Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Ambio 6/2013

01-10-2013 | Perspective

Transition to Non-toxic Gunshot Use in Olympic Shooting: Policy Implications for IOC and UNEP in Resolving an Environmental Problem

Authors: Vernon George Thomas, Raimon Guitart

Published in: Ambio | Issue 6/2013

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Olympic shooters discharge, annually, thousands of tons of lead shot which pose toxic risks to animals and may pollute both surface and ground waters. Non-toxic steel shot is an acceptable and effective substitute, but International Shooting Sports Federation (ISSF) rules prevent its adoption. The present policy and rules of the ISSF on lead shot use contravene the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Charter position on environmental protection. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), a formal Olympic partner on environmental protection, has no stated policy on contamination from lead ammunition, despite having declared lead a Priority Area for remedial action, and is pressing to remove lead from the global human environment. The IOC Sport and Environment Commission and UNEP could examine the continued use of lead shot ammunition and advise the IOC Executive Board on appropriate changes in policy and rules that could halt the massive lead shot contamination of shooting range environments world-wide.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Footnotes
1
The number of qualifiers shooting at the 2012 Olympic Games were: Mens’ Double Trap 24, Mens’ Trap 34, Mens’ Skeet 36, Womens’ Trap 22, Womens’ Skeet 17.
 
2
Based on one cartridge containing 24.5 g of lead shot and 1000 cartridges fired per week for 52 weeks.
 
3
Correspondence between the President and Secretary General of the UIT and the President of the IOC, December 4, 1993. Correspondence is on file with V.G. Thomas, and is available on request.
 
