Skip to main content
Top

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

5. Bioanalytical Advancements in the Reliable Visualization and Discrimination of Bodily Fluids

Authors : James Gooch, Alvaro Varela Morillas, Nunzianda Frascione

Published in: Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of Forensic Traces

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Body fluids are an important form of biological trace evidence that can be used to substantially inform many aspects of criminal investigations; fluids such as blood, semen, and saliva can provide investigators with more information about the specific nature of an offence and associate individuals with a crime via DNA profiling. However, many of the techniques currently used to locate and identify body fluids left at crime scenes suffer from low specificity, sample destruction and lengthy operation times. As a result, many members of the forensic and academic communities are working together towards the development of new rapid, sensitive and specific body fluid analysis methods. This chapter initially provides an overview of the fluid detection and attribution strategies currently employed within routine forensic casework and their associated weaknesses. Next, a selection of spectroscopic and molecular techniques that show the most promise as replacements for traditional fluid testing strategies, along with the merits and limitations of each method, are described.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Cleland JD, Johnson E, Morel PCH, Kenyon PR, Waterland MR (2018) Mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a tool for forage feed composition prediction. Anim Feed Sci Tech 241:102–111CrossRef Cleland JD, Johnson E, Morel PCH, Kenyon PR, Waterland MR (2018) Mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy as a tool for forage feed composition prediction. Anim Feed Sci Tech 241:102–111CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Kayser M (2015) Forensic DNA phenotyping: predicting human appearance from crime scene material for investigative purposes. Forensic Sci Int Genet 18:33–48CrossRefPubMed Kayser M (2015) Forensic DNA phenotyping: predicting human appearance from crime scene material for investigative purposes. Forensic Sci Int Genet 18:33–48CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Virkler K, Lednev IK (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: from laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Sci Int 188(1–3):1–17CrossRefPubMed Virkler K, Lednev IK (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: from laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Sci Int 188(1–3):1–17CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Lee W, Khoo B (2010) Forensic light sources for detection of biological evidences in crime scene investigation: a review. Malaysian J Forensic Sci 1:17–28 Lee W, Khoo B (2010) Forensic light sources for detection of biological evidences in crime scene investigation: a review. Malaysian J Forensic Sci 1:17–28
5.
go back to reference Specht W (1937) Die Chemiluminescenz des Hämins, ein Hilfsmittel zur Auffindung und Erkennung forensisch wichtiger Blutspuren. Dtsch Z Gesamte Gerichtl Med 28(1):225–234 Specht W (1937) Die Chemiluminescenz des Hämins, ein Hilfsmittel zur Auffindung und Erkennung forensisch wichtiger Blutspuren. Dtsch Z Gesamte Gerichtl Med 28(1):225–234
6.
go back to reference Dilbeck L (2006) Use of Bluestar Forensic in lieu of luminol at crime scenes. J Forensic Identif 56(5):706 Dilbeck L (2006) Use of Bluestar Forensic in lieu of luminol at crime scenes. J Forensic Identif 56(5):706
7.
go back to reference Monk JW (1991) Fluorescent bloodstain detection: a replacement for luminol. California Criminalistics Institute, California, USA Monk JW (1991) Fluorescent bloodstain detection: a replacement for luminol. California Criminalistics Institute, California, USA
8.
go back to reference Lowis T, Leslie K, Barksdale LE, Carter DO (2012) Determining the sensitivity and reliability of hemascein. J Forensic Identif 62(3):204–214 Lowis T, Leslie K, Barksdale LE, Carter DO (2012) Determining the sensitivity and reliability of hemascein. J Forensic Identif 62(3):204–214
9.
go back to reference Radacher M, Dunkelmann B, Höckner G, Neuhuber F, Pölzgutter E, Breksler E, Baderer D, Steinletzberger N (2011) Luminol im Vergleich mit Fluorescein und Blue Star, Blue Star Forensic Magnum im Vergleich mit Lumiscene. Kriminalistik 3:180–184 Radacher M, Dunkelmann B, Höckner G, Neuhuber F, Pölzgutter E, Breksler E, Baderer D, Steinletzberger N (2011) Luminol im Vergleich mit Fluorescein und Blue Star, Blue Star Forensic Magnum im Vergleich mit Lumiscene. Kriminalistik 3:180–184
10.
go back to reference Kind SS (1956) The use of the acid phosphatase test in searching for seminal stains. J Crim Law Criminol 47:597CrossRef Kind SS (1956) The use of the acid phosphatase test in searching for seminal stains. J Crim Law Criminol 47:597CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Hedman J, Gustavsson K, Ansell R (2008) Using the new Phadebas® Forensic Press test to find crime scene saliva stains suitable for DNA analysis. Forensic Sci Int Genet 1(1):430–432CrossRef Hedman J, Gustavsson K, Ansell R (2008) Using the new Phadebas® Forensic Press test to find crime scene saliva stains suitable for DNA analysis. Forensic Sci Int Genet 1(1):430–432CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Gill P (2016) Analysis and implications of the miscarriages of justice of Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito. Forensic Sci Int Genet 23:9–18CrossRefPubMed Gill P (2016) Analysis and implications of the miscarriages of justice of Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito. Forensic Sci Int Genet 23:9–18CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Leonards JR (1962) Simple test for hematuria compared with established tests. JAMA 179(10):807–808CrossRefPubMed Leonards JR (1962) Simple test for hematuria compared with established tests. JAMA 179(10):807–808CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Glaister J (1926) The Kastle-Meyer test for the detection of blood—considered from the medico-legal aspect. Brit Med J 1926(3406):650–652CrossRef Glaister J (1926) The Kastle-Meyer test for the detection of blood—considered from the medico-legal aspect. Brit Med J 1926(3406):650–652CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Adler O, Adler R (1904) Über das Verhalten gewisser organischer Verbindungen gegenüber Blut mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nachweises von Blut. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z Physiol Chem 41 Adler O, Adler R (1904) Über das Verhalten gewisser organischer Verbindungen gegenüber Blut mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Nachweises von Blut. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z Physiol Chem 41
16.
