Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Cover of the book

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

1. Introduction

Author : Bin Zhuang

Published in: Development of a Fully Integrated “Sample-In-Answer-Out” System for Automatic Genetic Analysis

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The tradition classic approach toward genetic approach is present. Several methods for DNA extraction, amplification and electrophoresis are enumerated. Different kinds of approaches have their own advantages and application occasions. Microfluidic is a newly developed technology that aims at precisely manipulating fluidic of micro-scale. The microfluidic made it possible to integrate tradition genetic analysis process onto one single microchip for automation. Several trials have been made to transplant tradition process onto microfluidic platform, although various weak points restricted them from further industrialization. This chapter will give a brief introduction of the standard three-step process of genetic analysis on each step followed by a detailed expatiation on the development of microfluidic technology. All steps of genetic analysis, extraction, amplification and detection, have all been transplanted on-chip separately, and further researches also reported the integration of partial process. Several integrated systems are also introduced, along with careful evaluations. At the end of chapter, the significance of this study will be stated, and mainlines of following chapters will be addressed.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
next chapter Construction of a General Platform for Capillary Electrophoresis
Literature
1.
Watson JD, Crick FHC. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. Nature. 1953;171(4356):737–8.CrossRef
2.
Collins FS, Patrinos A, Jordan E, Chakravarti A, Gesteland R, Walters L, et al. New goals for the US Human Genome Project: 1998-2003. Science. 1998;282(5389):682–9.CrossRef
3.
Lander ES, Int Human Genome Sequencing C, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature. 2001;409(6822):860–921.CrossRef
4.
Tian HJ, Huhmer AFR, Landers JP. Evaluation of silica resins for direct and efficient extraction of DNA from complex biological matrices in a miniaturized format. Anal Biochem. 2000;283(2):175–91.CrossRef
5.
Sheldon EL, Levenson CH, Mullis KB, Rapoport H, inventors; Cetus Corp (Cetu-C), assignee. New reagents for labelling nucleic acids and their intermediates - contg. label, spacer and alkylating intercalation gp., useful for making hybridisation probes patent EP156287-A2; EP156287-A; AU8540188-A; JP60226888-A; DK8501216-A; US4582789-A; ES8606386-A; ZA8502126-A; IL74658-A. EP156287-A2 EP156287-A 02 Oct 1985 198540.
6.
Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, et al. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia. Science. 1985;230(4732):1350–4.CrossRef
7.
Korlach J, Marks PJ, Cicero RL, Gray JJ, Murphy DL, Roitman DB, et al. Selective aluminum passivation for targeted immobilization of single DNA polymerase molecules in zero-mode waveguide nanostructures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(4):1176–81.CrossRef
8.
Jin C, Dalal RV, Petrov AN, Tsai A, O'Leary SE, Chapin K, et al. High-throughput platform for real-time monitoring of biological processes by multicolor single-molecule fluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(2):664–9.CrossRef
9.
Braslavsky I, Hebert B, Kartalov E, Quake SR. Sequence information can be obtained from single DNA molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(7):3960–4.CrossRef
10.
Harris TD, Buzby PR, Babcock H, Beer E, Bowers J, Braslavsky I, et al. Single-molecule DNA sequencing of a viral genome. Science. 2008;320(5872):106–9.CrossRef
11.
Eid J, Fehr A, Gray J, Luong K, Lyle J, Otto G, et al. Real-time dna sequencing from single polymerase molecules. Science. 2009;323(5910):133–8.CrossRef
12.
Kheterpal I, Scherer JR, Clark SM, Radhakrishnan A, Ju J, Ginther CL, et al. DNA sequencing using a four-color confocal fluorescence capillary array scanner. Electrophoresis. 1996;17(12):1852–9.CrossRef
13.
Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1977;74(12):5463.CrossRef
14.
Jorgenson JW, Lukacs KD. Zone electrophoresis in open-tubular glass-capillaries. Anal Chem. 1981;53(8):1298–302.CrossRef
15.
Jorgenson JW, Lukacs KD. Free-zone electrophoresis in glass-capillaries. Clin Chem. 1981;27(9):1551–3.
16.
Cohen AS, Karger BL. High-performance sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel capillary electrophoresis of peptides and proteins. J Chromatogr. 1987;397:409–17.CrossRef
17.
