Top

Acta Mechanica

Published in:

04-09-2019 | Original Paper

Experimental structural dynamic measurements of an artificial insect-sized wing biomimicking a crane fly forewing

Authors: J. E. Rubio, U. K. Chakravarty

Published in: Acta Mechanica | Issue 12/2019

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

The exceptional flying characteristics of airborne insects motivate the design of biomimetic wing structures that could exhibit a similar structural dynamic behavior. For this purpose, this paper describes methods for manufacturing a biofidelic insect-sized wing using the photolithography technique and analyzing its structural dynamic response in terms of its modal characteristics. The geometry of a crane fly forewing (family Tipulidae) is acquired using a micro-computed tomography scanner. A computer-aided design (CAD) model is generated from the reconstructed scanned model of the insect wing, and a photomask of the venation network that accounts for the stiffness variation along the surface of the insect wing is designed from the CAD model. A composite material artificial insect-sized wing is manufactured by patterning the veins using photoresist SU-8 on a Kapton film for the assembling of the wing. Experiments are performed using a modal shaker and a digital image correlation system to determine the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the artificial wing from the fast Fourier transform of the time-varying out-of-plane displacement response of the wing. The effect of ultraviolet exposure time to the vein pattern on the modal characteristics of the artificial wing is investigated as a part of a parametric study. The natural frequencies of the wing increase with exposure time. The vibration modes are dominated by a bending and torsional nonlinear deformation response. The experimental results are compared to those predicted by a finite element model of the artificial wing.

previous article Size-dependent yield function for single crystals with a consideration of defect effects

next article Differential scheme-based stochastic micromechanical framework for saturated concrete repaired by EDM

Wootton, R.J.: The mechanical design of insect wings. Sci. Am. 203, 114–120 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.000553 CrossRef

Sane, S.: The aerodynamics of insect flight. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 4191–4208 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00663 CrossRef

Ellington, C.P.: The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. IV. Aerodynamic mechanisms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 305, 79–113 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0052 CrossRef

Miller, L.A., Peskin, C.S.: A computational fluid dynamics of ‘clap and fling’ in the smallest insects. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 195–212 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01376 CrossRef

Miller, L.A., Peskin, C.S.: Flexible clap and fling in tiny insect flight. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 3076–3090 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.028662 CrossRef

Ellington, C.P., van den Berg, C., Willmont, A.P., Thomas, A.R.: Leading edge vortices in insect flight. Nature 348, 626–630 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1038/384626a0 CrossRef

Birch, J.M., Dickson, W.B., Dickinson, M.H.: Force production and flow structure of the leading edge vortex of flapping wings at high and low Reynolds number. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 1063–1072 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00848 CrossRef

Harbig, R., Sheridan, J., Thompson, M.: Reynolds number and aspect ratio effects on the leading-edge vortex for rotating insect wing planforms. J. Fluid Mech. 717, 166–192 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.565 CrossRefMATH

Wang, Z.J.: Two dimensional mechanism for insect hovering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2216–2219 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2216 CrossRef

10.

Ennos, A.R., Wootton, R.J.: Functional wing morphology and aerodynamics of Panorpa Germanica (Insecta Mecoptera). J. Exp. Biol. 143, 267–284 (1989)

11.

Wootton, R.J.: Functional morphology of insect wings. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37, 113–140 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.000553 CrossRef

12.

Wootton, R.J.: Leading edge section and asymmetric twisting in the wings of flying butterflies (Insecta Papilionoidea). J. Exp. Biol. 40, 105–117 (1993)

13.

Combes, S.A., Daniel, T.L.: Flexural stiffness in insect wings I. Scaling and the influence of wing venation. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2979–2987 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00523 CrossRef

14.

Combes, S.A., Daniel, T.L.: Flexural stiffness in insect wings II. Spatial distribution and dynamic bending. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2989–2997 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00524 CrossRef

15.

Zhao, L., Huang, Q., Deng, X., Sane, S.: Aerodynamic effects of flexibility in flapping wings. J. R. Soc. Interface 7, 485–497 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0200 CrossRef

16.

Mountcastle, A.M., Combes, S.A.: Wing flexibility enhances load-lifting capacity in bumblebees. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 280, 1–8 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0531/ CrossRef

17.

Kang, C.K., Shyy, W.: Scaling law and enhancement of lift generation of an insect-size hovering flexible wing. J. R. Soc. Interface 10, 1–11 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0361 CrossRef

18.

Xiao, Q., Hu, J., Liu, H.: Effect of torsional stiffness and inertia on the dynamics of low aspect ratio flapping wings. Bioinspir. Biomim. 9, 1–15 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/9/1/016008 CrossRef

19.