go back to reference Johnston S, Newman J, Frappier R (2003) Validation study of the Abacus Diagnostics ABAcard® HemaTrace® membrane test for the forensic identification of human blood. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 36(3):173–183CrossRef Johnston S, Newman J, Frappier R (2003) Validation study of the Abacus Diagnostics ABAcard® HemaTrace® membrane test for the forensic identification of human blood. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 36(3):173–183CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Hochmeister MN, Budowle B, Sparkes R, Rudin O, Gehrig C, Thali M, Schmidt L, Cordier A, Dirnhofer R (1999) Validation studies of an immunochromatographic 1-step test for the forensic identification of human blood. J Forensic Sci 44(3):597–602CrossRefPubMed Hochmeister MN, Budowle B, Sparkes R, Rudin O, Gehrig C, Thali M, Schmidt L, Cordier A, Dirnhofer R (1999) Validation studies of an immunochromatographic 1-step test for the forensic identification of human blood. J Forensic Sci 44(3):597–602CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Misencik A, Laux DL (2007) Validation study of the seratec hemdirect hemoglobin assay for the forensic identification of human blood. MAFS Newslett 36(2):18–26 Misencik A, Laux DL (2007) Validation study of the seratec hemdirect hemoglobin assay for the forensic identification of human blood. MAFS Newslett 36(2):18–26
19.
go back to reference Schweers BA, Old J, Boonlayangoor PW, Reich KA (2008) Developmental validation of a novel lateral flow strip test for rapid identification of human blood (rapid stain identification–blood). Forensic Sci Int Genet 2(3):243–247CrossRefPubMed Schweers BA, Old J, Boonlayangoor PW, Reich KA (2008) Developmental validation of a novel lateral flow strip test for rapid identification of human blood (rapid stain identification–blood). Forensic Sci Int Genet 2(3):243–247CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Takayama M (1912) A method for identifying blood by hemochromogen crystallization. J Kokka Igakkai Zasshi 306:15–33 Takayama M (1912) A method for identifying blood by hemochromogen crystallization. J Kokka Igakkai Zasshi 306:15–33
21.
go back to reference Teichmann L (1853) Ueber die Krystallisation des orpnischen Be-standtheile des Blutes. Ration Med 3:375–388 Teichmann L (1853) Ueber die Krystallisation des orpnischen Be-standtheile des Blutes. Ration Med 3:375–388
23.
go back to reference Kearsey J, Louie H, Poon H (2001) Validation study of the “Onestep Abacard® PSA Test” kit for RCMP Casework. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 34(2):63–72CrossRef Kearsey J, Louie H, Poon H (2001) Validation study of the “Onestep Abacard® PSA Test” kit for RCMP Casework. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 34(2):63–72CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Maher J, Vintiner S, Elliot D, Melia L (2002) Evaluation of the BioSign (TM) PSA membrane test for the identification of semen stains in forensic casework. New Zeal Med J 115(1147):48–49PubMed Maher J, Vintiner S, Elliot D, Melia L (2002) Evaluation of the BioSign (TM) PSA membrane test for the identification of semen stains in forensic casework. New Zeal Med J 115(1147):48–49PubMed
25.
go back to reference Gartside BO, Brewer KJ, Strong CL (2003) Estimation of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) extraction efficiency from forensic samples using the seratec PSA Semiquant Semiquantitative Membrane test. FSC 5(2):1–4 Gartside BO, Brewer KJ, Strong CL (2003) Estimation of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) extraction efficiency from forensic samples using the seratec PSA Semiquant Semiquantitative Membrane test. FSC 5(2):1–4
26.
