, Hyun J, Kim Y, Kim W, Kim D. Nanoporous structure synthesized by selective phase dissolution of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy and its electrochemical properties as supercapacitor electrode. J Power Sourc. 2019;437:226927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226927.CrossRef

[164]

Shen E, Song X, Chen Q, Zheng M, Bian J, Liu H. Spontaneously forming oxide layer of high entropy alloy nanoparticles deposited on porous carbons for supercapacitors. ChemElectroChem. 2021;8(1):260. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001289.CrossRef

[165]

Talluri B, Aparna ML, Sreenivasulu N, Bhattacharya SS, Thomas T. High entropy spinel metal oxide (CoCrFeMnNi)₃O₄ nanoparticles as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode material. J Energy Storage. 2021;42:103004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103004.CrossRef

[166]

Xu X, Du Y, Wang C, Guo Y, Zou J, Zhou K, Zeng Z, Liu Y, Li L. High-entropy alloy nanoparticles on aligned electronspun carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors. J Alloys Comp. 2020;822:153642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.153642.CrossRef

[167]

Cui Y, Sukkurji PA, Wang K, Azmi R, Nunn AM, Hahn H, Breitung B, Ting YY, Kowalski P, Kaghazchi P, Wang Q, Schweidler S, Botros M. High entropy fluorides as conversion cathodes with tailorable electrochemical performance. J Energy Chem. 2022;72:342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.05.032.CrossRef

[168]

Nguyen TX, Tsai CC, Patra J, Clemens O, Chang JK, Ting JM. Co-free high entropy spinel oxide anode with controlled morphology and crystallinity for outstanding charge/discharge performance in Lithium-ion batteries. Chem Eng J. 2021;430:132658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132658.CrossRef

[169]

Zhang S, Liu Z, Li L, Tang Y, Li S, Huang H, Zhang H. Electrochemical activation strategies of a novel high entropy amorphous V-based cathode material for high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9(34):18488. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta05205e.CrossRef

[170]

Sun F, Chen T, Li Q, Pang H. Hierarchical nickel oxalate superstructure assembled from 1D nanorods for aqueous nickel-zinc battery. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;627:483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.053.CrossRef

[171]

Fan L, Guo X, Hang X, Pang H. Synthesis of truncated octahedral zinc-doped manganese hexacyanoferrates and low-temperature calcination activation for lithium-ion battery. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2021;607:1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.025.CrossRef

[172]

Guo X, Li W, Geng P, Zhang Q, Pang H, Xu Q. Construction of SiOx/nitrogen-doped carbon superstructures derived from rice husks for boosted lithium storage. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2021;606:784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.065.CrossRef

[173]

Li W, Guo X, Geng P, Du M, Jing Q, Chen X, Zhang G, Li H, Xu Q, Braunstein P, Pang H. Rational design and general synthesis of multimetallic metal–organic framework nano-octahedra for enhanced Li–S battery. Adv Mater. 2021;33(45):2105163. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105163.CrossRef

[174]

Sarkar A, Velasco L, Wang D, Wang Q, Talasila G, de Biasi L, Kubel C, Brezesinski T, Bhattacharya SS, Hahn H, Breitung B. High entropy oxides for reversible energy storage. Nat Commun. 2018;9:3400. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05774-5.CrossRef

[175]

Sarkar A, Wang Q, Schiele A, Chellali MR, Bhattacharya SS, Wang D, Brezesinski T, Hahn H, Velasco L, Breitung B. High-entropy oxides: fundamental aspects and electrochemical properties. Adv Mater. 2019;31(26):1806236. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806236.CrossRef

[176]

Wang Q, Sarkar A, Wang D, Velasco L, Azmi R, Bhattacharya SS, Bergfeldt T, Düvel A, Heitjans P, Brezesinski T, Hahn H, Breitung B. Multi-anionic and -cationic compounds: new high entropy materials for advanced Li-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci. 2019;12(8):2433. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee00368a.CrossRef

[177]

Wang D, Jiang S, Duan C, Mao J, Dong Y, Dong K, Wang Z, Luo S, Liu Y, Qi X. Spinel-structured high entropy oxide (FeCoNiCrMn)₃O₄ as anode towards superior lithium storage performance. J Alloys Compd. 2020;844:156158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156158.CrossRef

[178]

Jiang B, Yu Y, Cui J, Liu X. High-entropy-stabilized chalcogenides with high thermoelectric performance. Science. 2021;371(6531):430–4. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1292.CrossRef

[179]

Hu L, Zhang Y, Wu H, Li J, Li Y, McKenna M, He J, Liu F, Pennycook SJ, Zeng X. Entropy engineering of SnTe: multi-principal-element alloying leading to ultralow lattice thermal conductivity and state-of-the-art thermoelectric performanc. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;8(29):1802116. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802116.CrossRef

[180]

