1 Introduction
2 Concept of gender role attitudes
3 Measures of gender roles over time
4 Societal developments affecting measures of gender role attitudes
4.1 Developments in education and labor force participation
4.2 Developments in family structure
4.3 Effects on measures of gender role attitudes
5 Review of measures of gender role attitudes
Item | First/last year | Asked in surveyfrequency of item in respective survey over time
|
---|---|---|
(a) Ascription public sphere
| ||
(1) Having a job is the best way for a woman to be an independent persona
| 1984/2012 | BSA5, JGSS2, TSCS4, EVS3, WVS2, ISSP3, KGSS1
|
(2) Which of these best describes the reasons why many married women work (1) for the company of other people; (2) need money for basic essentials; (3) to earn money of their own; (4) to earn money to buy extras; (5) to follow a career; (6) work is a change; (7) working is the normal thing to do | 1984/1991 | BSA2
|
(3) Do you think that the job is particularly suitable for men only, particularly suitable for women only, or suitable for both equally…(1) bus driver; (2) computer programmer; (3) airline pilot; (4) bank manager; (5) car mechanic; (6) director of an international company; (7) family doctor/GP; (8) local councilor; (9) member of Parliament; (10) nurse; (11) police officer; (12) secretary; (13) social worker | 1984/1994 | BSA4
|
(4) Married women have a right to work if they want to, whatever their family situation | 1987/1994 | BSA3
|
(5) Do you agree or disagree that a woman becomes the Empress? | 2006/2012 | JGSS2
|
(6) If your party nominated a woman for President, would you vote for her if she were qualified for the job? | 1972/2010 | GSS8
|
(7) Most women have to work these days to support their families | 1994/2003 | ISSP1, KGSS1
|
(b) ascription private sphere
| ||
(1) Men should cook and look after themselves | 2000/2010 | JGSS9
|
(2) Men ought to do a larger share of household work than they do now | 2002/2006 | EASS1, ISSP1
|
(3) Men ought to do a larger share of child care than they do now/A father should be as heavily involved in the care of his children as the mother | 2002/2003 | AuSSA1, ISSP1
|
(4) The authority of father in a family should be respected under any circumstances/The husband is the head of the household and the wife should be obedient to him | 1996/2008 | TSCS1, EASS2
|
(5) A woman can have a child as a single parent even if she doesn’t want to have a stable relationship with a mana
| 1981/2012 | EVS4, GGP3, WVS4
|
(6) A woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled/Do you think that a woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled or is this not necessary?/Women must raise children to have a fulfilled live | 1981/2012 | EVS4, GGP3, WVS3, TSCS1
|
(7) Married women are generally happier than unmarried women/Without a doubt, a woman’s happiness lies in a marriage | 1996/2012 | EASS2, JGSS8
|
(8) Men can have a fulfilling life without children/Men do not have to raise children to have a fulfilled life | 1996/2012 | EASS1, EVS2, GGP3
|
(9) Men can have a fulfilling life without marriage/Men can still have a fulfilled life without getting married | 1996/2012 | EASS2, JGSS8
|
(10) It’s mainly the mother’s responsibility to discipline the children | 1984/2000 | TSCS3
|
(c) Ascription private and public sphere
| ||
(1) A single father can bring up his child as well as a married couplea
| 1988/1996 | ISSP1, TSCS2
|
(2) A single mother can bring up her child as well as a married couplea
| 1988/2012 | GSS1, ISSP1, TSCS2
|
(3) A job is alright, but what most women really want is home and children | 1987/2012 | BSA4, EVS3, ISSP4, KGSS1, WVS1
|
(4) How much do you agree or disagree that women shouldn’t try to combine a career and children | 1987/1994 | BSA3
|
(5) How much do you agree or disagree that if children are well looked after, it’s good for a
woman to work | 1987/1994 | BSA3
|
(6) Do you think that women should work outside the home full-time, part-time or not at all under these circumstances (1) after marrying and before there are children; (2) when there is a child under school age; (3) After the children leave home; (4) when a couple has not yet had a child; (5) After the youngest child starts school (6) After all children complete elementary schoolb
| 1987/2012 | BSA4, ISSP4, TSCS2
|
(7) About the government ensuring that affordable, good quality child care was available. Thinking about a single mother when her child reaches school age. Which comes closes to your view about what the single mother should do…she has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her childa
| 1994/2009 | BSA8
|
(8) About the government ensuring that affordable, good quality child care was available. Thinking about a single mother with a child under school age. Which comes closes to your view about what the single mother should do…she has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her childa
| 2005/2009 | BSA3
|
(9) About a single mother with a child under school age. Which comes closest to your view? She has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her child | 1994/2009 | BSA8
|
(10) About a single mother with a child of school age. Which comes closest to your view? She has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her child | 2005/2009 | BSA3
|
(11) About a married mother with a child of school age. Suppose the government ensured that affordable, good quality child care was available. Which comes closest to your view? She has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her child | 2005/2009 | BSA3
|
(12) About a married mother with a child under school age. Suppose the government ensured that affordable, good quality child care was available. Which comes closest to your view? She has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her child | 2005/2009 | BSA3
|