Cohen AS, Terabe S, Smith JA, Karger BL. High-performance capillary electrophoretic separation of bases, nucleosides, and oligonucleotides - retention manipulation via micellar solutions and metal additives. Anal Chem. 1987;59(7):1021–7.CrossRef
18.
Swerdlow H, Gesteland R. Capillary gel-electrophoresis for rapid, high-resolution dna sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990;18(6):1415–9.CrossRef
19.
Swerdlow H, Zhang JZ, Chen DY, Harke HR, Grey R, SL W, et al. 3 DNA sequencing methods using capillary gel-electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Chem. 1991;63(24):2835–41.CrossRef
20.
Fodor SPA, Read JL, Pirrung MC, Stryer L, AT L, Solas D. Light-directed, spatially addressable parallel chemical synthesis. Science. 1991;251(4995):767–73.CrossRef
21.
Yi S, Dhumpa R, Dang Duong B, Hogberg J, Handberg K, Wolff A. A lab-on-a-chip device for rapid identification of avian influenza viral RNA by solid-phase PCR. Lab Chip. 2011;11(8):1457–63.CrossRef
22.
Mo Chao H, Hongye Y, Yoke Kong K, Mo-Huang L, Ying JY. Integrated two-step gene synthesis in a microfluidic device. Lab Chip. 2009;9(2):276–85.CrossRef
23.
Higuchi R, Dollinger G, Walsh PS, Griffith R. Simultaneous amplification and detection of specific dna-sequences. Biotechnology. 1992;10(4):413–7.CrossRef
24.
Higuchi R, Fockler C, Dollinger G, Watson R. Kinetic PCR analysis - real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Biotechnology. 1993;11(9):1026–30.
25.
Gibson UEM, Heid CA, Williams PM. A novel method for real time quantitative RT PCR. Genome Res. 1996;6(10):995–1001.CrossRef
26.
Holland PM, Abramson RD, Watson R, Gelfand DH. Detection of specific polymerase chain-reaction product by utilizing the 5′- 3′ exonuclease activity of thermus-aquaticus DNA-polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88(16):7276–80.CrossRef
27.
Ronaghi M, Uhlén M, Nyrén PA. Sequencing method based on real-time pyrophosphate. Science. 1998;281(5375):363–5.CrossRef
28.
Ronaghi M, Karamohamed S, Pettersson B, Uhlen M, Nyren P. Real-time DNA sequencing using detection of pyrophosphate release. Anal Biochem. 1996;242(1):84–9.CrossRef
29.
Margulies M, Egholm M, Altman WE, Attiya S, Bader JS, Bemben LA, et al. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature. 2005;437(7057):376–80.
30.
Rothberg JM, Hinz W, Rearick TM, Schultz J, Mileski W, Davey M, et al. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature. 2011;475(7356):348–52.CrossRef
31.
Shendure J, Porreca GJ, Reppas NB, Lin XX, McCutcheon JP, Rosenbaum AM, et al. Accurate multiplex polony sequencing of an evolved bacterial genome. Science. 2005;309(5741):1728–32.CrossRef
32.
Turcatti G, Romieu A, Fedurco M, Tairi AP. A new class of cleavable fluorescent nucleotides: synthesis and optimization as reversible terminators for DNA sequencing by synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36:4.CrossRef
33.
Adessi C, Matton G, Ayala G, Turcatti G, Mermod JJ, Mayer P, et al. Solid phase DNA amplification: characterisation of primer attachment and amplification mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28(20).
34.
Fedurco M, Romieu A, Williams S, Lawrence I, Turcatti G. BTA, a novel reagent for DNA attachment on glass and efficient generation of solid-phase amplified DNA colonies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(3).
35.
Clarke J, HC W, Jayasinghe L, Patel A, Reid S, Bayley H. Continuous base identification for single-molecule nanopore DNA sequencing. Nat Nanotechnol. 2009;4(4):265–70.CrossRef
36.
McNally B, Singer A, ZL Y, Sun YJ, Weng ZP, Meller A. Optical recognition of converted dna nucleotides for single-molecule dna sequencing using nanopore arrays. Nano Lett. 2010;10(6):2237–44.CrossRef
37.
