Introduction
Implicit theories of intelligence as predictors of academic achievement
Implicit theories of the prototypical nature of intelligence
Intelligence and ability in technology education
The present study
Experiment 1
Participants
Cohort | n (sample) | n (male) | n (female) | Mean (age) | SD (age) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st year | 33 | 30 | 3 | 20.333 | 4.702 |
2nd year | 46 | 46 | – | 19.630 | .928 |
3rd year | 61 | 57 | 4 | 21.459 | 2.687 |
4th year | 65 | 57 | 8 | 24.138 | 7.624 |
Design and implementation
Treatment of data
Experiment 1 results
Cohort | Mean | SD | n | Item reliability | Subject reliability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st year | 2.394 | 1.638 | 79 | .205 | .716 |
2nd year | 3.500 | 2.095 | 161 | .183 | .706 |
3rd year | 4.426 | 2.546 | 270 | .399 | .884 |
4th year | 4.877 | 3.044 | 317 | .165 | .867 |
Cohort | 1st year | 2nd year | 3rd year | 4th year |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st year | – | |||
2nd year | .771* | – | ||
3rd year | .708* | .644* | – | |
4th year | .773* | .625* | .842* | – |
Experiment 2
Participants
Cohort | n (sample) | n (male) | n (female) | Mean (age) | SD (age) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st year | 50 | 45 | 5 | 19.440 | 2.409 |
2nd year | 47 | 45 | 2 | 19.851 | 2.303 |
3rd year | 52 | 48 | 4 | 21.808 | 3.004 |
4th year | 64 | 59 | 5 | 22.734 | 2.502 |
Design and implementation
Data screening
Experiment 2 results
Descriptive statistics
Intellectual trait | N | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Being interested in the subject area | 206 | 4.516 | .624 | − .981 | .167 |
Having common sense | 206 | 4.474 | .620 | − .778 | − .260 |
Being able to think critically | 206 | 4.432 | .552 | − .254 | − .952 |
The ability to apply knowledge to new situations | 206 | 4.427 | .569 | − .352 | − .798 |
Being motivated | 206 | 4.421 | .621 | − .710 | .101 |
Being a good problem solver | 206 | 4.398 | .547 | − .128 | − .954 |
Being optimistic | 206 | 4.395 | .652 | − .657 | − .420 |
Having determination | 206 | 4.388 | .603 | − .512 | − .201 |
Being an effective communicator | 206 | 4.351 | .697 | − .741 | − .120 |
Having a good work ethic | 206 | 4.351 | .614 | − .446 | − .340 |
Being open minded | 206 | 4.338 | .658 | − .591 | − .252 |
To be able to generate multiple ideas | 206 | 4.325 | .622 | − .450 | − .209 |
Being knowledgeable | 206 | 4.312 | .620 | − .393 | − .321 |
Having a good imagination | 206 | 4.311 | .568 | − .102 | − .605 |
Being composed or calm when facing a problem | 206 | 4.281 | .646 | − .522 | .097 |
Having a high level of spatial ability | 206 | 4.271 | .642 | − .499 | .116 |
Being innovative | 206 | 4.257 | .598 | − .164 | − .523 |
The ability to think/reason about abstract ideas | 206 | 4.249 | .588 | − .189 | − .147 |
Being resourceful | 206 | 4.245 | .568 | − .087 | − .122 |
Being logical | 206 | 4.240 | .582 | − .135 | − .206 |
Having patience | 206 | 4.234 | .733 | − .750 | .375 |
The ability to comprehend new information | 206 | 4.231 | .551 | .008 | − .045 |