Tanaka, H., Matsumoto, K., Shimoyama, I.: Fabrication of a three-dimensional insect-wing model by micromolding of thermosetting resin with a thin elastomeric mold. J. Micromech. Microeng. 17, 2485–2490 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/17/12/014 CrossRef

20.

Tanaka, H., Wood, R.J.: Fabrication of corrugated artificial insect wings using laser micromachined molds. J. Micromech. Microeng. 20, 1–8 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/20/7/075008 CrossRef

21.

Shang, J.K., Combes, S.A., Finio, B.M., Wood, R.J.: Artificial insect wings of diverse morphology for flapping-wing micro air vehicles. Bioinspir. Biomim. 4, 1–6 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/4/3/036002 CrossRef

22.

Xie. L., Wu, P., Ifju, P.G.: Advanced flapping wing structure fabrication for biologically inspired hovering flight. In: Proceedings of the 51st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA Paper No. 2010-2789; Orlando, FL 32819, USA, April 12–15 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-278

23.

Bao, X., Bontemps, A., Grondel, S., Cattan, E.: Design and fabrication of insect-inspired composite wings for MAV application using MEMS technology. J. Micromech. Microeng. 21, 1–16 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/21/12/125020 CrossRef

24.

Wu, P., Stanford, B.K., Sallstrom, E., Ukeiley, L., Ifju, P.G.: Structural dynamics and aerodynamics measurements of biologically inspired flexible flapping wings. Bioinspir. Biomim. 6, 1–20 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/6/1/016009 CrossRef

25.

Coe, R., Freeman, P., Mattingly, P.: Handbooks for the identification of British insects. Diptera 2. Nematocera: families Tipulidae to Chironomidae. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 9, 1–216 (1950)

26.

Ellington, C.P.: The aerodynamics of hovering insect flight. II. Morphological parameters. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 305, 17–40 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0050 CrossRef

27.

Rubio, J.E., Schilling, P.J., Chakravarty, U.K.: Modal characterization and structural aerodynamic response of a crane fly forewing. Acta Mech. 229, 2307–2325 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-018-2117-3 CrossRef

28.

Microphotonics, Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA

29.

DuPont, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

30.

MicroChem, Westborough, Massachusetts, USA

31.

Lorenz, H., Despont, M., Fahrni, N., LaBianca, N., Renaud, P., Vettiger, P.: SU-8: a low-cost negative resist for MEMS. J. Micromech. Microeng. 7, 121–124 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/7/3/010 CrossRef

32.

Rubio, J.E., Chakravarty, U.K.: An investigation of the aerodynamic performance of a biomimetic insect-sized wing for micro air vehicles. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE 2016), Paper No. 2016-65303; November 11–17, 2016: Phoenix, AR 85004, USA

33.

AutoCAD.: Version 2013, Autodesk, Inc., San Rafael, California, USA (2012)

34.

Sims, T., Palazotto, A., Norris, A.: A structural dynamic analysis of a Manduca Sexta forewing. Int. J. Micro Air Veh. 2, 119–140 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1260/1756-8293.2.3.119 CrossRef

35.

CAD/ART Services Inc., Bandon, Oregon, USA

36.

Brewer Science Inc., Rolla, Missouri, USA

37.

Martinez-Duarte, R., Madou, M.: SU-8 Photolithography and its impact on microfluidics. In: Mitra, K., Chakraborthy, S. (eds.) Microfluidics and Nanofluidics Handbook: Fabrication, Implementation and Applications, pp. 231–268. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2010)

38.

Newport Corporation, Irvine, California, USA

39.

Data Physics Corporation, San Jose, California, USA

40.

Dytran Instruments INC., Chatsworth, California, USA

41.

Photron, San Diego, California, USA

42.

Correlated Solutions, Inc., Irmo, South Carolina, USA

43.

VIC-Snap.: Version 7.8, Correlated Solutions, Inc., Irmo, South Carolina, USA (2014)

44.

VIC-3D.: Version 7.2.4, Correlated Solutions, Inc., Irmo, South Carolina, USA (2014)

45.

Bracewell, R.N.: The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, 1st edn. McGraw-Hill, New York (1986)MATH

46.

MATLAB.: Version 2016b, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, USA (2015)

47.

Sutton, M.A., Orteu, J.J., Hubert, H.W.: Image Correlation for Shape, Motion, and Deformation Measurements, 1st edn. Springer, New York (2009)

48.

Schneider Kreuznach, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

49.

VIC 3-D Testing Guide.: Version 7, Correlated Solutions, Inc., Irmo, South Carolina, USA (2014)

50.