4
Correspondence from J. Samaranch to authors, August 10, 1999, on file with V.G. Thomas, and is available on request.
 
Literature
go back to reference Adriano, D.C. 2001. Lead. In Trace elements in terrestrial environments: Biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals, ed. D.C. Adriano, 349–410. New York: Springer.CrossRef Adriano, D.C. 2001. Lead. In Trace elements in terrestrial environments: Biogeochemistry, bioavailability, and risks of metals, ed. D.C. Adriano, 349–410. New York: Springer.CrossRef
go back to reference Ahmad, M., S.S. Lee, D.H. Moon, J.E. Yang, and Y.S. Ok. 2012. A review of environmental contamination and remediation strategies for heavy metals at shooting range soils. In Environmental protection strategies for sustainable development, strategies for sustainability, ed. A. Malik, and E. Grohmann, 437–451. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1591-2_14.CrossRef Ahmad, M., S.S. Lee, D.H. Moon, J.E. Yang, and Y.S. Ok. 2012. A review of environmental contamination and remediation strategies for heavy metals at shooting range soils. In Environmental protection strategies for sustainable development, strategies for sustainability, ed. A. Malik, and E. Grohmann, 437–451. New York: Springer. doi:10.​1007/​978-94-007-1591-2_​14.CrossRef
go back to reference Avery, D., and R.T. Watson. 2009. Regulation of lead-based ammunition around the world. In Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans, ed. R.T. Watson, M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W.G. Hunt, 161–168. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. Avery, D., and R.T. Watson. 2009. Regulation of lead-based ammunition around the world. In Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans, ed. R.T. Watson, M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W.G. Hunt, 161–168. Boise: The Peregrine Fund.
go back to reference Beintema, N. 2008. Non-toxic shot: A path towards sustainable use of the waterbird resource. Technology Series No. 3, 30 pp. Bonn: UNEP/AEWA Secretariat. Beintema, N. 2008. Non-toxic shot: A path towards sustainable use of the waterbird resource. Technology Series No. 3, 30 pp. Bonn: UNEP/AEWA Secretariat.
go back to reference Bogard, J.S., K.L. Yuracko, M.E. Murray, R.A. Lowden, and N.L. Vaughn. 1999. Application of life cycle analysis: The case of green bullets. Environmental Management and Health 10: 282–289. doi:10.1108/09566169910289441.CrossRef Bogard, J.S., K.L. Yuracko, M.E. Murray, R.A. Lowden, and N.L. Vaughn. 1999. Application of life cycle analysis: The case of green bullets. Environmental Management and Health 10: 282–289. doi:10.​1108/​0956616991028944​1.CrossRef
go back to reference Booth, L.H., F. Palazs, C. Darling, R. Lanno, and M. Wickstrom. 2003. The effect of lead-contaminated soil from Canadian Prairie skeet ranges on the neutral red retention assay and fecundity in the earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22: 2446–2453. doi:10.1897/02-582.CrossRef Booth, L.H., F. Palazs, C. Darling, R. Lanno, and M. Wickstrom. 2003. The effect of lead-contaminated soil from Canadian Prairie skeet ranges on the neutral red retention assay and fecundity in the earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22: 2446–2453. doi:10.​1897/​02-582.CrossRef
go back to reference Bousfield, D., and J.M. Montsion. 2012. Transforming an international organization: Norm confusion and the International Olympic Committee. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics 15: 823–838. doi:10.1080/17430437.2012.708284. Bousfield, D., and J.M. Montsion. 2012. Transforming an international organization: Norm confusion and the International Olympic Committee. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics 15: 823–838. doi:10.​1080/​17430437.​2012.​708284.
go back to reference Ceccarelli, G., and S. Rosi. 2004. Future range design. In Sport shooting and the environment: Sustainable use of lead ammunition. Proceedings of the World Symposium on Lead Ammunition, September 9–10, 273–278. Rome: World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities. Ceccarelli, G., and S. Rosi. 2004. Future range design. In Sport shooting and the environment: Sustainable use of lead ammunition. Proceedings of the World Symposium on Lead Ammunition, September 9–10, 273–278. Rome: World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities.
go back to reference Chrastný, V., M. Komárek, and T. Hájek. 2010. Lead contamination of an agricultural soil in the vicinity of a shooting range. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 162: 37–46. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-0774-3.CrossRef Chrastný, V., M. Komárek, and T. Hájek. 2010. Lead contamination of an agricultural soil in the vicinity of a shooting range. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 162: 37–46. doi:10.​1007/​s10661-009-0774-3.CrossRef