Being diligent or to pay attention to detail | 206 | 4.215 | .624 | − .268 | − .214 |
Being enthusiastic | 206 | 4.214 | .649 | − .333 | − .287 |
Having a high level of technological capability | 206 | 4.214 | .694 | − .582 | .225 |
Having a high level of creativity | 206 | 4.200 | .631 | − .254 | − .313 |
The ability to synthesis information | 206 | 4.186 | .599 | − .157 | − .126 |
Being engaging or interesting | 206 | 4.171 | .775 | − .731 | .337 |
Being able to work independently | 206 | 4.166 | .655 | − .265 | − .377 |
Being organised | 206 | 4.161 | .802 | − .914 | .780 |
Being strategic | 206 | 4.141 | .554 | .054 | .069 |
Being efficient | 206 | 4.128 | .613 | − .369 | .763 |
Having a high level of awareness | 206 | 4.113 | .654 | − .292 | − .025 |
The ability to research or analyse data | 206 | 4.108 | .626 | − .253 | .169 |
Someone who takes initiative | 206 | 4.099 | .627 | − .237 | .120 |
The ability to reason effectively | 206 | 4.092 | .696 | − .565 | .602 |
Being reflective | 206 | 4.072 | .743 | − .733 | .809 |
Being inquisitive | 206 | 4.038 | .734 | − .462 | .097 |
Being helpful | 206 | 4.036 | .862 | − .594 | − .046 |
Being proactive | 206 | 4.033 | .719 | − .493 | .339 |
Being analytical | 206 | 4.029 | .608 | − .014 | − .266 |
Being confident | 206 | 4.022 | .823 | − .623 | .275 |
To be an abstract or divergent thinker | 206 | 4.004 | .682 | − .393 | .352 |
Being collaborative | 206 | 3.999 | .634 | − .256 | .363 |
Being realistic | 206 | 3.994 | .832 | − .671 | .310 |
Being attentive | 206 | 3.985 | .722 | − .292 | − .211 |
Being perceptive | 206 | 3.955 | .696 | − .408 | .359 |
Having good craft skills | 206 | 3.927 | .802 | − .726 | .724 |
Being reliable | 206 | 3.914 | .857 | − .518 | .028 |
Being disciplined | 206 | 3.906 | .729 | − .537 | .542 |
Being insightful | 206 | 3.875 | .722 | − .402 | .341 |
Having a high level of designerly abilities | 206 | 3.850 | .747 | − .245 | − .220 |
Having good coordination | 206 | 3.836 | .792 | − .696 | .830 |
Being quick thinking | 206 | 3.797 | .828 | − .405 | − .078 |
Being mathematical | 206 | 3.791 | .752 | − .329 | − .057 |
Being all rounded | 206 | 3.744 | .825 | − .420 | .129 |
Having experience in the area or discipline | 206 | 3.743 | .887 | − .613 | .332 |
Being punctual | 206 | 3.733 | 1.074 | − .596 | − .183 |
Being aspirational | 206 | 3.714 | .753 | − .166 | − .257 |
Being friendly | 206 | 3.709 | .999 | − .663 | .327 |
Being energetic | 206 | 3.675 | .898 | − .577 | .340 |
Being clever | 206 | 3.632 | .823 | − .506 | .446 |
Being assertive | 206 | 3.631 | .844 | − .739 | 1.018 |
Being modern | 206 | 3.592 | .877 | − .416 | .280 |
Being studious | 206 | 3.568 | .846 | − .656 | .795 |
Being artistic | 206 | 3.529 | .842 | − .413 | .438 |
Being social | 206 | 3.524 | 1.044 | − .559 | − .106 |
Being well mannered | 206 | 3.510 | 1.180 | − .572 | − .420 |
Having a high level of literacy | 206 | 3.461 | .876 | − .651 | .635 |
Being empathetic | 206 | 3.417 | .873 | − .300 | .023 |
Being competitive | 206 | 3.383 | .880 | − .312 | .298 |
