In this empirical study, we have examined the impact of knowledge management on organizational innovation capacity. Ultimate objective of existing research was to explore the role of knowledge management in encouraging innovation capacity in SMEs. Furthermore, this study also described role of knowledge management process to enhance knowledge repositories of SMEs. In order to understand knowledge management-innovation relationship, we collected data from SMEs across Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It was found that knowledge identification/creation, knowledge collection, knowledge organizing, knowledge dissemination, and knowledge application have positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of the SMEs in AJ&K. Implications of the study were also discussed.
Abbreviations
AJ&K
Azad Jammu & Kashmir
KM
Knowledge Management
SMEs
Small and Medium Enterprises
Introduction
Knowledge Management (KM) is creation of knowledge, followed by knowledge organization, knowledge sharing, disseminating knowledge, knowledge application and use (Bhatt, 2001). KM is noteworthy factor of success for firms and a significant precursor for innovation (Bennett & Gabriel, 1999; Carneiro, 2000; Darroch & MacNaughton, 2002; Lin & Lee, 2005 Chilton & Bloodgood, 2010) and innovation is milestone of each firm (Carneiro, 2000; Plessis, 2007; Dilk et al., 2008). Nowadays, numerous firms and businesses deem that knowledge is mainly imperative affluence of their firms but practically they do not depend on it. Most central rational is that firms typically do not recognize that in what way they exploit knowledge. Though, there exists numerous models and approaches in KM; models efficacy relies on situations of organizations (Abtahi & Salavati, 2007).
In spite of this, there are number of empirical studies have been conducted on KM as innovation precursor (Plessis, 2007; Chilton & Bloodgood, 2010), however, it is tricky to explore occupations that scrutinize empirical connection between constructs. Plessis (2007) outlined innovation as configuration of novel knowledge that assists businesses to create internal business procedures and arrangement more refined that create market suitable services and products. However, innovation does not come easy and KM is a significant contributor so far (e.g. Carneiro, 2000; Darroch and MacNaughton, 2002; Goh, 2005; Plessis, 2007; Chilton & Bloodgood, 2010).
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The field of KM is at its maturity (Abtahi & Salavati, 2007) and researchers have found that SMEs can benefit from KM strategies to innovate for competitive sustainability. The KM concepts, principles and practices have much to offer to the SME sector where scare resources, market agility, closeness to the customers and fewer layers are important (Darroch and MacNaughton, 2002). Improved KM can be really important in all these areas and can become a source of innovation, creativity and competitiveness in SME sector. Although much has been written on SMEs in knowledge management and innovation perspective (Beesley & Cooper, 2008; Hussain et al., 2010), however, only little has been explored to study SMEs sector in AJ&K (Hussain et al., 2010) and this study intends to address the existing knowledge gap.
Further, it has also been revealed that little attention has been paid to uncover the knowedge sharing practices of SMEs (Chen et al., 2016; Ferraris et al., 2017; Scuotto et al., 2017; Tether & Tajar, 2008; Vrontis et al., 2017) and more importantly, a little attention has been paid to discover informal knowledge sharing among SMEs (Bonte & Keilbach, 2005). Newly established SMEs are facing immense competitive pressure and therefore, knowledge creation and knowledge sharing is inevitable for such SMEs to compete in ever changing environment (Damanpour & Aravind, 2012; Kim & Lui, 2015).
Different firms adopt various KM practices to build up novel capabilities, so that they can ensure the progress towards superior performance (Hussain et al., 2010). However, some SMEs are still following traditional business models thereby compromising on change and innovation. The environmental adaptability of the SMEs can enable them to embrace technological changes to remain competitive (Gloet & Terziovski, 2004).
This research aims to examine the implementation of different knowledge management processes that can be vital to innovative organizational capabilities in SMEs sector. Adopting and implementing knowledge processes can support SMEs’ owners and managers to realize the innovation, competitiveness and organizational performance. In this regard, present research adds to the literature on KM and innovation in SMEs by measuring the association between KM processes and organizational innovation in the SMEs context. To the best of our understanding and knowledge, only limited attention has been paid in extant literature and no studies have been found particularly addressing the underlying issues of innovation in AJ&K. Therefore, focus of existing study was to explore the role of KM factors in bringing innovation in SMEs sector of AJ&K. The central goals of this investigative study are as under:
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In summary, our study aimed to explore (1) the role of KM factors in increasing innovation capacity of SMEs’ in AJ&K and (2) to investigate which KM processes are relatively more significant in shaping innovation capacity of the SMEs in AJ&K.