go back to reference Old J, Schweers BA, Boonlayangoor PW, Fischer B, Miller KW, Reich K (2012) Developmental validation of RSID™-semen: a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test for the forensic detection of human semen. J Forensic Sci 57(2):489–499CrossRefPubMed Old J, Schweers BA, Boonlayangoor PW, Fischer B, Miller KW, Reich K (2012) Developmental validation of RSID™-semen: a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test for the forensic detection of human semen. J Forensic Sci 57(2):489–499CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Willott GM (1974) An improved test for the detection of salivary amylase in stains. J Forensic Sci Soc 14(4):341–344CrossRefPubMed Willott GM (1974) An improved test for the detection of salivary amylase in stains. J Forensic Sci Soc 14(4):341–344CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Old JB, Schweers BA, Boonlayangoor PW, Reich KA (2009) Developmental validation of RSID™-saliva: a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test for the forensic detection of saliva. J Forensic Sci 54(4):866–873CrossRefPubMed Old JB, Schweers BA, Boonlayangoor PW, Reich KA (2009) Developmental validation of RSID™-saliva: a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test for the forensic detection of saliva. J Forensic Sci 54(4):866–873CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Barbaro A, Cormaci P, Votano S, La Marca A (2015) Evaluation study about the SERATEC (R) rapid tests. Forensic Sci Int Genet 5:E63–E64CrossRef Barbaro A, Cormaci P, Votano S, La Marca A (2015) Evaluation study about the SERATEC (R) rapid tests. Forensic Sci Int Genet 5:E63–E64CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Pang BC, Cheung BK (2008) Applicability of two commercially available kits for forensic identification of saliva stains. J Forensic Sci 53(5):1117–1122CrossRefPubMed Pang BC, Cheung BK (2008) Applicability of two commercially available kits for forensic identification of saliva stains. J Forensic Sci 53(5):1117–1122CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Ong SY, Wain A, Groombridge L, Grimes E (2012) Forensic identification of urine using the DMAC test: a method validation study. Sci Justice 52(2):90–95CrossRefPubMed Ong SY, Wain A, Groombridge L, Grimes E (2012) Forensic identification of urine using the DMAC test: a method validation study. Sci Justice 52(2):90–95CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Akutsu T, Watanabe K, Sakurada K (2012) Specificity, sensitivity, and operability of RSID™-urine for forensic identification of urine: comparison with Elisa for Tamm-Horsfall protein. J Forensic Sci 57(6):1570–1573CrossRefPubMed Akutsu T, Watanabe K, Sakurada K (2012) Specificity, sensitivity, and operability of RSID™-urine for forensic identification of urine: comparison with Elisa for Tamm-Horsfall protein. J Forensic Sci 57(6):1570–1573CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Romsos EL, Vallone PM (2015) Rapid PCR of STR markers: applications to human identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 18:90–99CrossRefPubMed Romsos EL, Vallone PM (2015) Rapid PCR of STR markers: applications to human identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 18:90–99CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Zapata F, de la Ossa MAF, Garcia-Ruiz C (2015) Emerging spectrometric techniques for the forensic analysis of body fluids. Trends Analyt Chem 64:53–63CrossRef Zapata F, de la Ossa MAF, Garcia-Ruiz C (2015) Emerging spectrometric techniques for the forensic analysis of body fluids. Trends Analyt Chem 64:53–63CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Tobe SS, Watson N, Daeid NN (2007) Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA. J Forensic Sci 52(1):102–109CrossRefPubMed Tobe SS, Watson N, Daeid NN (2007) Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA. J Forensic Sci 52(1):102–109CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Chalmers JM, Edwards HG, Hargreaves MD (2012) Infrared and Raman spectroscopy in forensic science, 1st edn. Wiley Chalmers JM, Edwards HG, Hargreaves MD (2012) Infrared and Raman spectroscopy in forensic science, 1st edn. Wiley
37.
go back to reference Reich G (2005) Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging: basic principles and pharmaceutical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57(8):1109–1143CrossRefPubMed Reich G (2005) Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging: basic principles and pharmaceutical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57(8):1109–1143CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Ozaki Y (2012) Near-infrared spectroscopy—its versatility in analytical chemistry. Anal Sci 28(6):545–563CrossRefPubMed Ozaki Y (2012) Near-infrared spectroscopy—its versatility in analytical chemistry. Anal Sci 28(6):545–563CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Morillas AV, Gooch J, Frascione N (2018) Feasibility of a handheld near infrared device for the qualitative analysis of bloodstains. Talanta 184:1–6CrossRefPubMed Morillas AV, Gooch J, Frascione N (2018) Feasibility of a handheld near infrared device for the qualitative analysis of bloodstains. Talanta 184:1–6CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Pereira JFQ, Silva CS, Vieira MJL, Pimentel MF, Braz A, Honorato RS (2017) Evaluation and identification of blood stains with handheld NIR spectrometer. Microchem J 133:561–566CrossRef Pereira JFQ, Silva CS, Vieira MJL, Pimentel MF, Braz A, Honorato RS (2017) Evaluation and identification of blood stains with handheld NIR spectrometer. Microchem J 133:561–566CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Orphanou CM, Walton-Williams L, Mountain H, Cassella J (2015) The detection and discrimination of human body fluids using ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 252:e10–e16CrossRefPubMed Orphanou CM, Walton-Williams L, Mountain H, Cassella J (2015) The detection and discrimination of human body fluids using ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 252:e10–e16CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Elkins KM (2011) Rapid presumptive “fingerprinting” of body fluids and materials by ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. J Forensic Sci 56(6):1580–1587CrossRefPubMed Elkins KM (2011) Rapid presumptive “fingerprinting” of body fluids and materials by ATR FT-IR spectroscopy. J Forensic Sci 56(6):1580–1587CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Sikirzhytski V, Sikirzhytskaya A, Lednev IK (2011) Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signatures as a tool for forensic identification of body fluid traces: a review. Appl Spectrosc 65(11):1223–1232CrossRefPubMed Sikirzhytski V, Sikirzhytskaya A, Lednev IK (2011) Multidimensional Raman spectroscopic signatures as a tool for forensic identification of body fluid traces: a review. Appl Spectrosc 65(11):1223–1232CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference De Wael K, Lepot L, Gason F, Gilbert B (2008) In search of blood–detection of minute particles