Being strong minded or opinionated | 206 | 3.374 | .856 | − .379 | .221 |
Being scientific | 206 | 3.316 | .857 | − .375 | .046 |
Being entrepreneurial | 206 | 3.306 | .947 | − .438 | − .053 |
Being cautious | 206 | 3.228 | .901 | − .184 | − .163 |
Being sceptical | 206 | 3.155 | .913 | − .313 | .169 |
Being sophisticated | 206 | 3.005 | .929 | − .268 | .014 |
Being quiet or reserved | 206 | 2.437 | .918 | .131 | − .107 |
Regularly procrastinating | 206 | 2.107 | 1.006 | .624 | − .300 |
Having a short attention span | 206 | 2.039 | 1.007 | .559 | − .597 |
Being aggressive | 206 | 1.949 | .907 | .699 | − .099 |
Easily annoyed or temperamental | 206 | 1.911 | .980 | .866 | .057 |
Being antisocial | 206 | 1.843 | .923 | .712 | − .554 |
Being awkward | 206 | 1.831 | .915 | .765 | − .337 |
Correlations and reliability statistics
Cohort | 1st year | 2nd year | 3rd year | 4th year |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st year | – | |||
2nd year | .972* | – | ||
3rd year | .919* | .919* | – | |
4th year | .931* | .923* | .980* | – |
Item reliability | .948 | .941 | .928 | .927 |
Subject reliability | .976 | .979 | .974 | .981 |
Exploratory factor analysis
Intellectual trait | F1: social competence | F2: general competence | F3: technological competence | F4: nonsocial behaviour | F5: scientific presence |
h
2
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Being punctual | .880 (.740) | − .196 (.050) | − .096 (.199) | − .014 (.050) | − .090 (.094) | .778 |
Being well mannered | .810 (.724) | − .242 (.037) | − .026 (.244) | .042 (.122) | .028 (.201) | .711 |
Being friendly | .807 (.738) | − .239 (.056) | .093 (.337) | .022 (.089) | − .096 (.100) | .749 |
Being helpful | .748 (.692) | − .043 (.183) | .012 (.298) | − .010 (.028) | − .153 (.059) | .727 |
Being reliable | .726 (.657) | .076 (.248) | − .171 (.173) | − .033 (.002) | − .056 (.141) | .678 |
Being empathetic | .648 (.611) | .010 (.202) | − .114 (.188) | − .009 (.039) | .037 (.208) | .697 |
Being social | .631 (.612) | − .267 (.041) | .030 (.249) | − .100 (− .002) | .232 (.337) | .635 |
Being confident | .595 (.620) | .035 (.244) | .034 (.312) | .084 (.122) | − .031 (.174) | .662 |
Being cautious | .586 (.519) | − .051 (.115) | − .164 (.096) | − .026 (.028) | .093 (.214) | .563 |
Being energetic | .583 (.619) | − .201 (.097) | .182 (.378) | .051 (.125) | .070 (.233) | .694 |
Being disciplined | .548 (.567) | .038 (.235) | − .004 (.263) | .006 (.047) | .020 (.194) | .562 |
Having patience | .544 (.580) | .200 (.352) | .048 (.334) | .042 (.043) | − .198 (.036) | .592 |
Being an effective communicator | .535 (.588) | .113 (.340) | .125 (.385) | − .202 (− .179) | − .096 (.095) | .670 |
Being engaging or interesting | .520 (.535) | .048 (.237) | − .027 (.234) | − .058 (− .017) | .047 (.202) | .568 |
Being assertive | .507 (.531) | .029 (.198) | .102 (.316) | .154 (.173) | − .147 (.055) | .616 |
Being modern | .503 (.497) | − .059 (.138) | − .038 (.186) | − .032 (.024) | .116 (.237) | .582 |
Being optimistic | .459 (.527) | .219 (.387) | .070 (.340) | − .108 (− .102) | − .109 (.090) | .564 |