go back to reference Darling, C.T.R., and V.G. Thomas. 2003. The distribution of outdoor shooting ranges in Ontario and the potential for lead pollution of soil and water. Science of the Total Environment 313: 235–243. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00328-0.CrossRef Darling, C.T.R., and V.G. Thomas. 2003. The distribution of outdoor shooting ranges in Ontario and the potential for lead pollution of soil and water. Science of the Total Environment 313: 235–243. doi:10.​1016/​S0048-9697(03)00328-0.CrossRef
go back to reference IOC. 2012. Factsheet. The environment and sustainable development. Update, July, 2012. International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland. IOC. 2012. Factsheet. The environment and sustainable development. Update, July, 2012. International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.
go back to reference ISSF. 2012. Shotgun rules for trap, double trap and skeet. In Official Statutes Rules and Regulations, 2009 Edition, 359–422. Retrieved August 8, 2012, from www.issf-sports.org. ISSF. 2012. Shotgun rules for trap, double trap and skeet. In Official Statutes Rules and Regulations, 2009 Edition, 359–422. Retrieved August 8, 2012, from www.​issf-sports.​org.
go back to reference Jørgensen, S.S., and M. Willems. 1987. The fate of lead in soils. The transformation of lead pellets in shooting range soils. AMBIO 16: 11–15. Jørgensen, S.S., and M. Willems. 1987. The fate of lead in soils. The transformation of lead pellets in shooting range soils. AMBIO 16: 11–15.
go back to reference Labare, M.P., M.A. Butkus, D. Riegner, N. Schommer, and J. Atkinson. 2004. Evaluation of lead movement from the abiotic to biotic at a small-arms firing range. Environmental Geology 46: 750–754. doi:10.1007/s00254-004-1097-x.CrossRef Labare, M.P., M.A. Butkus, D. Riegner, N. Schommer, and J. Atkinson. 2004. Evaluation of lead movement from the abiotic to biotic at a small-arms firing range. Environmental Geology 46: 750–754. doi:10.​1007/​s00254-004-1097-x.CrossRef
go back to reference Lee, S.-Z., L. Chang, H.-H. Yang, C.-M. Chen, and M.-C. Liu. 1998. Adsorption characteristics of lead onto soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials A63: 37–49.CrossRef Lee, S.-Z., L. Chang, H.-H. Yang, C.-M. Chen, and M.-C. Liu. 1998. Adsorption characteristics of lead onto soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials A63: 37–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Lessler, M.A. 1988. Lead and lead poisoning from antiquity to modern times. Ohio Journal of Science 88: 78–84. Lessler, M.A. 1988. Lead and lead poisoning from antiquity to modern times. Ohio Journal of Science 88: 78–84.
go back to reference Lewis, L.A., R.J. Poppenga, W.R. Davidson, J.R. Fischer, and K.A. Morgan. 2001. Lead toxicosis and trace element levels in wild birds and mammals at a firearms training facility. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41: 208–214. doi:10.1007/s002440010239.CrossRef Lewis, L.A., R.J. Poppenga, W.R. Davidson, J.R. Fischer, and K.A. Morgan. 2001. Lead toxicosis and trace element levels in wild birds and mammals at a firearms training facility. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41: 208–214. doi:10.​1007/​s002440010239.CrossRef
go back to reference Lin, Z., B. Comet, U. Qvarfort, and R. Herbert. 1995. The chemical and mineralogical behaviour of Pb in shooting range soils from central Sweden. Environmental Pollution 89: 303–309.CrossRef Lin, Z., B. Comet, U. Qvarfort, and R. Herbert. 1995. The chemical and mineralogical behaviour of Pb in shooting range soils from central Sweden. Environmental Pollution 89: 303–309.CrossRef
go back to reference Ma, W. 1989. Effect of soil pollution with metallic lead pellets on lead bioaccumulation and organ/body weight alterations in small mammals. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18: 617–622.CrossRef Ma, W. 1989. Effect of soil pollution with metallic lead pellets on lead bioaccumulation and organ/body weight alterations in small mammals. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18: 617–622.CrossRef
go back to reference Manninen, S., and N. Tanskanen. 1993. Transfer of lead from shotgun pellets to humus and three plant species in a Finnish shooting range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24: 410–414.CrossRef Manninen, S., and N. Tanskanen. 1993. Transfer of lead from shotgun pellets to humus and three plant species in a Finnish shooting range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24: 410–414.CrossRef
go back to reference Murray, K., A. Bazzi, C. Carter, A. Ehlert, A. Harris, M. Kopec, J. Richardson, and H. Sokol. 1997. Distribution and mobility of lead in soils at an outdoor shooting range. Journal of Soil Contamination 6: 79–93.CrossRef Murray, K., A. Bazzi, C. Carter, A. Ehlert, A. Harris, M. Kopec, J. Richardson, and H. Sokol. 1997. Distribution and mobility of lead in soils at an outdoor shooting range. Journal of Soil Contamination 6: 79–93.CrossRef