(13) About a married mother with a child under school age. Which comes closest to your view? She has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her child | 2002/2009 | BSA5
|
(14) About a married mother with a child of school age. Which comes closest to your view? She has a special duty to go out to work to support her child//She has a special duty to stay at home to look after her child | 2005/2009 | BSA3
|
(d) Role conflict public sphere
| No items observed | |
(e) Role conflict private sphere
| ||
(1) A wife should avoid earning more than her husband does/If a woman earns more than her partner, it is not good for the relationship/If a woman earns more money than her husband, it’s almost certain to cause problems/It is better if the husband’s income is higher than the wife’s | 1983/2010 | BSA1, GGP3, TSCS1, WVS2
|
(2) If the husband in a family wants children but the wife decides that she does not want any children, is it all right for the wife to refuse to have children? | 1972/1996 | GSS2
|
(3) Women should be able to decide how to spend the money they earn without having to ask their partner’s permission | 2004/2012 | GGP3
|
(4) The husband should be older than his wife
a
| 2004/2012 | EASS1, GGP3, TSCS2
|
(f) Role conflict private and public sphere
| ||
(1) A working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who doesn’t worka
| 1972/2012 | ALLBUS8, BSA2, EVS3, GSS8, ISSP4, JGSS2, KGSS1, WVS3
|
(2) A preschool child is likely to suffer if his or her mother worksa
| 1972/2012 | ALLBUS8, AuSSA2, BSA3, EVS3, GGP3, GSS8, ISSP4, JGSS9, TSCS4, WVS1
|
(3) A child actually benefits if his or her mother has a job rather than just concentrating on the home | 1982/2012 | ALLBUS8
|
(4) A woman and her family will all be happier if she goes out to work | 1987/1994 | BSA4, ISSP1
|
(5) All in all, family life suffers when the woman has a full-time joba
| 1988/2012 | BSA2, ISSP5, TSCS4
|
(6) A woman should be prepared to cut down on her paid work for the sake of her family | 2004/2010 | ESS3
|
(7) Family life often suffers because men concentrate too much on their work | 1994/2012 | GSS7, ISSP1, KGSS1
|
(8) Being a housewife is just as fulfilling as working for paya
| 1988/2012 | BSA1,EVS3, GGP3, ISSP4, KGSS1, WVS5
|
(9) It is more important for a wife to help her husband’s career than to have one herselfa
| 1972/2012 | ALLBUS8, EASS2, GSS5, JGSS7
|
(10) How much do you agree or disagree that if a woman takes several years off to look after her children it’s only fair her career should suffer. | 1987/1994 | BSA3
|
(11) It is more fulfilling for women to work for pay than to be a homemaker | 1996/2001 | TSCS3
|
(12) Children often suffer because their fathers concentrate too much on their work | 2004/2012 | GGP3
|
(g) Role segregation public sphere
| ||
(1) Women should take care of running their homes and leave running the country up to men
| 1972/1998 | GSS6
|
(2) Tell me if you agree or disagree with this statement: Most men are better suited emotionally for politics than are most women
a
| 1972/2012 | GSS13
|
(3) On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do | 1995/2012 | GGP3, WVS4
|
(4) Politics is a men’s game, it is better for women not to be involved | 1990/2012 | TSCS4
|
(5) On the whole, men make better business executives than women do | 2005/2010 | WVS2
|
(h) Role segregation private sphere
| ||
(1) Men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and childrena
| 2004/2008 | ESS1, EVS1
|
(2) Who do you think should do this—mainly the man, mainly the woman, or should the task be shared equally…(1) look after children when they are sick; (2) teach children discipline; (3) household shopping; (4) make the evening meals; (5) organize the household money and payment of bills; (6) repair the household equipment; (7) the evening dishes; (8) the household cleaning; (9) the washing and ironing/Which one of the following do you think is a fair way for a couple to share household work? Both should do half of the household work/Any method, as long as the couple reaches an agreement/Household work should be assigned according to each spouse’s expertise/skill or preference/Other | 1983/2011 | BSA4, TSCS1
|
(3) Women are more suitable for taking care of the family than men
a
| 1996/2008 | EASS1, TSCS2
|
(4) In general, fathers are as well suited to look after their children as mothers
| 1999/2008 | EVS2
|
(5) If parents’ divorce it is better for the child to stay with the mother than with the father
| 2004/2012 | GGP3
|
(i) Role segregation private and public sphere
| ||
(1) It is much better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and familya/It’s better for a husband to take care of external matters, while a wife takes care of domestic matters/Families are more harmonious when the husband is in charge of the “external” affairs and the wife takes care of the “internal” affairs | 1972/2012 | ALLBUS8, GSS12, TSCS2
|
(2) A man’s job is to earn money; a woman’s job is to look after the home and familya/For a married couple, the husband should be in charge of the “external” affairs, while the wife takes care of the “internal” affairs | 1984/2012 | AuSSA1, BSA6, EASS3, ISSP7, JGSS7, KGSS1, TSCS6
|
(3) Do you approve or disapprove of a married woman earning money in business or industry if she has a husband capable of supporting her?a
| 1972/2012 | ALLBUS8, GSS5, JGSS9
|
(4) When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women/During economic recession, it is all right for women to be laid-off before men/In times of high unemployment married women should stay at home | 1984/2012 | BSA4, EASS1, ESS3, EVS3,GGP3, TSCS1, WVS5
|
(5) It is not good if the man stays at home and cares for the children and the woman goes out to work | 1994/2004 | BSA2, ISSP1,KGSS1
|
(6) Both the husband and the wife should contribute to the household incomea
| 1988/2012 | EVS3, ISSP4, KGSS1, WVS3
|