Being organised | .444 (.469) | − .015 (.190) | − .045 (.187) | − .131 (− .071) | .203 (.304) | .631 |
Being realistic | .441 (.446) | .131 (.267) | − .107 (.153) | − .126 (− .099) | .056 (.184) | .549 |
Being attentive | .421 (.535) | .325 (.471) | − .031 (.302) | .015 (.028) | .039 (.252) | .666 |
Someone who takes initiative | .419 (.470) | .185 (.329) | − .074 (.205) | − .065 (− .039) | .077 (.230) | .566 |
Being enthusiastic | .408 (.458) | .105 (.275) | .070 (.286) | − .099 (− .079) | − .036 (.117) | .575 |
The ability to apply knowledge to new situations | − .048 (.178) | .598 (.599) | .059 (.278) | − .025 (− .073) | − .030 (.134) | .589 |
To be an abstract or divergent thinker | − .044 (.143) | .581 (.534) | .002 (.207) | .101 (.044) | − .090 (.076) | .602 |
Being logical | − .055 (.132) | .571 (.542) | .027 (.220) | − .034 (− .088) | − .080 (.067) | .567 |
The ability to synthesis information | − .087 (.157) | .541 (.551) | .046 (.253) | .063 (.032) | .092 (.238) | .600 |
The ability to think/reason about abstract ideas | − .113 (.183) | .530 (.585) | .149 (.346) | .048 (.024) | .129 (.284) | .671 |
The ability to reason effectively | .045 (.254) | .504 (.554) | .075 (.303) | − .036 (− .066) | .001 (.169) | .567 |
Being reflective | .110 (.229) | .487 (.481) | − .293 (.014) | − .009 (− .009) | .269 (.376) | .650 |
Being perceptive | − .113 (.145) | .484 (.481) | .246 (.373) | .303 (.248) | − .153 (.043) | .625 |
Being analytical | − .173 (.005) | .472 (.436) | − .034 (.104) | − .098 (− .130) | .113 (.175) | .506 |
The ability to comprehend new information | − .076 (.151) | .465 (.512) | .118 (.285) | − .106 (− .132) | .062 (.182) | .594 |
Being able to work independently | .194 (.342) | .458 (.509) | .050 (.301) | .032 (− .001) | − .127 (.075) | .591 |
Being strategic | .041 (.247) | .447 (.509) | − .038 (.212) | − .007 (− .007) | .221 (.351) | .622 |
Being open minded | .312 (.380) | .445 (.482) | − .091 (.200) | − .070 (− .100) | − .144 (.047) | .503 |
Being innovative | − .121 (.140) | .414 (.495) | .142 (.298) | − .115 (− .122) | .202 (.297) | .593 |
Having a high level of spatial ability | − .069 (.208) | .031 (.242) | .630 (.598) | .071 (.074) | − .074 (.058) | .616 |
Having good craft skills | .333 (.517) | − .196 (.165) | .592 (.653) | − .071 (− .015) | − .022 (.137) | .667 |
Having a good imagination | − .132 (.208) | .256 (.429) | .546 (.594) | .072 (.062) | − .003 (.156) | .620 |
Having a high level of designerly abilities | − .026 (.311) | .157 (.418) | .521 (.610) | − .063 (− .036) | .174 (.313) | .651 |
Being a good problem solver | − .192 (.125) | .161 (.354) | .491 (.503) | − .135 (− .121) | .170 (.244) | .578 |
Having a high level of creativity | − .001 (.289) | .159 (.386) | .466 (.550) | − .070 (− .053) | .103 (.237) | .656 |
Having good coordination | .180 (.428) | − .025 (.270) | .441 (.552) | .056 (.110) | .184 (.332) | .670 |
Having a high level of technological capability | .127 (.380) | .075 (.344) | .409 (.529) | − .100 (− .060) | .165 (.298) | .600 |
Being antisocial | − .010 (.028) | .030 (− .041) | .015 (.025) | .659 (.644) | − .093 (.004) | .624 |