using spectroscopic methods. Forensic Sci Int 180(1):37–42CrossRefPubMed De Wael K, Lepot L, Gason F, Gilbert B (2008) In search of blood–detection of minute particles using spectroscopic methods. Forensic Sci Int 180(1):37–42CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Muro CK, Doty KC, Fernandes LD, Lednev IK (2016) Forensic body fluid identification and differentiation by Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Chem 1:31–38CrossRef Muro CK, Doty KC, Fernandes LD, Lednev IK (2016) Forensic body fluid identification and differentiation by Raman spectroscopy. Forensic Chem 1:31–38CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Doty KC, Lednev IK (2018) Differentiating donor age groups based on Raman spectroscopy of bloodstains for forensic purposes. ACS Cent Sci 4(7):862–867CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Doty KC, Lednev IK (2018) Differentiating donor age groups based on Raman spectroscopy of bloodstains for forensic purposes. ACS Cent Sci 4(7):862–867CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Muro CK, de Souza Fernandes L, Lednev IK (2016) Sex determination based on Raman spectroscopy of saliva traces for forensic purposes. Anal Chem 88(24):12489–12493CrossRefPubMed Muro CK, de Souza Fernandes L, Lednev IK (2016) Sex determination based on Raman spectroscopy of saliva traces for forensic purposes. Anal Chem 88(24):12489–12493CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Mistek E, Halamkova L, Doty KC, Muro CK, Lednev IK (2016) Race differentiation by Raman spectroscopy of a bloodstain for forensic purposes. Anal Chem 88(15):7453–7456CrossRefPubMed Mistek E, Halamkova L, Doty KC, Muro CK, Lednev IK (2016) Race differentiation by Raman spectroscopy of a bloodstain for forensic purposes. Anal Chem 88(15):7453–7456CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Boyd S, Bertino MF, Ye D, White LS, Seashols SJ (2013) Highly sensitive detection of blood by surface enhanced Raman scattering. J Forensic Sci 58(3):753–756CrossRefPubMed Boyd S, Bertino MF, Ye D, White LS, Seashols SJ (2013) Highly sensitive detection of blood by surface enhanced Raman scattering. J Forensic Sci 58(3):753–756CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Sikirzhytski V, Virkler K, Lednev IK (2010) Discriminant analysis of Raman spectra for body fluid identification for forensic purposes. Sensors (Basel) 10(4):2869–2884CrossRef Sikirzhytski V, Virkler K, Lednev IK (2010) Discriminant analysis of Raman spectra for body fluid identification for forensic purposes. Sensors (Basel) 10(4):2869–2884CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Edelman GJ, Gaston E, van Leeuwen TG, Cullen PJ, Aalders MC (2012) Hyperspectral imaging for non-contact analysis of forensic traces. Forensic Sci Int 223(1–3):28–39CrossRefPubMed Edelman GJ, Gaston E, van Leeuwen TG, Cullen PJ, Aalders MC (2012) Hyperspectral imaging for non-contact analysis of forensic traces. Forensic Sci Int 223(1–3):28–39CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Edelman G, van Leeuwen TG, Aalders MC (2012) Hyperspectral imaging for the age estimation of blood stains at the crime scene. Forensic Sci Int 223(1–3):72–77CrossRefPubMed Edelman G, van Leeuwen TG, Aalders MC (2012) Hyperspectral imaging for the age estimation of blood stains at the crime scene. Forensic Sci Int 223(1–3):72–77CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Li B, Beveridge P, O’Hare WT, Islam M (2013) The age estimation of blood stains up to 30 days old using visible wavelength hyperspectral image analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Sci Justice 53(3):270–277CrossRefPubMed Li B, Beveridge P, O’Hare WT, Islam M (2013) The age estimation of blood stains up to 30 days old using visible wavelength hyperspectral image analysis and linear discriminant analysis. Sci Justice 53(3):270–277CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Li B, Beveridge P, O’Hare WT, Islam M (2014) The application of visible wavelength reflectance hyperspectral imaging for the detection and identification of blood stains. Sci Justice 54(6):432–438CrossRefPubMed Li B, Beveridge P, O’Hare WT, Islam M (2014) The application of visible wavelength reflectance hyperspectral imaging for the detection and identification of blood stains. Sci Justice 54(6):432–438CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Edelman GJ, van Leeuwen TG, Aalders MC (2015) Visualization of latent blood stains using visible reflectance hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics. J Forensic Sci 60 Suppl 1(s1):S188–S192 Edelman GJ, van Leeuwen TG, Aalders MC (2015) Visualization of latent blood stains using visible reflectance hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics. J Forensic Sci 60 Suppl 1(s1):S188–S192
56.
go back to reference Edelman G, Manti V, van Ruth SM, van Leeuwen T, Aalders M (2012) Identification and age estimation of blood stains on colored backgrounds by near infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 220(1–3):239–244CrossRefPubMed Edelman G, Manti V, van Ruth SM, van Leeuwen T, Aalders M (2012) Identification and age estimation of blood stains on colored backgrounds by near infrared spectroscopy. Forensic Sci Int 220(1–3):239–244CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Zapata F, Ortega-Ojeda FE, Garcia-Ruiz C (2017) Revealing the location of semen, vaginal fluid and urine in stained evidence through near infrared chemical imaging. Talanta 166:292–299CrossRefPubMed Zapata F, Ortega-Ojeda FE, Garcia-Ruiz C (2017) Revealing the location of semen, vaginal fluid and urine in stained evidence through near infrared chemical imaging. Talanta 166:292–299CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Silva CS, Pimentel MF, Amigo JM, Honorato RS, Pasquini C (2017) Detecting semen stains on fabrics using near infrared hyperspectral images and multivariate models. Trends Analyt Chem 95:23–35CrossRef Silva CS, Pimentel MF, Amigo JM, Honorato RS, Pasquini C (2017) Detecting semen stains on fabrics using near infrared hyperspectral images and multivariate models. Trends Analyt Chem 95:23–35CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Sijen T (2015) Molecular approaches for forensic cell type identification: on mRNA, miRNA, DNA methylation and microbial markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 18:21–32CrossRefPubMed Sijen T (2015) Molecular approaches for forensic cell type identification: on mRNA, miRNA, DNA methylation and microbial markers. Forensic Sci Int Genet 18:21–32CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Park JL, Park SM, Kim JH, Lee HC, Lee SH, Woo KM, Kim SY (2013) Forensic body fluid identification by analysis of multiple RNA markers using nanostring technology. Genomics Inform 11(4):277–281CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Park JL, Park SM, Kim JH, Lee HC, Lee SH, Woo KM, Kim SY (2013) Forensic body fluid identification by analysis of multiple RNA markers using nanostring technology. Genomics Inform 11(4):277–281CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
61.