Literature review
Knowledge & KM
Davenport and Prusak (2000) describe knowledge like: fluids combination of bounded knowledge, appropriate information, values, and knowledgeable imminent that offers support intended for estimating and integrating novel information and experience. Within firms, it frequently turns out to be entrenched not merely in repositories or documents, but also in organizational schedules, procedures, performs and customs.
KM is a multidisciplinary field of study which covers various grounds. Knowledge is an important ingredient for many jobs now a days and sustainability of the businesses is heavily dependent on knowledge. Gloet & Terziovski (2004) described KM as admittance and formalization to knowledge, experience and proficiency that develop novel potentials, facilitate advanced performance and inspire innovation along with increase in customer value. Previous research have also explained KM under the expression of an umbrella on behalf of range of interlinking expressions. For instance, creation of knowledge, valuation and metrics of knowledge, mapping and indexing of knowledge, transport of knowledge, storage, distribution and sharing of knowledge. Definitions of KM are different based on reason for what purpose they’re proposed (Quintas et al., 1997; Greiner et al., 2007). Within other expressions, “KM might be described as an instrument that supports a firm’s strategic plan and its purpose” (Dove, 1999).
Innovation
Innovation has been defined in many distinct ways, however, according to (Goh, 2005) innovation is an intentional change in the existing products, services, ideas and operations new to the end user or unit of adoption. Creativity and innovation has become imperative for the survival in the competitive markets and firms in established industries investing heavily in R&D to stay competitive (Hayes et al., 2005). For most SMEs, to innovate constantly is the only remedy for survival. Previous research have shown the significant contribution of innovation and innovative strategies on market share and customer satisfaction (Chen & Huang, 2007). Therefore, it can be argued that innovation, if explored and exploited carefully can yield optimal benefits for SMEs also.
Knowledge management process
Knowledge management is associated with knowledge development, regeneration, and exploitation to gain and maintain competitive advantage (Bhatt, 2000; Demarest, 1997; McCampbell et al., 1999; Soliman & Spooner, 2000; Wiig, 1997a, b). The researchers have described two measurements related to KM: upshots and properties. Three upshots are knowledge creation, retention and transfer. Three possessions of circumstance where KM seems accurate are components properties (e.g. an individual, a group, or an organization), relationships belongings among components (how components are associated among each other to effortless relocation of knowledge), and properties of knowledge itself (private vs. public, tacit vs. explicit etc.) (Argote, McEvily & Reagans, 2003).
Knowledge creation
The procedure of attaining novel concepts and novel considerate “by conquering entity boundaries and limitations obliged by in a sequence and precedent learning” is called knowledge creation (Saenz, Aramburu & Rivera, 2009). Previous researchers described that when discussing directorial knowledge creation, it is all about in which way employee knowledge is linked with certain organization. Multidimensional and dynamic practice of knowledge is the creation of knowledge. Knowledge creation in organization is capability of a firm to generate knowledge, mingle this in certain firm, services, products and schemes (Nonaka & Takeushi, 1995). Knowledge sharing is subject to inquisitiveness of the recipient/knowledge seeker and knowledge inquiry is what KSA (Knowledge, skills and abilities) of human capital is needed to endorse creation of knowledge and in which way they could be different for generalists along with specialists. Bhatt (2001) described that novel creation of knowledge might not essentially establish from graze; it could be constructed upon accessible capabilities. Therefore, it is hypothesized that:
H1:Knowledge identification/creation has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of SMEs.
Knowledge collection
An employee could accumulate rational capital through communicating with other workers (Davenport & Prusik, 1998). The most significant practice is knowledge creation and employees can distribute it by sharing knowledge. According to Park (2006), sharing of knowledge is noteworthy part of KM. Within any firm, effectual expansion of practices of sharing of knowledge will alter performance and outlook of workers in the direction of eagerness to contribute along with to gather knowledge (Van den Hooff & Van Weenen, 2004). Park (2006) described that firms must gather knowledge from both inside and outside. They might have to replace their knowledge from their collaborators so that upgradation of knowledge could occur continuously. However, poor management of knowledge and incompatibility between internal-external environmental factors for knowledge collection can lead towards serious competitive risks (Van den Hooff & Van Weenen, 2004). This may partly be occurring because of lack on management interest or employees form the relevant source of knowledge or usage of knowledge. At time when these sorts of practices and inconsistencies might be recognized, firms could then gather knowledge for internal usage (Gold et al., 2001). Firms create knowledge basis gathering in sequence through a variety of external and internal sources. The research indicates that firms’ innovation capabilities are subject to knowledge availability and dissemination (Alegre et al., 2011; Carneiro, 2000). Therefore, in view of above literature we hypothesize that:
H2:Knowledge collection has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of SMEs.