Easily annoyed or temperamental | − .198 (− .132) | − .017 (− .110) | − .037 (− .083) | .652 (.655) | .136 (.152) | .656 |
Having a short attention span | − .133 (− .128 | .018 (− .113) | − .125 (− .149) | .598 (.588) | .037 (.056) | .611 |
Regularly procrastinating | − .022 (− .029) | − .068 (− .142) | .005 (− .034) | .574 (.565) | − .096 (− .043) | .551 |
Being awkward | − .008 (.031) | − .080 (− .096) | .017 (.012) | .541 (.556) | .063 (.115) | .515 |
Being quiet or reserved | .200 (.215) | − .013 (.011) | − .127 (.003) | .474 (.504) | .139 (.232) | .588 |
Being scientific | − .194 (.059) | .227 (.330) | − .048 (.098) | − .046 (.011) | .664 (.654) | .636 |
Having a high level of literacy | .088 (.333) | .082 (.311) | .101 (.295) | .044 (.124) | .559 (.636) | .678 |
Being mathematical | − .166 (.149) | − .009 (.235) | .379 (.407) | − .028 (.041) | .507 (.531) | .573 |
Eigenvalue | 16.424 | 5.688 | 3.916 | 2.635 | 2.389 | |
% Variance | 19.553 | 6.771 | 4.662 | 3.137 | 2.844 | |
Factor correlations | ||||||
1 | 1.000 | |||||
2 | .353 | 1.000 | ||||
3 | .449 | .414 | 1.000 | |||
4 | .074 | − .071 | .033 | 1.000 | ||
5 | .298 | .284 | .212 | .134 | 1.000 |
Intellectual trait | F1: social competence | F2: general competence | F3: technological competence | F4: nonsocial behaviour |
h
2
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Being punctual | .888 (.735) | − .236 (.056) | − .116 (.191) | − .036 (.053) | .778 |
Being well mannered | .826 (.722) | − .239 (.072) | − .038 (.245) | .073 (.159) | .711 |
Being friendly | .811 (.732) | − .305 (.058) | .088 (.327) | .000 (.088) | .749 |
Being helpful | .744 (.687) | − .124 (.167) | .003 (.293) | − .079 (.004) | .727 |
Being reliable | .730 (.655) | .053 (.249) | − .182 (.188) | − .072 (.008) | .678 |
Being empathetic | .659 (.611) | .028 (.228) | − .123 (.206) | .006 (.079) | .697 |
Being social | .656 (.613) | − .149 (.122) | .021 (.265) | .047 (.119) | .635 |
Being cautious | .603 (.521) | .006 (.157) | − .181 (.111) | .022 (.084) | .563 |
Being energetic | .596 (.619) | − .192 (.136) | .181 (.379) | .100 (.173) | .694 |
Being confident | .593 (.617) | − .004 (.252) | .041 (.325) | .056 (.129) | .662 |
Being disciplined | .558 (.568) | .034 (.251) | − .007 (.277) | .002 (.070) | .562 |
Being an effective communicator | .535 (.587) | .058 (.318) | .125 (.394) | − .257 (− .183) | .670 |
Being engaging or interesting | .530 (.537) | .064 (.258) | − .028 (.254) | − .045 (.020) | .568 |
Having patience | .526 (.573) | .077 (.308) | .056 (.340) | − .085 (− .015) | .592 |
Being modern | .519 (.499) | − .005 (.180) | − .044 (.203) | .026 (.085) | .582 |
Being assertive | .494 (.524) | − .068 (.180) | .102 (.309) | .068 (.130) | .616 |
Being organised | .467 (.475) | .090 (.248) | − .051 (.214) | − .031 (.026) | .631 |
Being optimistic | .453 (.526) | .150 (.357) | .076 (.355) | − .184 (− .119) | .564 |
Being realistic | .451 (.449) | .166 (.284) | − .113 (.177) | − .108 (− .053) | .549 |
Someone who takes initiative | .427 (.473) | .226 (.354) | − .079 (.232) | − .048 (.010) | .566 |