go back to reference Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2007) mRNA profiling for body fluid identification by multiplex quantitative RT-PCR. J Forensic Sci 52(6):1252–1262PubMed Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2007) mRNA profiling for body fluid identification by multiplex quantitative RT-PCR. J Forensic Sci 52(6):1252–1262PubMed
62.
go back to reference Fang R, Manohar CF, Shulse C, Brevnov M, Wong A, Petrauskene OV, Brzoska P, Furtado MR (2006) Real-time PCR assays for the detection of tissue and body fluid specific mRNAs. Int Congr Ser 1288:685–687CrossRef Fang R, Manohar CF, Shulse C, Brevnov M, Wong A, Petrauskene OV, Brzoska P, Furtado MR (2006) Real-time PCR assays for the detection of tissue and body fluid specific mRNAs. Int Congr Ser 1288:685–687CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2005) Multiplex mRNA profiling for the identification of body fluids. Forensic Sci Int 152(1):1–12CrossRefPubMed Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2005) Multiplex mRNA profiling for the identification of body fluids. Forensic Sci Int 152(1):1–12CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Noreault-Conti TL, Buel E (2007) The use of real-time PCR for forensic stain identification. Promega Profiles DNA 10(1):3–5 Noreault-Conti TL, Buel E (2007) The use of real-time PCR for forensic stain identification. Promega Profiles DNA 10(1):3–5
65.
go back to reference Lindenbergh A, de Pagter M, Ramdayal G, Visser M, Zubakov D, Kayser M, Sijen T (2012) A multiplex (m)RNA-profiling system for the forensic identification of body fluids and contact traces. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(5):565–577CrossRefPubMed Lindenbergh A, de Pagter M, Ramdayal G, Visser M, Zubakov D, Kayser M, Sijen T (2012) A multiplex (m)RNA-profiling system for the forensic identification of body fluids and contact traces. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(5):565–577CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Zubakov D, Hanekamp E, Kokshoorn M, van Ijcken W, Kayser M (2008) Stable RNA markers for identification of blood and saliva stains revealed from whole genome expression analysis of time-wise degraded samples. Int J Legal Med 122(2):135–142CrossRefPubMed Zubakov D, Hanekamp E, Kokshoorn M, van Ijcken W, Kayser M (2008) Stable RNA markers for identification of blood and saliva stains revealed from whole genome expression analysis of time-wise degraded samples. Int J Legal Med 122(2):135–142CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Bauer M, Patzelt D (2003) Protamine mRNA as molecular marker for spermatozoa in semen stains. Int J Legal Med 117(3):175–179PubMed Bauer M, Patzelt D (2003) Protamine mRNA as molecular marker for spermatozoa in semen stains. Int J Legal Med 117(3):175–179PubMed
68.
go back to reference Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2003) Messenger RNA profiling: a prototype method to supplant conventional methods for body fluid identification. Forensic Sci Int 135(2):85–96CrossRefPubMed Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2003) Messenger RNA profiling: a prototype method to supplant conventional methods for body fluid identification. Forensic Sci Int 135(2):85–96CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Ingold S, Dørum G, Hanson E, Berti A, Branicki W, Brito P, Elsmore P, Gettings K, Giangasparo F, Gross T (2018) Body fluid identification using a targeted mRNA massively parallel sequencing approach–results of a EUROFORGEN/EDNAP collaborative exercise. Forensic Sci Int Genet 34:105–115CrossRefPubMed Ingold S, Dørum G, Hanson E, Berti A, Branicki W, Brito P, Elsmore P, Gettings K, Giangasparo F, Gross T (2018) Body fluid identification using a targeted mRNA massively parallel sequencing approach–results of a EUROFORGEN/EDNAP collaborative exercise. Forensic Sci Int Genet 34:105–115CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Haas C, Hanson E, Anjos MJ, Banemann R, Berti A, Borges E, Carracedo A, Carvalho M, Courts C, De Cock G, Dotsch M, Flynn S, Gomes I, Hollard C, Hjort B, Hoff-Olsen P, Hribikova K, Lindenbergh A, Ludes B, Maronas O, McCallum N, Moore D, Morling N, Niederstatter H, Noel F, Parson W, Popielarz C, Rapone C, Roeder AD, Ruiz Y, Sauer E, Schneider PM, Sijen T, Court DS, Sviezena B, Turanska M, Vidaki A, Zatkalikova L, Ballantyne J (2013) RNA/DNA co-analysis from human saliva and semen stains—results of a third collaborative EDNAP exercise. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(2):230–239CrossRefPubMed Haas C, Hanson E, Anjos MJ, Banemann R, Berti A, Borges E, Carracedo A, Carvalho M, Courts C, De Cock G, Dotsch M, Flynn S, Gomes I, Hollard C, Hjort B, Hoff-Olsen P, Hribikova K, Lindenbergh A, Ludes B, Maronas O, McCallum N, Moore D, Morling N, Niederstatter H, Noel F, Parson W, Popielarz C, Rapone C, Roeder AD, Ruiz Y, Sauer E, Schneider PM, Sijen T, Court DS, Sviezena B, Turanska M, Vidaki A, Zatkalikova L, Ballantyne J (2013) RNA/DNA co-analysis from human saliva and semen stains—results of a third collaborative EDNAP exercise. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(2):230–239CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Hanson EK, Ballantyne J (2013) Highly specific mRNA biomarkers for the identification of vaginal secretions in sexual assault investigations. Sci Justice 53(1):14–22CrossRefPubMed Hanson EK, Ballantyne J (2013) Highly specific mRNA biomarkers for the identification of vaginal secretions in sexual assault investigations. Sci Justice 53(1):14–22CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Hanson E, Ingold S, Haas C, Ballantyne J (2018) Messenger RNA biomarker signatures for forensic body fluid identification revealed by targeted RNA sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 34:206–221CrossRefPubMed Hanson E, Ingold S, Haas C, Ballantyne J (2018) Messenger RNA biomarker signatures for forensic body fluid identification revealed by targeted RNA sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 34:206–221CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Bauer M, Patzelt D (2002) Evaluation of mRNA markers for the identification of menstrual blood. J Forensic Sci 47(6):1278–1282CrossRefPubMed Bauer M, Patzelt D (2002) Evaluation of mRNA markers for the identification of menstrual blood. J Forensic Sci 47(6):1278–1282CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Roeder AD, Haas C (2013) mRNA profiling using a minimum of five mRNA markers per body fluid and a novel scoring method for body fluid identification. Int J Legal Med 127(4):707–721CrossRefPubMed Roeder AD, Haas C (2013) mRNA profiling using a minimum of five mRNA markers per body fluid and a novel scoring method for body fluid identification. Int J Legal Med 127(4):707–721CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Hanson E, Haas C, Jucker R, Ballantyne J (2012) Specific and sensitive mRNA biomarkers for the identification of skin in ‘touch DNA’ evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(5):548–558CrossRefPubMed Hanson E, Haas C, Jucker R, Ballantyne J (2012) Specific and sensitive mRNA biomarkers for the identification of skin in ‘touch DNA’ evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(5):548–558CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Ingold S, Haas C, Dorum G, Hanson E, Ballantyne J (2017) Association of a body fluid with a DNA profile by targeted RNA/DNA deep sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6:E112–E113CrossRef Ingold S, Haas C, Dorum G, Hanson E, Ballantyne J (2017) Association of a body fluid with a DNA profile by targeted RNA/DNA deep sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6:E112–E113CrossRef
77.
go back to reference de Zoete J, Curran J, Sjerps M (2016) A probabilistic approach for the interpretation of RNA profiles as cell type evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet 20:30–44CrossRefPubMed de Zoete J, Curran J, Sjerps M (2016) A probabilistic approach for the interpretation of RNA profiles as cell type evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet 20:30–44CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Dorum G, Ingold S, Hanson E, Ballantyne J, Snipen L, Haas C (2018) Predicting the origin of stains from next generation sequencing mRNA data. Forensic Sci Int Genet 34:37–48CrossRefPubMed Dorum G, Ingold S, Hanson E, Ballantyne J, Snipen L, Haas C (2018) Predicting the origin of stains from next generation sequencing mRNA data. Forensic Sci Int Genet 34:37–48CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Lindenbergh A, Maaskant P, Sijen T (2013) Implementation of RNA profiling in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(1):159–166CrossRefPubMed Lindenbergh A, Maaskant P, Sijen T (2013) Implementation of RNA profiling in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(1):159–166CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Harbison S, Fleming R (2016) Forensic body fluid identification: state of the art. RRFMS 6:11–23CrossRef Harbison S, Fleming R (2016) Forensic body fluid identification: state of the art. RRFMS 6:11–23CrossRef
81.
go back to reference Zapata F, Gregorio I (2016) Body fluids and spectroscopic techniques in forensics: a perfect match? J Forensic Med 1(1):1–7CrossRef Zapata F, Gregorio I (2016) Body fluids and spectroscopic techniques in forensics: a perfect match? J Forensic Med 1(1):1–7CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Alvarez M, Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2004) An mRNA and DNA co-isolation method for forensic casework samples. Anal Biochem 335(2):289–298CrossRefPubMed Alvarez M, Juusola J, Ballantyne J (2004) An mRNA and DNA co-isolation method for forensic casework samples. Anal Biochem 335(2):289–298CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Vennemann M, Koppelkamm A (2010) mRNA profiling in forensic genetics I: possibilities and limitations. Forensic Sci Int 203(1–3):71–75CrossRefPubMed Vennemann M, Koppelkamm A (2010) mRNA profiling in forensic genetics I: possibilities and limitations. Forensic Sci Int 203(1–3):71–75CrossRefPubMed
84.
go back to reference Kohlmeier F, Schneider PM (2012) Successful mRNA profiling of 23 years old blood stains. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(2):274–276CrossRefPubMed Kohlmeier F, Schneider PM (2012) Successful mRNA profiling of 23 years old blood stains. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6(2):274–276CrossRefPubMed
85.
go back to reference Zubakov D, Kokshoorn M, Kloosterman A, Kayser M (2009) New markers for old stains: stable mRNA markers for blood and saliva identification from up to 16-year-old stains. Int J Legal Med 123(1):71–74CrossRefPubMed Zubakov D, Kokshoorn M, Kloosterman A, Kayser M (2009) New markers for old stains: stable mRNA markers for blood and saliva identification from up to 16-year-old stains. Int J Legal Med 123(1):71–74CrossRefPubMed
86.
