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Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports
Published in: Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports 4/2019

30-10-2019 | Electrification (J Logan, Section Editor)

Electrification in the Transportation, Buildings, and Industrial Sectors: a Review of Opportunities, Barriers, and Policies

Author: Steven Nadel

Published in: Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports | Issue 4/2019

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Interest in electrifying vehicles, buildings, and industrial processes is growing as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as the electric grid becomes less carbon-intensive. This review briefly summarizes the largest opportunities and discusses barriers to electrification and policy experience to date.

Recent Findings

Recent developments include new rate structures for electric vehicle chargers, growing programs to target electric vehicles for disadvantaged communities and to promote heat pumps for buildings, and interest in mandates including zero emission vehicle sales-share requirements and prohibiting use of natural gas in new building construction.

Summary

The opportunity for carbon reductions and increased electricity sales from electrification is highest in the transportation sector. Electrification challenges include economics, consumer acceptance, electric grid impacts, and limited product availability and dealer/contractor acceptance for some market segments. Current policies to promote electrification emphasize incentives and mandates. In the transportation sector, evaluations find that a combination of policies working together can have a substantial impact on EV sales. In the residential sector, upstream incentives paid to wholesalers and midstream incentives paid to contractors have worked well. Emerging policy areas for the next few years are discussed.
previous article Electric Company Investments for 21st Century Electrification
next article Potential Impacts of Transportation and Building Electrification on the Grid: A Review of Electrification Projections and Their Effects on Grid Infrastructure, Operation, and Planning

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Footnotes
1
The distinction between energy efficiency and electrification is somewhat arbitrary, as many forms of electrification, such as many EVs and high-efficiency heat pumps save energy relative to traditional vehicles and heat systems [2].
 
2
Level 1 chargers are based on power of about 120 V, level 2 on power of about 240 V, and DC fast chargers on about 500 V (sometimes more).
 
3
Electrify America is a Volkswagen subsidiary funded as part of its settlement with the California and US governments on diesel car emissions.
 
4
Ductless heat pumps are also an option, but if a home already has ducts, a ducted unit will generally be less expensive.
 
5
Flammable refrigerants may be appropriate for some applications but are not appropriate for other applications.
 
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Metadata
Title
Electrification in the Transportation, Buildings, and Industrial Sectors: a Review of Opportunities, Barriers, and Policies
Author
Steven Nadel
Publication date
30-10-2019
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports / Issue 4/2019
Electronic ISSN: 2196-3010
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40518-019-00138-z

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