go back to reference Nriagu, J.O. 1983. Lead and lead poisoning in antiquity. New York: Wiley. Nriagu, J.O. 1983. Lead and lead poisoning in antiquity. New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Picatinny Arsenal. 2010. Army begins shipping improved 5.56 mm cartridge. News release. June 23, 2010. Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA, 2 pp. Picatinny Arsenal. 2010. Army begins shipping improved 5.56 mm cartridge. News release. June 23, 2010. Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, USA, 2 pp.
go back to reference Rantalainen, M.-L., M. Torkkeli, R. Strömmer, and H. Setälä. 2006. Lead contamination of an old shooting range affecting the local ecosystem. A case study with a holistic approach. Science of the Total Environment 369: 99–108. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.05.005.CrossRef Rantalainen, M.-L., M. Torkkeli, R. Strömmer, and H. Setälä. 2006. Lead contamination of an old shooting range affecting the local ecosystem. A case study with a holistic approach. Science of the Total Environment 369: 99–108. doi:10.​1016/​j.​scitotenv.​2006.​05.​005.CrossRef
go back to reference Rooney, C.P., R.G. MClaren, and R.J. Cresswell. 1999. Distribution and phytoavailability of lead in a soil contaminated with lead shot. Water, Air, and Soil pollution 116: 535–548.CrossRef Rooney, C.P., R.G. MClaren, and R.J. Cresswell. 1999. Distribution and phytoavailability of lead in a soil contaminated with lead shot. Water, Air, and Soil pollution 116: 535–548.CrossRef
go back to reference Roscoe, D.E., L. Widjeskog, and W. Stansley. 1989. Lead poisoning of northern pintail ducks feeding in a tidal meadow contaminated with shot from a trap and skeet range. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42: 226–233.CrossRef Roscoe, D.E., L. Widjeskog, and W. Stansley. 1989. Lead poisoning of northern pintail ducks feeding in a tidal meadow contaminated with shot from a trap and skeet range. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42: 226–233.CrossRef
go back to reference Sauvé, S., M. McBride, and W. Hendershot. 1998. Soil solution speciation of lead(II): Effects of organic matter and pH. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 618–621.CrossRef Sauvé, S., M. McBride, and W. Hendershot. 1998. Soil solution speciation of lead(II): Effects of organic matter and pH. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62: 618–621.CrossRef
go back to reference Sears, J., and A. Hunt. 1991. Lead poisoning in Mute Swans, Cygnus olor, in England. In Proceedings of the Third IWRB International Swan Symposium, Oxford, 1989, ed. J. Sears, and P.J. Bacon, Wildfowl—Supplement No. 1, 383–388. Slimbridge: International Waterbird Research Bureau. Sears, J., and A. Hunt. 1991. Lead poisoning in Mute Swans, Cygnus olor, in England. In Proceedings of the Third IWRB International Swan Symposium, Oxford, 1989, ed. J. Sears, and P.J. Bacon, Wildfowl—Supplement No. 1, 383–388. Slimbridge: International Waterbird Research Bureau.
go back to reference Sorvari, J. 2011. Shooting ranges: Environmental contamination. In Encyclopedia of environmental health, vol. 5, ed. J.O. Nriagu, 41–50. Burlington: Elsevier.CrossRef Sorvari, J. 2011. Shooting ranges: Environmental contamination. In Encyclopedia of environmental health, vol. 5, ed. J.O. Nriagu, 41–50. Burlington: Elsevier.CrossRef
go back to reference Stansley, W., and D.E. Roscoe. 1996. The uptake and effects of lead in small mammals and frogs at a trap and skeet range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30: 220–226.CrossRef Stansley, W., and D.E. Roscoe. 1996. The uptake and effects of lead in small mammals and frogs at a trap and skeet range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30: 220–226.CrossRef
go back to reference Stansley, W., L. Widjeskog, and D.E. Roscoe. 1992. Lead contamination and mobility in surface water at trap and skeet ranges. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49: 640–647.CrossRef Stansley, W., L. Widjeskog, and D.E. Roscoe. 1992. Lead contamination and mobility in surface water at trap and skeet ranges. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49: 640–647.CrossRef
go back to reference Takamatsu, T., T. Murata, M. Koshikawa, and M. Watanabe. 2010. Weathering and dissolution rates among Pb shot pellets of differing elemental compositions exposed to various aqueous and soil conditions. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59: 91–99. doi:10.1007/s00244-009-9449-x.CrossRef Takamatsu, T., T. Murata, M. Koshikawa, and M. Watanabe. 2010. Weathering and dissolution rates among Pb shot pellets of differing elemental compositions exposed to various aqueous and soil conditions. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 59: 91–99. doi:10.​1007/​s00244-009-9449-x.CrossRef
go back to reference Thomas, V.G. 2003. Harmonizing approval of non-toxic shot and sinkers in North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 292–295. Thomas, V.G. 2003. Harmonizing approval of non-toxic shot and sinkers in North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 292–295.