go back to reference Goldberg AD, Allis CD, Bernstein E (2007) Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape. Cell 128(4):635–638CrossRefPubMed Goldberg AD, Allis CD, Bernstein E (2007) Epigenetics: a landscape takes shape. Cell 128(4):635–638CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Alegría-Torres JA, Baccarelli A, Bollati V (2011) Epigenetics and lifestyle. Epigenomics 3(3):267–277CrossRefPubMed Alegría-Torres JA, Baccarelli A, Bollati V (2011) Epigenetics and lifestyle. Epigenomics 3(3):267–277CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference Li C, Zhang S, Que T, Li L, Zhao S (2011) Identical but not the same: the value of DNA methylation profiling in forensic discrimination within monozygotic twins. Forensic Sci Int Genet 3(1):e337–e338CrossRef Li C, Zhang S, Que T, Li L, Zhao S (2011) Identical but not the same: the value of DNA methylation profiling in forensic discrimination within monozygotic twins. Forensic Sci Int Genet 3(1):e337–e338CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Vidaki A, Ballard D, Aliferi A, Miller TH, Barron LP, Court DS (2017) DNA methylation-based forensic age prediction using artificial neural networks and next generation sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 28:225–236CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Vidaki A, Ballard D, Aliferi A, Miller TH, Barron LP, Court DS (2017) DNA methylation-based forensic age prediction using artificial neural networks and next generation sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 28:225–236CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
90.
go back to reference Ehrlich M, Gama-Sosa MA, Huang LH, Midgett RM, Kuo KC, McCune RA, Gehrke C (1982) Amount and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in human DNA from different types of tissues of cells. Nucleic Acids Res 10(8):2709–2721CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ehrlich M, Gama-Sosa MA, Huang LH, Midgett RM, Kuo KC, McCune RA, Gehrke C (1982) Amount and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in human DNA from different types of tissues of cells. Nucleic Acids Res 10(8):2709–2721CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
go back to reference Frumkin D, Wasserstrom A, Budowle B, Davidson A (2011) DNA methylation-based forensic tissue identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 5(5):517–524CrossRefPubMed Frumkin D, Wasserstrom A, Budowle B, Davidson A (2011) DNA methylation-based forensic tissue identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 5(5):517–524CrossRefPubMed
92.
go back to reference Vidaki A, Daniel B (2013) Forensic DNA methylation profiling—potential opportunities and challenges. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(5):499–507CrossRefPubMed Vidaki A, Daniel B (2013) Forensic DNA methylation profiling—potential opportunities and challenges. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(5):499–507CrossRefPubMed
93.
94.
go back to reference Naue J, Sanger T, Hoefsloot HCJ, Lutz-Bonengel S, Kloosterman AD, Verschure PJ (2018) Proof of concept study of age-dependent DNA methylation markers across different tissues by massive parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 36:152–159CrossRefPubMed Naue J, Sanger T, Hoefsloot HCJ, Lutz-Bonengel S, Kloosterman AD, Verschure PJ (2018) Proof of concept study of age-dependent DNA methylation markers across different tissues by massive parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 36:152–159CrossRefPubMed
95.
go back to reference Christensen BC, Houseman EA, Marsit CJ, Zheng S, Wrensch MR, Wiemels JL, Nelson HH, Karagas MR, Padbury JF, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ, Yeh RF, Wiencke JK, Kelsey KT (2009) Aging and environmental exposures alter tissue-specific DNA methylation dependent upon CpG island context. Forensic Sci Int Genet 5(8):e1000602 Christensen BC, Houseman EA, Marsit CJ, Zheng S, Wrensch MR, Wiemels JL, Nelson HH, Karagas MR, Padbury JF, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ, Yeh RF, Wiencke JK, Kelsey KT (2009) Aging and environmental exposures alter tissue-specific DNA methylation dependent upon CpG island context. Forensic Sci Int Genet 5(8):e1000602
96.
go back to reference Wasserstrom A, Frumkin D, Davidson A, Shpitzen M, Herman Y, Gafny R (2013) Demonstration of DSI-semen—a novel DNA methylation-based forensic semen identification assay. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(1):136–142CrossRefPubMed Wasserstrom A, Frumkin D, Davidson A, Shpitzen M, Herman Y, Gafny R (2013) Demonstration of DSI-semen—a novel DNA methylation-based forensic semen identification assay. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7(1):136–142CrossRefPubMed
97.
go back to reference Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016) Are we really vastly outnumbered? Revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans. Cell 164(3):337–340CrossRefPubMed Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016) Are we really vastly outnumbered? Revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans. Cell 164(3):337–340CrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference Lane DJ, Pace B, Olsen GJ, Stahl DA, Sogin ML, Pace NR (1985) Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82(20):6955–6959CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lane DJ, Pace B, Olsen GJ, Stahl DA, Sogin ML, Pace NR (1985) Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82(20):6955–6959CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
100.
go back to reference Khodakova AS, Smith RJ, Burgoyne L, Abarno D, Linacre A (2014) Random whole metagenomic sequencing for forensic discrimination of soils. PLoS ONE 9(8):e104996CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Khodakova AS, Smith RJ, Burgoyne L, Abarno D, Linacre A (2014) Random whole metagenomic sequencing for forensic discrimination of soils. PLoS ONE 9(8):e104996CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
101.
go back to reference Choi A, Shin KJ, Yang WI, Lee HY (2014) Body fluid identification by integrated analysis of DNA methylation and body fluid-specific microbial DNA. Int J Legal Med 128(1):33–41CrossRefPubMed Choi A, Shin KJ, Yang WI, Lee HY (2014) Body fluid identification by integrated analysis of DNA methylation and body fluid-specific microbial DNA. Int J Legal Med 128(1):33–41CrossRefPubMed
102.