Manz A, Graber N, Widmer HM. Miniaturized total chemical-analysis systems - a novel concept for chemical sensing. Sens Actuator B-Chem. 1990;1(1–6):244–8.CrossRef
38.
Lamb LS. Responsibilities in point-of-care testing - an institutional perspective. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995;119(10):886–9.
39.
Lamb LS Jr, Parrish RS, Goran SF, Biel MH. Current nursing practice of point-of-care laboratory diagnostic testing in critical care units. Am J Crit Care. 1995;4(6):429–34.
40.
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Wiley BJ, Gupta M, Whitesides GM. FLASH: a rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices. Lab Chip. 2008;8(12):2146–50.CrossRef
41.
Bruzewicz DA, Reches M, Whitesides GM. Low-cost printing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) barriers to define microchannels in paper. Anal Chem. 2008;80(9):3387–92.CrossRef
42.
Fenton EM, Mascarenas MR, Lopez GP, Sibbett SS. Multiplex lateral-flow test strips fabricated by two-dimensional shaping. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2009;1(1):124–9.CrossRef
43.
Abe K, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Inkjet-printed microfluidic multianalyte chemical sensing paper. Anal Chem. 2008;80(18):6928–34.CrossRef
44.
Abe K, Kotera K, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Inkjet-printed paperfluidic immuno-chemical sensing device. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;398(2):885–93.CrossRef
45.
Li X, Tian JF, Nguyen T, Shen W. Paper-based microfluidic devices by plasma treatment. Anal Chem. 2008;80(23):9131–4.CrossRef
46.
Lu Y, Shi WW, Jiang L, Qin JH, Lin BC. Rapid prototyping of paper-based microfluidics with wax for low-cost, portable bioassay. Electrophoresis. 2009;30(9):1497–500.CrossRef
47.
Carrilho E, Martinez AW, Whitesides GM. Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics. Anal Chem. 2009;81(16):7091–5.CrossRef
48.
Costa MN, Veigas B, Jacob JM, Santos DS, Gomes J, Baptista PV, et al. A low cost, safe, disposable, rapid and self-sustainable paper-based platform for diagnostic testing: lab-on-paper. Nanotechnology 2014;25(9).
49.
Mao X, Ma YQ, Zhang AG, Zhang LR, Zeng LW, Liu GD. Disposable nucleic acid biosensors based on gold nanoparticle probes and lateral flow strip. Anal Chem. 2009;81(4):1660–8.CrossRef
50.
Ge CC, LX Y, Fang ZY, Zeng LW. An enhanced strip biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of histone methylation. Anal Chem. 2013;85(19):9343–9.CrossRef
51.
Xiao Z, Lie PC, Fang ZY, LX Y, Chen JH, Liu J, et al. A lateral flow biosensor for detection of single nucleotide polymorphism by circular strand displacement reaction. Chem Commun. 2012;48(68):8547–9.CrossRef
52.
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM, Carrilho E. Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal Chem. 2010;82(1):3–10.CrossRef
53.
Unger MA, Chou HP, Thorsen T, Scherer A, Quake SR. Monolithic microfabricated valves and pumps by multilayer soft lithography. Science. 2000;288(5463):113–6.CrossRef
54.
Iwai K, Shih KC, Lin X, Brubaker TA, Sochol RD, Lin LW. Finger-powered microfluidic systems using multilayer soft lithography and injection molding processes. Lab Chip. 2014;14(19):3790–9.CrossRef
55.
Cheng J, Sheldon EL, Wu L, Uribe A, Gerrue LO, Carrino J, et al. Preparation and hybridization analysis of DNA/RNA from E-coli on microfabricated bioelectronic chips. Nat Biotechnol. 1998;16(6):541–6.CrossRef
56.
Cady NC, Stelick S, Batt CA. Nucleic acid purification using microfabricated silicon structures. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;19(1):59–66.CrossRef
57.
Breadmore MC, Wolfe KA, Arcibal IG, Leung WK, Dickson D, Giordano BC, et al. Microchip-based purification of DNA from biological samples. Anal Chem. 2003;75(8):1880–6.CrossRef
58.
Azimi SM, Nixon G, Ahern J, Balachandran W. A magnetic bead-based DNA extraction and purification microfluidic device. Microfluid Nanofluid. 2011;11(2):157–65.CrossRef
59.