Knowledge organizing
Knowledge organizing involves knowledge processing activities to alter knowledge to a superior variety (O’dell & Grayson, 1998). Further Lawson (2002) portrayed knowledge organizing as a strategy to knowledge evaluation on standard foundation, maintaining the latest knowledge, having instruments for integrating different sources, cross listening knowledge sorts, offering reaction to workers on their thoughts and knowledge. In fact, knowledge organizing is an important ingredient in knowledge management strategies and to that of innovation also (Chen & Huang, 2007). Knowledge organizing revolves around four stages that are: acquisition, storage, distribution, and use of knowledge (Gonzalez & Martins, 2017). In addition, acquisition and storage are ongoing procedure. Organizational knowledge is an asset that contributes significantly in attaining competitive advantage, and therefore needs clear and effective management and organization of knowledge (Wasko & Faraj, 2005; Tata & Prasad 2004). Rowley (2000), however, in this regard suggested the following procedures for organizing knowledge:
a)
Knowledge requires to be systematized for communities.
b)
In scheming tools to hold up organization regarding knowledge, commanding principle must be that of customer orientation and chief usage.
c)
Networking offers communications that make easy efficient and effective admittance to documents and information (Rowley, 2000).
In view of above literature we hypothesize that:
H3:Knowledge organizing has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of SMEs.
Knowledge storage
Alavi (2000) asserted that creating knowledge and novel knowledge might not be sufficient and procedures should be required to amass needed knowledge along with to retrieve it when desirable. Secretarial memory involves knowledge be inherent with a variety of constituent sorts which might involve written certification, pre-arranged in sequence stored in electronic databases, codified knowledge obtain from employees skills could be stored in expert systems, recognized processes and practices of organization, along with tacit knowledge needed by individuals and network (Tan et al., 1998). Memory of organizations involves memory of employees (experiences, observation and actions of persons) in addition to shared interactions and knowledge (Park, 2006), organizational culture (Van den Hooff & Van Weenen, 2004, Call, 2005), transformations, structure (formal roles of organizational), ecology (corporeal employment setting) and documentations of information (organization outside and inside) (Walsh & Ungson, 1991). All organizations those are willing so that their organizational knowledge to be obliged to as a minimum have an immense command of fundamental processes of knowledge management. Knowledge storage, however, remained question of concern for many contemporary organizations particularly (Olivera, 2000).
The research is indicative of knowledge storage and innovation relationship and investigation suggested that knowledge storage can yield optimal benefits for organizations to gain and maintain competitive advantage (Sher & Lee, 2004).
In addition, organizations must build up sanctuary technologies to bound accessibility of specific knowledge (Zack, McKeen & Singh, 2009). Subsequent actions are noteworthy for shielding knowledge: knowledge fortification adjacent to unfortunate utilization or being escaped outside or inside of firm, imperfect convenience to certain knowledge sources by password expertise, identifying limited knowledge effortlessly; tacit knowledge fortification and a large amount significantly, conversing significance of knowledge fortification on an organizational level (Probast et al., 2000). Allameh et al., (2011) described that procedure of knowledge storage might have succeeding factors:
An arrangement that permits scheme to express rapid and correct information.
Policies, events or procedures classifications depend on erudition needs.
Capability to present precise and clear information.
An on instance, precise and accessible content
In view of above literature we hypothesize that:
H4: Knowledge storage has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of SMEs.