Chen, J.S., Chen, J.Y., Chou, Y.F.: On the natural frequencies and mode shapes of dragonfly wings. J. Sound Vib. 313, 643–654 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2007.11.056 CrossRef

51.

Ganguli, R., Gorb, S., Lehmann, F., Mukherjee, S., Mukherjee, S.: An experimental and numerical study of Calliphora wing structure. Exp. Mech. 50, 1183–1197 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-009-9316-8 CrossRef

52.

Jongerius, S.R., Lentink, D.: Structural analysis of a dragonfly wing. Exp. Mech. 50, 1323–1334 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-010-9411-x CrossRef

53.

Norris, A.G., Palazotto, A.N., Cobb, R.G.: Experimental structural dynamic characterization of the hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) forewing. Int. J. Micro Air Veh. 5, 39–54 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1260/1756-8293.5.1.39 CrossRef

54.

Inman, D.J.: Engineering Vibration, 3rd edn. Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River (2007)MATH

55.

Abaqus: Version 6.12, Dassault Systemes, Providence, Rhode Island, USA (2011)

56.

Dellmann, L., Roth, S., Beuret, C., Racine, G., Lorenz, H., Despont, M., Renaud, P., Vettiger, P., Rooij, N.: Fabrication process of high aspect ratio elastic and SU-8 structures for piezoelectric motor applications. Sens. Actuator A 70, 42–47 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(98)00110-1 CrossRef

57.

Feng, R., Farris, J.: Influence of processing conditions on the thermal and mechanical properties of SU8 negative photoresist coatings. J. Micromech. Microeng. 13, 80–88 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/13/1/312 CrossRef

58.

Hammacher, J., Fuelle, A., Flaemig, J., Saupe, J., Loechel, B., Grimm, J.: Stress engineering and mechanical properties of SU-8-layers for mechanical applications. Microsyst. Technol. 14, 1515–1523 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-007-0534-7 CrossRef

59.

Hopcroft, M., Kramer, T., Kim, G., Takashima, K., Higo, Y., Moore, D., Brugger, J.: Micromechanical testing of SU-8 cantilevers. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 28, 735–742 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2005.00873.x CrossRef

60.

Lorenz, H., Laudon, M., Renaud, P.: Mechanical characterization of a new high-aspect-ratio near UV-photoresist. Microelectron. Eng. 41(42), 371–374 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(98)00086-0 CrossRef

61.

Savitxky, A., Golay, M.J.: Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least square procedures. Anal. Chem. 36, 1627–1639 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047 CrossRef

62.

Leissa, A.: The free vibration of rectangular plates. J. Sound Vib. 31, 257–293 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-460x(73)80371-2 CrossRefMATH

63.

Smith, C.W., Hebert, R., Wootton, R.J., Evans, K.E.: The hind wing of the desert locus (Schistocerca gregaria Forskal) II. Mechanical properties and functioning of the membrane. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 2933–2943 (2000)

64.

Agrawal, A., Agrawal, S.: Design of bio-inspired flexible wings for flapping-wing micro-sized air vehicle applications. Adv. Robot. 23, 979–1002 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1163/156855309X443133 CrossRef

65.

Dargent, T., Bao, X., Grondel, S., LeBrun, G., Paquet, J., Soyer, C., Cattan, E.: Micromachining of an SU-8 flapping-wing flying micro-electro-mechanical system. J. Micromech. Microeng. 19, 085028 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/19/8/085028 CrossRef

Title: Experimental structural dynamic measurements of an artificial insect-sized wing biomimicking a crane fly forewing
Authors: J. E. Rubio
U. K. Chakravarty
Publication date: 04-09-2019
Publisher: Springer Vienna
Published in: Acta Mechanica / Issue 12/2019
Print ISSN: 0001-5970
Electronic ISSN: 1619-6937
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-019-02503-x

Springer Professional

Experimental structural dynamic measurements of an artificial insect-sized wing biomimicking a crane fly forewing

Abstract

Premium Partners

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Other articles of this Issue 12/2019

Fracture analysis of superconducting composites with a sandwich structure based on electromagnetic–thermal coupled model

Free vibration analysis of laminated composite conical shells reinforced with shape memory alloy fibers

Correction to: Free vibration analysis of laminated composite conical shells reinforced with shape memory alloy fibers

Low-frequency multi-mode vibration suppression of a metastructure beam with two-stage high-static-low-dynamic stiffness oscillators

Fractional Burgers wave equation

Variational problems of Herglotz type with complex order fractional derivatives and less regular Lagrangian

Premium Partners