Being attentive | .423 (.539) | .330 (.483) | − .027 (.335) | − .014 (.051) | .666 |
Being enthusiastic | .408 (.459) | .077 (.268) | .075 (.300) | − .128 (− .071) | .575 |
Being reflective | .125 (.240) | .631 (.540) | − .295 (.076) | .057 (.085) | .650 |
The ability to apply knowledge to new situations | − .058 (.184) | .552 (.563) | .080 (.315) | − .117 (− .093) | .589 |
The ability to synthesis information | − .088 (.165) | .549 (.550) | .071 (.297) | .027 (.047) | .600 |
The ability to think/reason about abstract ideas | − .114 (.192) | .546 (.591) | .181 (.395) | .034 (.056) | .671 |
Being strategic | .050 (.258) | .541 (.551) | − .022 (.267) | .039 (.069) | .622 |
Being analytical | − .171 (.013) | .521 (.439) | − .021 (.145) | − .097 (− .095) | .506 |
Being scientific | − .135 (.085) | .517 (.463) | − .023 (.177) | .219 (.225) | .636 |
Being logical | − .070 (.136) | .511 (.498) | .043 (.250) | − .140 (− .122) | .567 |
To be an abstract or divergent thinker | − .065 (.144) | .501 (.489) | .029 (.241) | − .020 (− .002) | .602 |
Being innovative | − .113 (.151) | .491 (.523) | .164 (.345) | − .070 (− .050) | .593 |
The ability to comprehend new information | − .076 (.159) | .476 (.503) | .131 (.319) | − .130 (− .109) | .594 |
The ability to reason effectively | .038 (.260) | .474 (.532) | .097 (.340) | − .100 (− .067) | .567 |
Being able to think critically | − .165 (.063) | .469 (.450) | .099 (.246) | − .037 (− .029) | .506 |
The ability to research or analyse data | .129 (.330) | .457 (.532) | .054 (.336) | − .036 (.004) | .680 |
Having a high level of spatial ability | − .075 (.210) | − .076 (.214) | .655 (.583) | .013 (.038) | .616 |
Having good craft skills | .340 (.519) | − .268 (.162) | .613 (.641) | − .069 (− .005) | .667 |
Having a good imagination | − .139 (.214) | .175 (.407) | .588 (.608) | .020 (.045) | .620 |
Having a high level of designerly abilities | − .014 (.321) | .182 (.445) | .554 (.635) | − .010 (.029) | .651 |
Being a good problem solver | − .177 (.137) | .198 (.374) | .512 (.519) | − .076 (− .058) | .578 |
Having a high level of creativity | .007 (.298) | .156 (.396) | .492 (.569) | − .050 (− .013) | .656 |
Having good coordination | .202 (.438) | .003 (.313) | .460 (.565) | .123 (.174) | .670 |
Having a high level of technological capability | .144 (.389) | .112 (.376) | .429 (.550) | − .039 (.009) | .600 |
Easily annoyed or temperamental | − .199 (− .130) | − .009 (− .063) | − .015 (− .076) | .662 (.637) | .656 |
Having a short attention span | − .143 (− .129) | − .005 (− .088) | − .109 (− .147) | .568 (.545) | .611 |
Being antisocial | − .026 (.024) | − .078 (− .047) | .031 (.012) | .546 (.541) | .624 |
Being awkward | − .012 (.030) | − .096 (− .060) | .031 (.010) | .541 (.537) | .515 |
Being quiet or reserved | .204 (.217) | .018 (.066) | − .115 (.021) | .508 (.526) | .588 |
Regularly procrastinating | − .039 (− .035) | − .160 (− .144) | .016 (− .052) | .492 (.481) | .551 |
Being aggressive | .030 (.077) | − .183 (− .082) | .140 (.090) | .441 (.444) | .428 |