Knowledge dissemination
The technique of transmitting acquaintance to other employees who entail that knowledge in organization is called knowledge dissemination (Allameh et al, 2011). Previous researchers have found that knowledge could be utilized at numerous levels of firms, it must be shared and distributed within the organization (Bhatt, 2001; Darroch, & McNaughton, 2002; Darroch, 2005). Alavi & Leadner (2001) described dissemination of knowledge as method of knowledge transfer throughout firm. Knowledge dissemination practices could happen flanked by entities, organizations or groups exploiting at all sort or series of communication. Correspondingly, Gupta & Govindarjan (2000) associated knowledge sharing to knowledge streams and hypothesized that knowledge sharing encompasses five constituents: worth of basis of knowledge, eagerness from resource to share knowledge, media prosperity of communiqué channel, readiness of beneficiary to obtain knowledge appropriately and absorptive capacity of beneficiary. Knowledge sharing is also described by Davenport and Prusak (1998) as a procedure of knowledge swap by groups and individuals. Written procedures include communications from individual for instance reports, bulletins, notes and also publications. Knowledge storage and dissemination have been considered as vital ingredient for innovation and competitive advantage. Therefore, on the basis of literature, we hypothesize that:
H5:Knowledge dissemination has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of SMEs.
Knowledge application
Focal point in KM is to construct and convince that offered knowledge is in accordance and is considered as significantly useful for the organization (Probst, Rub & Rumhardt, 2000; McDermott, 1999). The valuable KA assists organizations to enhance their competence and decrease costs (Davenport & Klahr, 1998). KA involves decision-making protection, action and problem solving applications that could at the end lead to creation of knowledge. Knowledge that is created requires be capturing, sharing, applying and consequently this cycle remains continue. Procedures of KM prop up procedures by which employees generate knowledge. In sequence technology bears KA in firms through exploiting a directorial practice (Gottschalk, 2008; Civi, 2010). The same as there existed difficulties in process of sharing of knowledge, there are obstructions under process of knowledge application (Mavondo, & Farell, 2004). These troubles might emerge because of: firm sightlessness, panic of viewing tender summits or disbelieve in the direction of foreign knowledge. Schedule and uninteresting flow of matters and employments constructs it trickier for individuals to identify significance of novel information or design replace from associates regarding novel employment procedures. As a result, personnel will not anymore consider that novel practices can enhance performance and efficiency. The successful knowledge application is of paramount importance for the attainment of innovation objectives in highly volatile business environment (Probst et al., 2000). In view of above literature we can hypothesize that:
H6:Knowledge application has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of SMEs.
Relationship between KM and innovation
Innovation has been described as a vital element for growth (Volberda et al., 2014). Massa & Testa (2004) described that firms might enlarge receivers that expand or take up external knowledge and this action is strappingly associated with capacity of innovation. Additionally, these investigators stated that all the way through benchmarking, firms might attain tacit and explicit knowledge from external basis. These external knowledge sources could be integrated with internal explicit and tacit knowledge of organization if acquaintance gap overcomes which could be crammed from novel acquisition of knowledge that will be obliging to boost up innovation. Ju et al., (2006) mentioned that with the intention of attaining competitive benefit, firms should become skilled from external sources. All the way through appropriate distribution and sharing of knowledge, firms could boost up innovation. Therefore, firms must extend these channels inside firm from which workers share knowledge with other workers. Plessis (2007) and Schelfhaudt & Crittenden (2003) described that innovation is dependent on knowledge. Therefore, to boost up innovation, firms have to recognize capability of knowledge, and prosperity. Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual model of the study and relationships studied.
Fig. 1
Conceptual model
×
Materials and methods
The focal point of this empirical study was to recognize key procedures of knowledge management that influence innovation in SMEs’ sector of AJ&K. Current investigative study was a cross sectional study because data were collected one time only. Most business and management research fall into cross sectional category, however longitudinal and time lagged data are also preferred to avoid certain biases.
For the aim to collect the data, we have used criterion-based assortment. In the present research, we have only included those SMEs focusing on innovation and change by personally visiting SMEs. Participants were conveniently selected from SMEs’ sector of AJ&K for the data collection from different districts of AJ&K.
Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. A five point Likert scale was used for this purpose. As mentioned earlier, to address our research questions and achieve our research objectives, we have selected firms from AJ&K only. The respondents were chosen from managerial sector i.e. owners, manager, operational manager, and marketing managers. Prior to visits, milieu information on investigative project was sent to all contestants for greater in sequence and as an orientation throughout filling of questionnaires. Questionnaires were dispensed to be completed by managers and owners of the SMEs’ sector. A total of 212 questionnaires were distributed and from those 180 were received yielding 84.90% response rate.