Ma Y, Ma Y, Dreyer SL, Wang Q, Wang K, Goonetilleke D, Omar A, Mikhailova D, Hahn H, Breitung B, Brezesinski T. High-entropy metal-organic frameworks for highly reversible sodium storage. Adv Mater. 2021;33(34):2101342. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202101342.CrossRef

[181]

Lu Y, Huang H, Gao X, Ren C, Gao J, Zhang H, Zheng S, Jin Q, Zhao Y, Lu C, Wang T, Li T. A promising new class of irradiation tolerant materials: Ti₂ZrHfV_0.5Mo_0.2 high-entropy alloy. J Mater Sci Technol. 2019;35(3):369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.034.CrossRef

[182]

Pogrebnjak AD, Yakushchenko IV, Bondar OV, Beresnev VM, Oyoshi K, Ivasishin OM, Amekura H, Takeda Y, Opielak M, Kozak C. Irradiation resistance, microstructure and mechanical properties of nanostructured (TiZrHfVNbTa)N coatings. J Alloy Compd. 2016;679:155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.064.CrossRef

[183]

Lin Y, Yang T, Lang L, Shan C, Deng H, Hu W, Gao F. Enhanced radiation tolerance of the Ni-Co-Cr-Fe high-entropy alloy as revealed from primary damage. Acta Mater. 2020;196:133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.027.CrossRef

[184]

Fan L, Ji Y, Wang G, Chen J, Chen K, Liu X, Wen Z. High entropy alloy electrocatalytic electrode toward alkaline glycerol valorization coupling with acidic hydrogen production. J Am Chem Soc. 2022;144(16):7224. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c13740.CrossRef

[185]

Yi G, Miao Z, Yan M, Han C, Shu Z, Wen W, Cheng S, Zhan S, Jing S, Xi Z. Microwave-triggered low temperature thermal reduction of Zr-modified high entropy oxides with extraordinary thermochemical H2 production performance. Energy Convers Manag. 2021;252(15):115125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.115125.CrossRef

[186]

Zepon G, Leiva DR, Strozi RB, Bedoch A, Figueroa SJA, Ishikawa TT, Botta WJ. Hydrogen-induced phase transition of MgZrTiFe_0.5Co_0.5Ni_0.5 high entropy alloy. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2018;43(3):1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.106.CrossRef

[187]

Kunce I, Polański M, Czujko T. Microstructures and hydrogen storage properties of LaNiFeVMn alloys. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2017;42(44):27154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.039.CrossRef

[188]

Nygård MM, Ek G, Karlsson D, Sahlberg M, Sørby MH, Hauback BC. Hydrogen storage in high-entropy alloys with varying degree of local lattice strain. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2019;44(55):29140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.223.CrossRef

[189]

Edalati P, Floriano R, Mohammadi A, Li Y, Zepon G, Li HW, Edalati K. Reversible room temperature hydrogen storage in high-entropy alloy TiZrCrMnFeNi. Scripta Mater. 2020;178:387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.12.009.CrossRef

[190]

Hu J, Shen H, Jiang M, Gong H, Xiao H, Liu Z, Sun G, Zu X. A DFT study of hydrogen storage in high-entropy alloy TiZrHfScMo. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(3):641. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9030461.CrossRef

[191]

Liu J, Xu J, Sleiman S, Chen X, Zhu S, Cheng H, Huot J. Microstructure and hydrogen storage properties of Ti–V–Cr based BCC-type high entropy alloys. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2021;46(56):28709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.137.CrossRef

[192]

Strozi RB, Leiva DR, Huot J, Botta WJ, Zepon G. An approach to design single BCC Mg-containing high entropy alloys for hydrogen storage applications. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2021;46(50):25555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.087.CrossRef

[193]

Wang X, Guo W, Fu Y. High-entropy alloys: emerging materials for advanced functional applications. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9(2):663. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA09601F.CrossRef

[194]

Mizuguchi Y, Kasem MR, Matsuda TD. Superconductivity in CuAl₂-type Co_0.2Ni_0.1Cu_0.1Rh_0.3Ir_0.3Zr₂ with a high-entropy-alloy transition metal site. Mater Res Lett. 2020;9(3):141. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2020.1860147.CrossRef

[195]

Kim G, Lee MH, Yun JH, Rawat P, Jung SG, Choi W, You TS, Kim SJ, Rhyee JS. Strongly correlated and strongly coupled s-wave superconductivity of the high entropy alloy Ta_1/6Nb_2/6Hf_1/6Zr_1/6Ti_1/6 compound. Acta Mater. 2020;186:250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.007.CrossRef

[196]

Liu B, Wu J, Cui Y, Zhu Q, Xiao G, Wu S, Cao G, Ren Z. Superconductivity in hexagonal Nb-Mo-Ru-Rh-Pd high-entropy alloys. Scripta Mater. 2020;182:109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.03.004.CrossRef

[197]