go back to reference Thomas, V.G. 2009. The policy and legislative dimensions of non-toxic shot and bullet use in North America. In Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans, ed. R.T. Watson, M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W.G. Hunt, 351–362. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. doi:10.4080/ilsa.2009.0311. Thomas, V.G. 2009. The policy and legislative dimensions of non-toxic shot and bullet use in North America. In Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans, ed. R.T. Watson, M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W.G. Hunt, 351–362. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. doi:10.​4080/​ilsa.​2009.​0311.
go back to reference Thomas, V.G., and R. Guitart. 2005. Role of international conventions in promoting avian conservation through reduced lead toxicosis: Progression towards a non-toxic agenda. Bird Conservation International 15: 147–160. doi:10.1017/S0959270905000110.CrossRef Thomas, V.G., and R. Guitart. 2005. Role of international conventions in promoting avian conservation through reduced lead toxicosis: Progression towards a non-toxic agenda. Bird Conservation International 15: 147–160. doi:10.​1017/​S095927090500011​0.CrossRef
go back to reference Thomas, V.G., and R. Guitart. 2010. Limitations of European Union policy and law for regulating use of lead shot and sinkers: Comparisons with North American regulation. Environment Policy and Governance 20: 57–72. doi:10.1002/eet.527.CrossRef Thomas, V.G., and R. Guitart. 2010. Limitations of European Union policy and law for regulating use of lead shot and sinkers: Comparisons with North American regulation. Environment Policy and Governance 20: 57–72. doi:10.​1002/​eet.​527.CrossRef
go back to reference UNEP. 2006. Interim review of scientific information on lead. Appendix. Overview of existing and future national actions, including legislation, relevant to lead. DTIE/Chemicals. United Nations Environment Programme, Paris, France, 76 pp. UNEP. 2006. Interim review of scientific information on lead. Appendix. Overview of existing and future national actions, including legislation, relevant to lead. DTIE/Chemicals. United Nations Environment Programme, Paris, France, 76 pp.
go back to reference UNEP. 2012c. Global chemicals outlook: Towards sound management of chemicals. United Nations Environment Programme, Paris, France, 44 pp. UNEP. 2012c. Global chemicals outlook: Towards sound management of chemicals. United Nations Environment Programme, Paris, France, 44 pp.
go back to reference Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, G.H. Heinz, W.N. Beyer, J.A. Jaquette, and J.M. Mengelkoch. 2000. Lead poisoning of passerines at a trap and skeet range. Environmental Pollution 107: 159–166.CrossRef Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, G.H. Heinz, W.N. Beyer, J.A. Jaquette, and J.M. Mengelkoch. 2000. Lead poisoning of passerines at a trap and skeet range. Environmental Pollution 107: 159–166.CrossRef
go back to reference Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, and G.H. Heinz. 2001. Lead shot toxicity to passerines. Environmental Pollution 111: 135–138.CrossRef Vyas, N.B., J.W. Spann, and G.H. Heinz. 2001. Lead shot toxicity to passerines. Environmental Pollution 111: 135–138.CrossRef
go back to reference Watson, R.T., M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W.G. Hunt. 2009. Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans. Boise: The Peregrine Fund. Watson, R.T., M. Fuller, M. Pokras, and W.G. Hunt. 2009. Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans. Boise: The Peregrine Fund.
go back to reference WFSA. 2004. Sport shooting and the environment: Sustainable use of lead ammunition. In Proceedings of the World Symposium on Lead Ammunition, September 9–10, Rome, Italy. World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities, Rome, Italy. WFSA. 2004. Sport shooting and the environment: Sustainable use of lead ammunition. In Proceedings of the World Symposium on Lead Ammunition, September 9–10, Rome, Italy. World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities, Rome, Italy.
go back to reference Zheng, G., S. Xu, M. Liang, D. Dermatas, and X. Xu. 2011. Transformations of organic carbon and its impact on lead weathering in shooting range soils. Environment and Earth Science 64: 2241–2246. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-1052-6.CrossRef Zheng, G., S. Xu, M. Liang, D. Dermatas, and X. Xu. 2011. Transformations of organic carbon and its impact on lead weathering in shooting range soils. Environment and Earth Science 64: 2241–2246. doi:10.​1007/​s12665-011-1052-6.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Transition to Non-toxic Gunshot Use in Olympic Shooting: Policy Implications for IOC and UNEP in Resolving an Environmental Problem
Authors
Vernon George Thomas
Raimon Guitart
Publication date
01-10-2013
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Ambio / Issue 6/2013
Print ISSN: 0044-7447
Electronic ISSN: 1654-7209
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0393-7

Other articles of this Issue 6/2013

Ambio 6/2013 Go to the issue