Research methodology
It is understood that any research methodology has its own challenges and this research study is no exception. A number of challenges were faced. Among those faced was the response rate for the survey. Although response rate is a concern for most surveys, however ability to report on it reflects the quality of the survey. Thus, taking this stance, both unit and item non-response were faced. Item non-response was faced such that in some cases, some questionnaires were only answered half way while in other questionnaires some questions were not attempted. For item non-response for questions that were not attempted at all, the researcher considered such questions as unanswered and labeled them “non-response”. On the other hand, unit response was more observed than item non-response, only one hundred and eighty (180) questionnaires were finally selected for further analysis (Table 1).
Table 1
Constructs of all variables
Knowledge Identification/Creation
i. Recognizing accessible knowledge and ability both external and internal to business organizations.
ii. Demanding to regulate knowledge and capabilities of employees with necessary knowledge
iii. Encompassing procedure of acquiring and creating knowledge from diverse foundations for instance customers, employees, organizations and business partners.
Knowledge Collection
i. Gathering essential knowledge that is recognized from numerous sources.
ii. Offering the leeway to inquire when there exists a require to convinced knowledge
iii. Offering in sequence regarding what we know.
Knowledge Organizing
i. Comprising appropriate strategy to evaluate knowledge on a customary foundation and maintain them advanced.
ii. Encompassing procedures for cross listing, filtering and integrating diverse knowledge types.
iii. Offering feedback to workers regarding appropriate knowledge.
Knowledge Storage
i Exploiting repositories, databases and applications of information technology to amass
ii. Knowledge for effortless contact by all workers.
iii. Exploiting numerous written mechanisms for instance manuals, newsletter to accumulate knowledge
Knowledge Dissemination
i Comprising a sort of knowledge that is eagerly available to workers who require it.
ii. Transferring out appropriate statements with suitable in sequence to workers.
iii. Encompassing libraries, forums and resource centers to distribute and display knowledge.
Knowledge Application
i. Encompassing diverse procedures for workers to further increase their knowledge.
ii. Encompassing apparatus to guard knowledge internal and external to firms.
iii. Applying knowledge to decisive spirited requires and rapidly linked sources.
Innovation
i. Exploiting new Ideas.
ii. Looking for novel methods to doing things.
iii. Being inventive in use procedures.
iv. Marketing novel services and products commonly.
Variables
Mainly one variable along with different dimension has been used for the current study. Different dimensions of KM process were selected for the current study they are i.e. knowledge identification/creation, knowledge collection, knowledge organizing, knowledge sharing, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application. For the current research study, we decided to use the methods that were used by Mehrabani & Shajari (2012) to recognize impact of KM process on innovation capacity.
Results and discussions
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of KM on innovation in SMEs’ sector of AJ&K. The results of our study are discussed in the following section:
Demographics attributes of respondents
In order to identify demographics characteristics of respondents, frequency analysis was utilized. As milieu information is major part of research, so it is commonly asked from the respondents. Respondents were asked to name the organization (optional) they work for, record their age and designation in demographic section. In order to obtain a holistic summary of the data and to sum up quantitative information, descriptive statistic is very helpful. It permits the user to acquire the brief summary of whole quantitative data. Control variables are held constant during testing the relationship between dependent and independent variable and help in measuring this relationship accurately. In the current study, three control variables were used such as name, age and designations of the respondents (Table 2).
Table 2
Frequency distribution of respondents
Frequency
Percent
Public
180
100.0
Table 3 reveals the age distribution of the respondents and shows that the age group 31–40, yielded 37.2% response (n = 67). At the same time as respondents encompass age in range of 20–30 (n = 54) are 30.0% and the respondents having 41–50 years of age are 22.3%, (n = 40). The lowest frequency and percentage comes out in age range of 61–70 are 2.2% (n = 4).
Table 3
Age distribution of respondents
Frequency
Percent
20–30
54
30.0
31–40
67
37.2
41–50
40
22.2
51–60
15
8.3
61–70
4
2.2
Total
180
100.0
Table 4 reveals the information regarding designation of the respondents. Almost 38.2% (n = 69) respondents were owners, 27.2% (n = 49) respondents were general managers and 18.3% (n = 33) respondents were manager finance. Whereas 9.4% (n = 17) were manager marketing and remaining 6.7% (n = 12) were manufacturing managers.