Law JY, Moreno-Ramírez LM, Díaz-García Á, Martín-Cid A, Kobayashi S, Kawaguchi S, Nakamura T, Franco V. MnFeNiGeSi high-entropy alloy with large magnetocaloric effect. J Alloys Compd. 2021;855:157424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157424.CrossRef

[198]

Xue L, Shao L, Luo Q, Shen B. Gd₂₅RE₂₅Co₂₅Al₂₅ (RE = Tb, Dy and Ho) high-entropy glassy alloys with distinct spin-glass behavior and good magnetocaloric effect. J Alloy Compd. 2019;790:633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.03.210.CrossRef

[199]

Huo J, Wang JQ, Wang WH. Denary high entropy metallic glass with large magnetocaloric effect. J Alloy Compd. 2019;776:202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.10.328.CrossRef

[200]

Yin H, Huang Y, Daisenberg D, Xue P, Jiang S, Ru W, Jiang S, Bao Y, Bian X, Tong X, Shen H, Sun J. Atomic structure evolution of high entropy metallic glass microwires at cryogenic temperature. Scripta Mater. 2019;163:29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.12.031.CrossRef

[201]

Yen C, Ming L, Ming C, Chih C. Phase formations and microstructures of Ti₂₀Zr₁₅Hf₁₅Ni₃₅Cu₁₅ high-entropy shape memory alloy under different aging conditions. Mater Today Adv. 2022;14:100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2022.100223.CrossRef

[202]

Chen CH, Chen YJ. Shape memory characteristics of (TiZrHf)₅₀Ni₂₅Co₁₀Cu₁₅ high entropy shape memory alloy. Scripta Mater. 2019;162:185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.11.023.CrossRef

[203]

Yaacoub J, Abuzaid W, Brenne F, Sehitoglu H. Superelasticity of (TiZrHf)₅₀Ni₂₅Co₁₀Cu₁₅ high entropy shape memory alloy. Scripta Mater. 2020;186:43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.04.017.CrossRef

[204]

Wang J, Kou Z, Fu S, Wu S, Liu S, Yan M, Ren Z, Wang D, You Z, Lan S, Hahn H, Wang XL, Feng T. Ultrahard BCC-AlCoCrFeNi bulk nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy formed by nanoscale diffusion-induced phase transition. J Mater Sci Technol. 2022;115:29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.11.025.CrossRef

[205]

Wang J, Wu S, Fu S, Liu S, Yan M, Lai Q, Lan S, Hahn H, Feng T. Ultrahigh hardness with exceptional thermal stability of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy prepared by inert gas condensation. Scripta Mater. 2020;187:335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.06.042.CrossRef

[206]

Zhang J, Yu Q, Wang Q, Li J, Zhang Z, Wang T, Shuang S, Fang Q, Zeng Q, Yang Y. Strong yet ductile high entropy alloy derived nanostructured cermet. Nano Lett. 2022;22(18):7370. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02097.CrossRef

[207]

Qiu X. Microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of Al₂CoCrCuFeNiTi_x high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by rapid solidification. J Alloy Compd. 2018;735:359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.11.158.CrossRef

[208]

Jin G, Cai Z, Guan Y, Cui X, Liu Z, Li Y, Dong M, Zhang D. High temperature wear performance of laser-cladded FeNiCoAlCu high-entropy alloy coating. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;445:113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.03.135.CrossRef

[209]

Mu YK, Jia YD, Xu L, Jia YF, Tan XH, Yi J, Wang G, Liaw PK. Nano oxides reinforced high-entropy alloy coatings synthesized by atmospheric plasma spraying. Mater Res Lett. 2019;7(8):312. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2019.1604443.CrossRef

[210]

Tunes MA, Vishnyakov VM. Microstructural origins of the high mechanical damage tolerance of NbTaMoW refractory high-entropy alloy thin films. Materials Design. 2019;170:107692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107692.CrossRef

Title: Synthesis methods and applications of high entropy nanoparticles
Authors: Yi-Bo Lu
Guang-Xun Zhang
Fei-Yu Yang
Meng-Qi Yao
Li-Ye Liu
Huan Pang
Publication date: 04-09-2023
Publisher: Nonferrous Metals Society of China
Published in: Rare Metals / Issue 10/2023
Print ISSN: 1001-0521
Electronic ISSN: 1867-7185
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02460-4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 10/2023

Arranging cation mixing and charge compensation of TiNb2O7 with W6+ doping for high lithium storage performance

A flexible electrochemical sensor for paracetamol based on porous honeycomb-like NiCo-MOF nanosheets

Ultralight and compressive SiC nanowires aerogel for high-temperature thermal insulation

Garnet-type solid-state electrolytes: crystal structure, interfacial challenges and controlling strategies

Superfunctional high-entropy alloys and ceramics by severe plastic deformation

Flexible and free-standing La0.33Ti2(PO4)3/C nanofibers film as a novel high-performance anode for sodium- and potassium-ion batteries

Premium Partners