Duarte GRM, Price CW, Littlewood JL, Haverstick DM, Ferrance JP, Carrilho E, et al. Characterization of dynamic solid phase DNA extraction from blood with magnetically controlled silica beads. Analyst. 2010;135(3):531–7.CrossRef
60.
Nakagawa T, Tanaka T, Niwa D, Osaka T, Takeyama H, Matsunaga T. Fabrication of amino silane-coated microchip for DNA extraction from whole blood. J Biotechnol. 2005;116(2):105–11.CrossRef
61.
Cao WD, Easley CJ, Ferrance JP, Landers JP. Chitosan as a polymer for pH-induced DNA capture in a totally aqueous system. Anal Chem. 2006;78(20):7222–8.CrossRef
62.
Elgort MG, Herrmann MG, Erali M, Durtschi JD, Voelkerding KV, Smith RE. Extraction and amplification of genomic DNA from human blood on nanoporous aluminum oxide membranes. Clin Chem. 2004;50(10):1817–9.CrossRef
63.
Kim J, Voelkerding KV, Gale BK. Patterning of a nanoporous membrane for multi-sample DNA extraction. J Micromech Microeng. 2006;16(1):33–9.CrossRef
64.
Kim J, Voelkerding KV, Gale BK. IEEE Multi-DNA extraction chip based on an aluminum oxide membrane integrated into a PDMS microfluidic structure. New York: IEEE; 2005. p. 5–7.
65.
Kim J, Gale BK. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of a microfluidic DNA extraction system using a nanoporous AlOx membrane. Lab Chip. 2008;8(9):1516–23.CrossRef
66.
Jangam SR, Yamada DH, McFall SM, Kelso DM. Rapid, point-of-care extraction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA from whole blood for detection by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(8):2363–8.CrossRef
67.
Kim J, Mauk M, Chen DF, Qiu XB, Gale B, Bau HH. A PCR reactor with an integrated alumina membrane for nucleic acid isolation. Analyst. 2010;135(9):2408–14.CrossRef
68.
Shoffner MA, Cheng J, Hvichia GE, Kricka LJ, Wilding P. Chip PCR .1. Surface passivation of microfabricated silicon-glass chips for PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996;24(2):375–9.CrossRef
69.
Cheng J, Shoffner MA, Hvichia GE, Kricka LJ, Wilding P. Chip PCR .2. Investigation of different PCR amplification systems in microfabricated silicon-glass chips. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996;24(2):380–5.CrossRef
70.
Chaudhari AM, Woudenberg TM, Albin M, Goodson KE. Transient liquid crystal thermometry of microfabricated PCR vessel arrays. J Microelectromech Syst. 1998;7(4):345–55.CrossRef
71.
Wilding P, Shoffner MA, Kricka LJPCR. in a silicon microstructure. Clin Chem. 1994;40(9):1815–8.
72.
Belgrader P, Benett W, Hadley D, Richards J, Stratton P, Mariella R, et al. Infectious disease - PCR detection of bacteria in seven minutes. Science. 1999;284(5413):449–50.CrossRef
73.
Gulliksen A, Solli L, Karlsen F, Rogne H, Hovig E, Nordstrom T, et al. Real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification in nanoliter volumes. Anal Chem. 2004;76(1):9–14.CrossRef
74.
Pak N, Saunders DC, Phaneuf CR, Forest CR. Plug-and-play, infrared, laser-mediated PCR in a microfluidic chip. Biomed Microdevices. 2012;14(2):427–33.CrossRef
75.
Lounsbury JA, Karlsson A, Miranian DC, Cronk SM, Nelson DA, Li JY, et al. From sample to PCR product in under 45 minutes: a polymeric integrated microdevice for clinical and forensic DNA analysis. Lab Chip. 2013;13(7):1384–93.CrossRef
76.
Kopp MU, de Mello AJ, Manz A. Chemical amplification: continuous-flow PCR on a chip. Science. 1998;280(5366):1046–8.CrossRef
77.
Nakano H, Matsuda K, Yohda M, Nagamune T, Endo I, Yamane T. High-speed polymerase chain-reaction in constant flow. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1994;58(2):349–52.CrossRef
78.