Table 4
Designation of respondents
Frequency
Percent
Owner
49
27.2
General Manager
69
38.3
Manger Finance
33
18.3
Manger Marketing
17
9.4
Manufacturing Manager
12
6.7
Total
180
100.0
Reliability analysis
Reliability of all measures was determined with the appropriate procedure suggested by Cronbach (1951). Nunnally & Bernstein (1994) suggested that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient approximation for all measures must be .70.
Table 5 shows that values of Cronbach’s alpha for variables used in the model. Through this, we explored the degree to internal consistency and the reliability as well. The Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge identification/ creation, Knowledge collection, Knowledge organizing, Knowledge sharing, Knowledge dissemination, Knowledge application and innovation is (.837, .783, .687, .759, .851, .822, .818 respectively). Therefore on the whole reliability of instrument is .794.
Table 5
Reliability analysis
Constructs
No. of Items
Cronbach’s α
KI
04
.837
KC
04
.783
KO
04
.887
KS
04
.759
KD
04
.851
KA
04
.822
INV
06
.818
Total
30
.794
KI knowledge Identification, KC Knowledge Creation, KO Knowledge Organizing, KS Knowledge Sharing, KD Knowledge Dissemination, Ka Knowledge Application, INV Innovation
Factor analysis were used on validated factors as a statistical tool to find the role of KM factors in increasing innovation capacity of SMEs in AJ&K. The principal components analysis with Varimax rotation is applied to uncover the latent dimensions of a set of indicators in the survey. Principal components analysis helps to reduce a large number of indicators to a smaller number of factors. For each category in the survey, we used Likert type five-point scales: 5 being “Strongly Agree” and 1 being “strongly disagree,” option. Table 6 reveals loading of Knowledge Identification/Creation factors, Knowledge Collection factors, Knowledge Organizing factors, Knowledge Storage factors, Knowledge Dissemination factors and Knowledge Application factors in determination of Innovation Capacity of SMEs in AJ&K. The table also reflects loading for innovation. As it is obvious from the table, constructs used for knowledge identification, knowledge collection, knowledge organizing, knowledge storage, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application were the main factors among KM factors and have acceptable factor loadings as well. Innovation constructs also have acceptable factor loading values.
Table 6
Factor analysis
Factors
Constructs
Loadings
Knowledge Identification
Recognizing accessible knowledge and ability both external and internal to business organizations.
0.685
Demanding to regulate knowledge and capabilities of employees with necessary knowledge.
0.713
Encompassing procedure of acquiring and creating knowledge from diverse foundations for instance customers, employees, organizations and business partners.
0.753
Knowledge Collection
Gathering essential knowledge that is recognized from numerous sources.
0.622
Offering the leeway to inquire when there exists a require to convinced knowledge
0.711
Offering in sequence regarding what we know
0.676
Knowledge Organizing
Comprising appropriate strategy to evaluate knowledge on a customary foundation and maintain them advanced.
0.643
Encompassing procedures for cross listing, filtering and integrating diverse knowledge types.
0.721
Offering feedback to workers regarding appropriate knowledge.
0.812
Knowledge Storage
Exploiting repositories, databases and applications of information technology to accumulate.
0.802
Knowledge for effortless contact by all workers.
0.738
Exploiting numerous written mechanisms for instance manuals, newsletter to accumulate knowledge.
0.799
Knowledge Dissemination
Comprising a sort of knowledge that is eagerly available to workers who require it.
0.698
Transferring out appropriate statements with suitable in sequence to workers.
0.672
Encompassing libraries, forums and resource Centre to distribute and display knowledge.
0.688
Knowledge Application
Encompassing diverse procedures for workers to further increase their knowledge.
0.732
Encompassing apparatus to guard knowledge interior and exterior to firms.
0.787
Appling knowledge to decisive spirited requires and rapidly linked sources.
0.766
Innovation
Exploiting new Ideas.
0.658
Looking for novel methods to doing passions.
0.782
Being inventive in using procedures.
0.823
Marketing novel services and products commonly.
0.786
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics offer a practical outline of security revisits when performing analytical and empirical analysis. The descriptive statistics of SMEs’ sector is mentioned below (Table 7).