go back to reference Hanssen EN, Avershina E, Rudi K, Gill P, Snipen L (2017) Body fluid prediction from microbial patterns for forensic application. Forensic Sci Int Genet 30:10–17CrossRefPubMed Hanssen EN, Avershina E, Rudi K, Gill P, Snipen L (2017) Body fluid prediction from microbial patterns for forensic application. Forensic Sci Int Genet 30:10–17CrossRefPubMed
103.
go back to reference Benschop CC, Quaak FC, Boon ME, Sijen T, Kuiper I (2012) Vaginal microbial flora analysis by next generation sequencing and microarrays; can microbes indicate vaginal origin in a forensic context? Int J Legal Med 126(2):303–310CrossRefPubMed Benschop CC, Quaak FC, Boon ME, Sijen T, Kuiper I (2012) Vaginal microbial flora analysis by next generation sequencing and microarrays; can microbes indicate vaginal origin in a forensic context? Int J Legal Med 126(2):303–310CrossRefPubMed
104.
go back to reference Dewhirst FE, Klein EA, Thompson EC, Blanton JM, Chen T, Milella L, Buckley CM, Davis IJ, Bennett ML, Marshall-Jones ZV (2012) The canine oral microbiome. PLoS ONE 7(4):e36067CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dewhirst FE, Klein EA, Thompson EC, Blanton JM, Chen T, Milella L, Buckley CM, Davis IJ, Bennett ML, Marshall-Jones ZV (2012) The canine oral microbiome. PLoS ONE 7(4):e36067CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
105.
go back to reference Banica F-G (2012) Chemical sensors and biosensors: fundamentals and applications, 1st edn. Wiley Banica F-G (2012) Chemical sensors and biosensors: fundamentals and applications, 1st edn. Wiley
106.
go back to reference Gooch J, Daniel B, Frascione N (2014) Application of fluorescent substrates to the in situ detection of prostate specific antigen. Talanta 125:210–214CrossRefPubMed Gooch J, Daniel B, Frascione N (2014) Application of fluorescent substrates to the in situ detection of prostate specific antigen. Talanta 125:210–214CrossRefPubMed
107.
go back to reference Gooch J, Abbate V, Daniel B, Frascione N (2016) Solid-phase synthesis of Rhodamine-110 fluorogenic substrates and their application in forensic analysis. Analyst 141(8):2392–2395CrossRefPubMed Gooch J, Abbate V, Daniel B, Frascione N (2016) Solid-phase synthesis of Rhodamine-110 fluorogenic substrates and their application in forensic analysis. Analyst 141(8):2392–2395CrossRefPubMed
108.
go back to reference Gooch J, Chua CR, Abbate V, Frascione N (2017) Fluorogenic substrates for the detection of saliva. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6:E565–E567CrossRef Gooch J, Chua CR, Abbate V, Frascione N (2017) Fluorogenic substrates for the detection of saliva. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6:E565–E567CrossRef
109.
go back to reference Frascione N, Gooch J, Abbate V, Daniel B (2015) Fluorogenic displacement biosensors for PSA detection using antibody-functionalised quantum dot nanoparticles. Rsc Adv 5(9):6595–6598CrossRef Frascione N, Gooch J, Abbate V, Daniel B (2015) Fluorogenic displacement biosensors for PSA detection using antibody-functionalised quantum dot nanoparticles. Rsc Adv 5(9):6595–6598CrossRef
110.
go back to reference Frascione N, Pinto V, Daniel B (2012) Development of a biosensor for human blood: new routes to body fluid identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 404(1):23–28CrossRefPubMed Frascione N, Pinto V, Daniel B (2012) Development of a biosensor for human blood: new routes to body fluid identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 404(1):23–28CrossRefPubMed
112.
go back to reference Gooch J, Daniel B, Parkin M, Frascione N (2017) Developing aptasensors for forensic analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 94:150–160CrossRef Gooch J, Daniel B, Parkin M, Frascione N (2017) Developing aptasensors for forensic analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 94:150–160CrossRef
113.
go back to reference Song F, Luo H, Hou Y (2015) Developed and evaluated a multiplex mRNA profiling system for body fluid identification in Chinese Han population. J Forensic Leg Med 35:73–80CrossRefPubMed Song F, Luo H, Hou Y (2015) Developed and evaluated a multiplex mRNA profiling system for body fluid identification in Chinese Han population. J Forensic Leg Med 35:73–80CrossRefPubMed
114.
go back to reference Lee HY, Jung SE, Lee EH, Yang WI, Shin KJ (2016) DNA methylation profiling for a confirmatory test for blood, saliva, semen, vaginal fluid and menstrual blood. Forensic Sci Int Genet 24:75–82CrossRefPubMed Lee HY, Jung SE, Lee EH, Yang WI, Shin KJ (2016) DNA methylation profiling for a confirmatory test for blood, saliva, semen, vaginal fluid and menstrual blood. Forensic Sci Int Genet 24:75–82CrossRefPubMed
115.
go back to reference Frascione N, Gooch J, Daniel B (2013) Enabling fluorescent biosensors for the forensic identification of body fluids. Analyst 138(24):7279–7288CrossRefPubMed Frascione N, Gooch J, Daniel B (2013) Enabling fluorescent biosensors for the forensic identification of body fluids. Analyst 138(24):7279–7288CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Bioanalytical Advancements in the Reliable Visualization and Discrimination of Bodily Fluids
Authors
James Gooch
Alvaro Varela Morillas
Nunzianda Frascione
Copyright Year
2019
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20542-3_5

Premium Partners