Mohr S, Zhang YH, Macaskill A, Day PJR, Barber RW, Goddard NJ, et al. Numerical and experimental study of a droplet-based PCR chip. Microfluid Nanofluid. 2007;3(5):611–21.CrossRef
79.
Beer NR, Wheeler EK, Lee-Houghton L, Watkins N, Nasarabadi S, Hebert N, et al. On-chip single-copy real-time reverse-transcription PCR in isolated picoliter droplets. Anal Chem. 2008;80(6):1854–8.CrossRef
80.
Carson S, Cohen AS, Belenkii A, Ruizmartinez MC, Berka J, Karger BL. DNA-sequencing by capillary electrophoresis - use of a 2-laser 2-window intensified diode-array detection system. Anal Chem. 1993;65(22):3219–26.CrossRef
81.
Harrison DJ, Fluri K, Seiler K, Fan ZH, Effenhauser CS, Manz A. Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical-analysis system on a chip. Science. 1993;261(5123):895–7.CrossRef
82.
Woolley AT, Mathies RA. Ultra-high-speed DNA fragment separations using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chips. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(24):11348–52.CrossRef
83.
Woolley AT, Mathies RA. Ultra-high-speed DNA-sequencing using capillary electrophoresis chips. Anal Chem. 1995;67(20):3676–80.CrossRef
84.
Emrich CA, Tian HJ, Medintz IL, Mathies RA. Microfabricated 384-lane capillary array electrophoresis bioanalyzer for ultrahigh-throughput genetic analysis. Anal Chem. 2002;74(19):5076–83.CrossRef
85.
Paegel BM, Emrich CA, Wedemayer GJ, Scherer JR, Mathies RA. High throughput DNA sequencing with a microfabricated 96-lane capillary array electrophoresis bioprocessor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(2):574–9.CrossRef
86.
Yeung SHI, Liu P, Del Bueno N, Greenspoon SA, Mathies RA. Integrated sample cleanup-capillary electrophoresis microchip for high-performance short tandem repeat genetic analysis. Anal Chem. 2009;81(1):210–7.CrossRef
87.
Liu P, Greenspoon SA, Yeung SHI, Scherer JR, Mathies RA. Integrated Sample Cleanup and Microchip Capillary Array Electrophoresis for High-Performance Forensic STR Profiling. In: Alonso A, editor. DNA Electrophoresis Protocols for Forensic Genetics. Methods in Molecular Biology. 830: Humana Press Inc, 999 Riverview Dr, Ste 208, Totowa, Nj 07512–1165 USA; 2012. pp. 351–65.
88.
Song LG, Fang DF, Kobos RK, Pace SJ, Chu B. Separation of double-stranded DNA fragments in plastic capillary electrophoresis chips by using E99P69E99 as separation medium. Electrophoresis. 1999;20(14):2847–55.CrossRef
89.
Hsiung SK, Lin CH, Lee GB. A microfabricated capillary electrophoresis chip with multiple buried optical fibers and microfocusing lens for multiwavelength detection. Electrophoresis. 2005;26(6):1122–9.CrossRef
90.
Koesdjojo MT, Tennico YH, Reincho VT. Fabrication of a microfluidic system for capillary electrophoresis using a two-stage embossing technique and solvent welding on poly(methyl methacrylate) with water as a sacrificial layer. Anal Chem. 2008;80(7):2311–8.CrossRef
91.
Liu YJ, Ganser D, Schneider A, Liu R, Grodzinski P, Kroutchinina N. Microfabricated polycarbonate CE devices for DNA analysis. Anal Chem. 2001;73(17):4196–201.CrossRef
92.
Ye MY, Yin XF, Fang ZL. DNA separation with low-viscosity sieving matrix on microfabricated polycarbonate microfluidic chips. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2005;381(4):820–7.CrossRef
93.
Shi YN, Anderson RC. High-resolution single-stranded DNA analysis on 4.5 cm plastic electrophoretic microchannels. Electrophoresis. 2003;24(19–20):3371–7.CrossRef
94.
Shi YN. DNA sequencing and multiplex STR analysis on plastic microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis. 2006;27(19):3703–11.CrossRef
95.
Hurth C, Gu J, Aboud M, Estes MD, Nordquist AR, McCord B, et al. Direct loading of polymer matrices in plastic microchips for rapid DNA analysis: a comparative study. Electrophoresis. 2012;33(16):2604–11.CrossRef
96.