Table 7
Descriptive statistics
Variable
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
KI
180
1.00
5.00
3.5528
0.64925
KC
180
1.00
5.00
3.3417
0.64526
KO
180
1.00
5.00
3.5222
0.63450
KS
180
1.00
5.00
3.6861
0.55405
KD
180
1.00
5.00
3.5250
0.70117
KA
180
1.00
5.00
3.8278
0.46604
INV
180
1.00
5.00
3.8278
0.45797
Correlation
In order to identify the correlation among the variables of research study, the Pearson product momentum correlation was used. The value of correlation for all variables is mentioned below. It indicates that there exists a positive and significant relationship among all variables.
Regression
By adding control variable in step 1 and relevant independent variable in step 2 step-wise linear regression was executed. In order to assess the change in independent variable the value of R square was used. To identify that which variable is used as a control variable between dependent and independent variable one way ANOVA was conducted.
One-way ANOVA test
For demographic variables, this test was executed and it was found that simply age has a noteworthy connection with dependent variable i.e. innovation in SMEs’ sector as shown in Table 8. The F value of age is 2.944 having significant level of 0.000 for SMEs.
Table 8
Correlation among variables in public sector
1
2
3
4
5
6
KI
1
KC
.064
1
KO
.329b
.333b
1
KS
.429b
−.201
.112
1
KD
.119
.355b
.183
.248a
1
KA
.167a
.170
.262b
.249b
.159
1
INV
.243b
.321b
.364b
.249b
.329b
.277b
aCorrelation is significant at 0.05 level
bCorrelation is significant at 0.01 level
cCorrelation is significant at 0.001 level
KI Knowledge Identification, KC Knowledge Creation, KO Knowledge Organizing, KS Knowledge Sharing, KD Knowledge Dissemination, KA Knowledge Application, INV Innovation
Step-wise linear regression analysis
In step 1 of regression examination demographic variables, age was added as a control variable. In order to find out the variation in dependent variable i.e. innovation due to independent variable was entered in step 2.
R square value reveals that appropriate variation in innovation is because of independent variables for SMEs’ sector. In order to explore overall strength of model F-statistics was executed. The values show that model possess significant overall strength for SMEs. On beta coefficient basis, the model depicts that increase in one unit of knowledge identification causes 23% of increase in innovation in SMEs sector and the value is significant. Similarly one unit increase in knowledge creation causes 21%, knowledge organizing causes 25%, knowledge storage causes 18%, knowledge dissemination causes 37% and knowledge application causes 38% variation in innovation. This shows that there exists a positive association between KM process and innovation in SMEs’ sector. So, all hypotheses are accepted as mentioned in the following table.
From Table 9, it is revealed that there exists an encouraging and significant association between all steps of KM process (knowledge identification/creation, knowledge collection, knowledge organizing, knowledge storage, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application) and innovation in SMEs’ sector of AJ&K. In this sector there exists a constructive and significant impact of KM on innovation.
Table 9
Regression of knowledge management process and innovation
Dependent Variable: Innovation
Predictor
R2
∆R2
F
Sig
B
Step 1
Control Variable
Step 2
KI
.371
.054
60.110
.000
.233***
KC
.333
.014
50.810
.000
.213***
KO
.397
.080
67.119
.000
.259***
KS
.348
.031
57.319
.000
.189**
KD
.438
.081
68.382
.000
.379***
KA
.448
.012
72.182
.000
.389***
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05, control variable for innovation: Age
KI Knowledge Identification, KC Knowledge Collection, KO Knowledge Organizing, KS Knowledge Storage, KD Knowledge Dissemination, KA Knowledge Application, N = 180
Summary of results
The judgment regarding hypothesis of current investigative study are expressed in below mentioned table (Table 10).
Table 10
Results summary
Hypothesis Statement
Results
H1
Knowledge identification/creation has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of organization.
Accepted
H2
Knowledge collection has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of organization.
Accepted
H3
Knowledge organizing has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of organization.
Accepted
H4
Knowledge storage has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of organization.
Accepted
H5
Knowledge dissemination has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of organization.
Accepted
H6
Knowledge application has positive and significant impact on innovation capacity of organization.
Accepted
Conclusions
The modified version of Demarest (1997) model was used as a useful and representative model for studying KM usefulness for SMEs. In particular the key areas within the model were found to be representative of approaches to KM in SMEs sector, namely:
Knowledge Creation
Knowledge Collection
Knowledge Organizing
Knowledge Storage
Knowledge Dissemination
Knowledge Application/Use
In terms of knowledge creation and collection, it was found that the SMEs recognized the need for creation of both scientific and social knowledge if the benefits of the KM were realized. However, the SMEs sector appeared to be less advanced in this area, having a more mechanistic approach to knowledge creation and relying less on social interaction. These findings are consistent with the some previous studies (e.g. McAdam, 2001; Daneshfard & Mohammad, 2010).