Being sceptical | − .011 (.151) | .347 (.338) | − .051 (.137) | .416 (.428) | .560 |
Eigenvalue | 16.424 | 5.688 | 3.916 | 2.635 | |
%Variance | 19.553 | 6.771 | 4.662 | 3.137 | |
Factor correlations | |||||
1 | 1.000 | ||||
2 | .395 | 1.000 | |||
3 | .478 | .487 | 1.000 | ||
4 | .120 | .047 | .058 | 1.000 |
Intellectual trait | F1: social competence | F2: general and technological competence | F3: nonsocial behaviour |
h
2
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Being punctual | .885 (.721) | − .335 (.083) | − .038 (.057) | .778 |
Being friendly | .864 (.733) | − .278 (.132) | .004 (.099) | .749 |
Being well mannered | .843 (.715) | − .289 (.114) | .073 (.165) | .711 |
Being helpful | .764 (.682) | − .152 (.206) | − .078 (.011) | .727 |
Being reliable | .688 (.639) | − .083 (.239) | − .076 (.007) | .678 |
Being social | .683 (.613) | − .160 (.166) | .044 (.122) | .635 |
Being energetic | .665 (.628) | − .106 (.215) | .102 (.181) | .694 |
Being empathetic | .634 (.600) | − .071 (.230) | .002 (.078) | .697 |
Being confident | .610 (.618) | .000 (.293) | .058 (.136) | .662 |
Being an effective communicator | .574 (.594) | .110 (.369) | − .252 (− .174) | .670 |
Being cautious | .562 (.505) | − .124 (.143) | .017 (.081) | .563 |
Being disciplined | .560 (.565) | .010 (.276) | .001 (.073) | .562 |
Having patience | .545 (.577) | .089 (.344) | − .081 (− .008) | .592 |
Being assertive | .532 (.530) | − .025 (.232) | .073 (.139) | .616 |
Being engaging or interesting | .528 (.535) | .028 (.276) | − .046 (.022) | .568 |
Being modern | .516 (.495) | − .050 (.195) | .024 (.087) | .582 |
Having good craft skills | .515 (.550) | .086 (.328) | − .049 (.021) | .667 |
Being optimistic | .472 (.531) | .175 (.389) | − .183 (− .114) | .564 |
Being organised | .456 (.470) | .040 (.254) | − .036 (.024) | .631 |
Being sophisticated | .442 (.465) | − .024 (.199) | .276 (.331) | .541 |
Being all rounded | .441 (.469) | .043 (.255) | .059 (.117) | .522 |
Being enthusiastic | .431 (.464) | .103 (.301) | − .127 (− .067) | .575 |
Being realistic | .417 (.441) | .079 (.272) | − .111 (− .054) | .549 |
Being attentive | .403 (.539) | .292 (.482) | − .016 (.050) | .666 |
Being interested in the subject area | .401 (.438) | .106 (.291) | − .108 (− .052) | .596 |
Someone who takes initiative | .400 (.469) | .159 (.346) | − .051 (.007) | .566 |
The ability to think/reason about abstract ideas | − .103 (.211) | .653 (.606) | .034 (.055) | .671 |
The ability to apply knowledge to new situations | − .074 (.195) | .599 (.558) | − .115 (− .094) | .589 |
The ability to synthesis information | − .108 (.176) | .593 (.543) | .026 (.043) | .600 |
Being innovative | − .101 (.168) | .585 (.533) | − .070 (− .053) | .593 |
The ability to comprehend new information | − .073 (.172) | .553 (.511) | − .130 (− .111) | .594 |
Being logical | − .091 (.144) | .533 (.483) | − .140 (− .124) | .567 |
The ability to reason effectively | .032 (.270) | .528 (.538) | − .100 (− .069) | .567 |
Being able to think critically | − .168 (.076) | .525 (.444) | − .039 (− .033) | .506 |