Easley CJ, Karlinsey JM, Bienvenue JM, Legendre LA, Roper MG, Feldman SH, et al. A fully integrated microfluidic genetic analysis system with sample-in–answer-out capability. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103(51):19272–7.CrossRef
97.
Thaitrong N, Liu P, Briese T, Lipkin WI, Chiesl TN, Higa Y, et al. Integrated capillary electrophoresis microsystem for multiplex analysis of human respiratory viruses. Anal Chem. 2010;82(24):10102–9.CrossRef
98.
Liu P, Seo TS, Beyor N, Shin KJ, Scherer JR, Mathies RA. Integrated portable polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis microsystem for rapid forensic short tandem repeat typing. Anal Chem. 2007;79(5):1881–9.CrossRef
99.
Liu P, Yeung SHI, Crenshaw KA, Crouse CA, Scherer JR, Mathies RA. Real-time forensic DNA analysis at a crime scene using a portable microchip analyzer. Forensic Sci Int-Genet. 2008;2(4):301–9.CrossRef
100.
Beyor N, Yi LN, Seo TS, Mathies RA. Integrated capture, concentration, polymerase chain reaction, and capillary electrophoretic analysis of pathogens on a chip. Anal Chem. 2009;81(9):3523–8.CrossRef
101.
Liu P, Li X, Greenspoon SA, Scherer JR, Mathies RA. Integrated DNA purification, PCR, sample cleanup, and capillary electrophoresis microchip for forensic human identification. Lab Chip. 2011;11(6):1041–8.CrossRef
102.
Bienvenue JM, Legendre LA, Ferrance JP, Landers JP. An integrated microfluidic device for DNA purification and PCR amplification of STR fragments. Forensic Sci Int-Genet. 2010;4(3):178–86.CrossRef
103.
Lagally ET, Emrich CA, Mathies RA. Fully integrated PCR-capillary electrophoresis microsystem for DNA analysis. Lab Chip. 2001;1(2):102–7.CrossRef
104.
Shaw KJ, Joyce DA, Docker PT, Dyer CE, Greenway GM, Greenman J, et al. Development of a real-world direct interface for integrated DNA extraction and amplification in a microfluidic device. Lab Chip. 2011;11(3):443–8.CrossRef
105.
Benhabib M, Chiesl TN, Stockton AM, Scherer JR, Mathies RA. Multichannel capillary electrophoresis microdevice and instrumentation for in situ planetary analysis of organic molecules and biomarkers. Anal Chem. 2010;82(6):2372–9.CrossRef
106.
Scherer JR, Liu P, Mathies RA. Design and operation of a portable scanner for high performance microchip capillary array electrophoresis. Rev Sci Instrum 2010;81(11).
107.
Tae Seok S, Xiaopeng B, Dae Hyun K, Qinglin M, Shundi S, Ruparel H, et al. Four-color DNA sequencing by synthesis on a chip using photocleavable fluorescent nucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(17):5926–31.CrossRef
108.
Xianbo Q, Dafeng C, Changchun L, Mauk MG, Kientz T, Bau HH. A portable, integrated analyzer for microfluidic - based molecular analysis. Biomed Microdevices. 2011;13(5):809–17.CrossRef
109.
Kim TH, Park J, Kim CJ, Cho YK. Fully integrated lab-on-a-disc for nucleic acid analysis of food-borne pathogens. Anal Chem. 2014;86(8):3841–8.CrossRef
110.
Raja S, Ching J, Xi LQ, Hughes SJ, Chang R, Wong W, et al. Technology for automated, rapid, and quantitative PCR or reverse transcription-PCR clinical testing. Clin Chem. 2005;51(5):882–90.CrossRef
111.
Tan E, Turingan RS, Hogan C, Vasantgadkar S, Palombo L, Schumm JW, et al. Fully integrated, fully automated generation of short tandem repeat profiles. Investig Genet. 2013;4(1):16.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Introduction
Author
Bin Zhuang
Copyright Year
2018
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Development of a Fully Integrated “Sample-In-Answer-Out” System for Automatic Genetic Analysis

Print ISBN: 978-981-10-4752-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-4753-4

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4753-4_1