Knowledge organizing and storage were found to be highly dependent on employee interchange, employee interaction and mechanism of storage. The SMEs were found to be more dependent on people based knowledge organization and storage. The reason for this finding was the lack of resource for strategic business improvement planning within SMEs. These findings are consistent with the some previous studies (Demarest, 1997; McAdam, 2001; Sadler-Smith et al., 1998; Wilkes & Dale, 1998; Gray, 2006).
Approaches to knowledge dissemination as part of a KM system were found to be mainly ad-hoc. There was little use of the more sophisticated methods available. SMEs sector relied more on people based approaches as mentioned earlier to disseminate knowledge across the organization. These findings are consistent with the some previous studies (Demarest, 1997; McAdam, 2001; Sadler-Smith et al., 1998; Wilkes & Dale, 1998; Sabherwal, & Becerra-Fenandez, 2003).
The application of KM with in the SME studied was based mainly on reduced costs, and improved quality and efficiency. The SMEs sector responses were less, reflecting a current direct emphasis on market rather than business efficiency planning. These findings are consistent with the some previous studies (Demarest, 1997; McAdam, 2001; Sadler-Smith et al., 1998).
Finally, it can be concluded that SMEs have much to gain by developing effective KM systems. The indications are that these systems are being developed to some degree, although a much more systematic approach is needed. The SME sector needs to develop their understanding of KM further as a key business driver rather than as a resource-intensive additional initiative.
Nowadays, organizations because of ever changing environment and structure, lose adaptable responses. SMEs are required to innovate for sustainable competitive advantage (Barney, 1991). KM is proposed from organizational management role and organizational culture and also entity behavior. In an era where capacity of innovations as a competitive advantage is recognized to be connected to KM, substantial curiosity in accepting KM procedure persists to be inclination. Furthermore, KM procedure could affect innovation capacity in firms. A significant constituent of this considerate in numerous firms might be re-configuration of KM role in enhancing capacity of innovation, which requires to be examined by administrators.
The ultimate focus of the current research was to investigate KM impact on innovation in SMEs sector of AJ&K. SMEs choice was depending on conviction that KM is noteworthy for business organizations, as a variety of sources of literature have designated. It must be illustrious that SMEs sector in Pakistan is mounting fast, donating a widespread variety of novel services and products. However, this sector in AJ&K needs lot of attention.
Major giving of this research is that it might be an effort to see sights of KM environment in SMEs in AJ&K. The model reveals that KM process can have a constructive and noteworthy impact on innovation in SMEs’ sector of AJ&K. After careful analysis, it is concluded that although KM has positive and significant impact in SMEs’ sector. Moreover researchers can cover these issues in their investigative paper like superior sample size could be considered and additional KM practices might be exploited to explore role of KM and impact on innovation can be checked.
Our study revealed that knowledge identification/ creation, knowledge collection, knowledge organizing, knowledge storage, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application is applied in SMEs’ sector to bring the innovation. The combination of all these can help SMEs to bring greater level of innovation in organization.
The researchers have highlighted a basic map of how SMEs manage knowledge by utilizing these KM processes; however we do need to understand that SMEs have lot of problems and challenges, specifically in AJ&K. Future studies may focus on problems and challenges associated with KM adoption and implementation in SMEs. Comparatively, the research on KM and SMEs is rare as compared to such studies on large organizations. It is not factual to believe that SMEs adopt, implement and use KM in similar ways as larger organizations with the only difference being in magnitude or scale. The researchers believe that current study has opened up avenues for future research, by stressing some of the unique issues involved with KM processes at SMEs. Due to time and resource horizons present study was limited to a smaller sample of SMEs. Upcoming researchers are required to extend our findings, confirm them through a bigger sample, and even by adding some more variables.
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge the participants of the study and their banks management for providing data. Authors also acknowledge the support of University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir for allowing us to move to market for data collection during official working hours.
Funding
No specific funding for this research was provided by any funding agency. However, University of Kotli encouraged researchers to carry out this study and helped authors wherever, required.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available and can be submitted if required.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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