To be an abstract or divergent thinker | − .090 (.153) | .517 (.474) | − .021 (− .006) | .602 |
Having a good imagination | .008 (.257) | .517 (.522) | .032 (.060) | .620 |
Being strategic | .011 (.261) | .516 (.524) | .036 (.064) | .622 |
Being analytical | − .212 (.018) | .511 (.405) | − .101 (− .102) | .506 |
Being diligent or to pay attention to detail | .127 (.365) | .502 (.562) | .003 (.045) | .629 |
Having a high level of designerly abilities | .122 (.359) | .500 (.558) | .001 (.043) | .651 |
Being scientific | − .175 (.089) | .500 (.427) | .207 (.211) | .636 |
Being perceptive | − .086 (.168) | .499 (.466) | .143 (.158) | .625 |
Being a good problem solver | − .050 (.176) | .495 (.468) | − .067 (− .048) | .578 |
The ability to research or analyse data | .117 (.337) | .476 (.530) | − .041 (− .002) | .680 |
To be able to generate multiple ideas | .093 (.293) | .463 (.499) | − .152 (− .117) | .559 |
Being inquisitive | − .052 (.159) | .455 (.428) | − .039 (− .022) | .521 |
Having a high level of creativity | .129 (.332) | .438 (.497) | − .039 (.000) | .656 |
Being reflective | .013 (.225) | .436 (.444) | .042 (.066) | .650 |
Being mathematical | − .023 (.199) | .418 (.416) | .188 (.206) | .573 |
Easily annoyed or temperamental | − .216 (− .133) | − .004 (− .072) | .667 (.640) | .656 |
Having a short attention span | − .182 (− .138) | − .059 (− .116) | .570 (.544) | .611 |
Being antisocial | − .021 (.023) | − .054 (− .035) | .551 (.545) | .624 |
Being awkward | − .005 (.030) | − .073 (− .047) | .545 (.541) | .515 |
Being quiet or reserved | .169 (.207) | − .054 (.052) | .504 (.523) | .588 |
Regularly procrastinating | − .030 (− .035) | − .143 (− .132) | .497 (.486) | .551 |
Being aggressive | .075 (.085) | − .098 (− .040) | .443 (.448) | .428 |
Being sceptical | − .050 (.150) | .313 (.310) | .408 (.418) | .560 |
Eigenvalue | 16.424 | 5.688 | 3.916 | |
%Variance | 19.553 | 6.771 | 4.662 | |
Factor correlations | ||||
1 | 1.000 | |||
2 | .474 | 1.000 | ||
3 | .127 | .051 | 1.000 |
Confirmatory factor analysis
Model |
df
| χ2 (exact) | χ2/df | p (exact) | p (close) | GFI | AGFI | TLI | CFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 1320 | 1994.953 | 1.511 | .000 | .504 | .734 | .711 | .796 | .805 | .050 |
B | 1030 | 1624.357 | 1.577 | .000 | .152 | .748 | .724 | .800 | .810 | .053 |
C | 1270 | 1883.069 | 1.483 | .000 | .698 | .742 | .720 | .805 | .813 | .049 |
D | 899 | 1386.45 | 1.542 | .000 | .325 | .764 | .740 | .821 | .830 | .051 |
E | 1536 | 2360.704 | 1.537 | .000 | .314 | .714 | .693 | .763 | .772 | .051 |
Model |
df
| χ2 (exact) | χ2/df | p (exact) | p (close) | GFI | AGFI | TLI | CFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model D1(SEM) | 776 | 1191.652 | 1.536 | .000 | .369 | .775 | .751 | .837 | .846 | .051 |
Model D2(SEM | 347 | 515.072 | 1.484 | .000 | .595 | .846 | .820 | .903 | .911 | .049 |
Model D3(SEM) | 206 | 315.469 | 1.531 | .000 | .435 | .877 | .848 | .917 | .926 | .051 |
Model D4(SEM) | 134 | 209.505 | 1.563 | .000 | .372 | .896 | .868 | .926 | .936 | .052 |
Model D4(CFA) | 132 | 205.391 | 1.556 | .000 | .389 | .899 | .870 | .927 | .937 | .052 |